Von der Minderheit zur Mehrheit? Psycho-soziale Einflüsse bei der Verbreitung klima-schonender Innovationen

Vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels und weiterer Zukunftsherausforderungen stellt sich in drängenderem Maße die Frage, wie der Wandel zu einer nachhaltigen Gesellschaft gelingen kann. Im Zuge dessen rücken zunehmend solche Lösungsansätze in den Fokus, die an der Schnittstelle von technischen und sozialen Systemen nachhaltige und klimaschonende Innovationen entwickeln. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigte sich in diesem Kontext mit der Frage, welche psychologischen und sozialen Faktoren und Mechanismen bei der individuellen Übernahme (Adoption) klimaschonender Innovationen von Bedeutung und für deren weitere Verbreitung (Diffusion) förderlich sind. Auf theoretischer und konzeptioneller Ebene wurden einerseits persönliche Eigenschaften von Adoptern wie der eigene Lebens- und Informationsverarbeitungsstil und andererseits die Charakteristika klimaschonender Innovationen und deren individuelle Wahrnehmung und Bewertung betrachtet und in einem umfassenden Modell integriert. Die Arbeit untersuchte zunächst mit Hilfe einer breit angelegten Fragebogenstudie (N = 778), wie weit die Innovationen Bezug von Ökostrom und Beteiligung an Bürger-Solaranlagen in verschiedenen sozialen Milieus bereits verbreitet waren und wie diese in milieuspezifischer Perspektive beurteilt und kommunikativ rezipiert wurden. Mittels Strukturgleichungsmodellierung wurde untersucht, inwiefern sich die Bewertungs- und Entscheidungsstrukturen von frühen und späteren Adoptern unterschieden. Es zeigten sich klare milieuspezifische Schwerpunkte: Personen aus dem postmateriellen und den hedonistischen Milieus bewerteten diese Innovationen positiver und waren häufiger unter den Adoptern zu finden als traditionelle und Mainstream-Milieus. Zudem deuteten die Ergebnisse auf eine stärker deliberativ ausgeprägte Entscheidungsstruktur bei frühen Adoptern hin – zumindest hinsichtlich des Bezugs von Ökostrom, der zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung bereits weiter verbreitet war als die Beteiligung an Bürger-Solaranlagen. In einer ergänzenden experimentellen Erhebung (N = 356) wurden die Teilnehmende zufällig einer von drei Untersuchungsbedingungen zugeordnet: In einem Informationstext über Smart Meter war eine (fingierte) entweder starke soziale Norm (Mehrheitsbedingung), eine schwache soziale Norm (Minderheitsbedingung) oder keine derartige soziale Information (Kontrollbedingung) enthalten. In einem nachfolgenden Test auf Wissenstransfer – als Indikator der Informationsverarbeitungstiefe – schnitten Personen mit geringerem Interesse an Smart Metern (also solche, die keine weiteren Informationen nachfragten) in der Mehrheitsbedingung am besten ab, wohingegen Personen mit größerem Interesse (fragten weitere Informationen nach) in der Minderheitsbedingung die beste Leistung erzielten. Auch diese Ergebnisse deuten auf unterschiedliche Informationsverarbeitungs- und Entscheidungsstrukturen je nach Wahrnehmung des bisherigen Verbreitungsgrads in Interaktion mit persönlichen Dispositionen hin. Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich vielfältige Implikationen für ein verbessertes Marketing klimaschonender Innovationen, die umweltpolitische Praxis und für die weitere Forschung ableiten. Es wird empfohlen, bei der Kommunikation (z.B. im Rahmen zielgruppenspezifischer Kampagnen) soziale Normen und deren differentielle Wirkung auf die Verarbeitung innovationsbezogener Informationen gezielter zu nutzen. Da unter den aktuellen Rahmenbedingungen mit keiner hundertprozentigen Diffusion der betrachteten Innovationen in alle gesellschaftlichen Gruppen hinein zu rechnen ist, werden auf politischer Ebene neben „weichen“ politischen Instrumenten auch fiskalische oder ordnungsrechtliche Maßnahmen erforderlich sein. Schließlich erscheint es sinnvoll, sich in der weiteren Forschung stärker mit kommunikativen Prozessen wie beispielsweise Meinungsführerschaft oder dem Einfluss von Medienkampagnen und medialer Berichterstattung auseinander zu setzen.

Experimental and modeling studies of forced convection storage and drying systems for sweet potatoes

Sweet potato is an important strategic agricultural crop grown in many countries around the world. The roots and aerial vine components of the crop are used for both human consumption and, to some extent as a cheap source of animal feed. In spite of its economic value and growing contribution to health and nutrition, harvested sweet potato roots and aerial vine components has limited shelf-life and is easily susceptible to post-harvest losses. Although post-harvest losses of both sweet potato roots and aerial vine components is significant, there is no information available that will support the design and development of appropriate storage and preservation systems. In this context, the present study was initiated to improve scientific knowledge about sweet potato post-harvest handling. Additionally, the study also seeks to develop a PV ventilated mud storehouse for storage of sweet potato roots under tropical conditions. In study one, airflow resistance of sweet potato aerial vine components was investigated. The influence of different operating parameters such as airflow rate, moisture content and bulk depth at different levels on airflow resistance was analyzed. All the operating parameters were observed to have significant (P < 0.01) effect on airflow resistance. Prediction models were developed and were found to adequately describe the experimental pressure drop data. In study two, the resistance of airflow through unwashed and clean sweet potato roots was investigated. The effect of sweet potato roots shape factor, surface roughness, orientation to airflow, and presence of soil fraction on airflow resistance was also assessed. The pressure drop through unwashed and clean sweet potato roots was observed to increase with higher airflow, bed depth, root grade composition, and presence of soil fraction. The physical properties of the roots were incorporated into a modified Ergun model and compared with a modified Shedd’s model. The modified Ergun model provided the best fit to the experimental data when compared with the modified Shedd’s model. In study three, the effect of sweet potato root size (medium and large), different air velocity and temperature on the cooling/or heating rate and time of individual sweet potato roots were investigated. Also, a simulation model which is based on the fundamental solution of the transient equations was proposed for estimating the cooling and heating time at the centre of sweet potato roots. The results showed that increasing air velocity during cooling and heating significantly (P < 0.05) affects the cooling and heating times. Furthermore, the cooling and heating times were significantly different (P < 0.05) among medium and large size sweet potato roots. Comparison of the simulation results with experimental data confirmed that the transient simulation model can be used to accurately estimate the cooling and heating times of whole sweet potato roots under forced convection conditions. In study four, the performance of charcoal evaporative cooling pad configurations for integration into sweet potato roots storage systems was investigated. The experiments were carried out at different levels of air velocity, water flow rates, and three pad configurations: single layer pad (SLP), double layers pad (DLP) and triple layers pad (TLP) made out of small and large size charcoal particles. The results showed that higher air velocity has tremendous effect on pressure drop. Increasing the water flow rate above the range tested had no practical benefits in terms of cooling. It was observed that DLP and TLD configurations with larger wet surface area for both types of pads provided high cooling efficiencies. In study five, CFD technique in the ANSYS Fluent software was used to simulate airflow distribution in a low-cost mud storehouse. By theoretically investigating different geometries of air inlet, plenum chamber, and outlet as well as its placement using ANSYS Fluent software, an acceptable geometry with uniform air distribution was selected and constructed. Experimental measurements validated the selected design. In study six, the performance of the developed PV ventilated system was investigated. Field measurements showed satisfactory results of the directly coupled PV ventilated system. Furthermore, the option of integrating a low-cost evaporative cooling system into the mud storage structure was also investigated. The results showed a reduction of ambient temperature inside the mud storehouse while relative humidity was enhanced. The ability of the developed storage system to provide and maintain airflow, temperature and relative humidity which are the key parameters for shelf-life extension of sweet potato roots highlight its ability to reduce post-harvest losses at the farmer level, particularly under tropical climate conditions.

Integrated soil fertility management in eastern and western Africa: The role of knowledge and innovation systems, its adoption and impact

The rise in population growth, as well as nutrient mining, has contributed to low agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A plethora of technologies to boost agricultural production have been developed but the dissemination of these agricultural innovations and subsequent uptake by smallholder farmers has remained a challenge. Scientists and philanthropists have adopted the Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) paradigm as a means to promote sustainable intensification of African farming systems. This comparative study aimed: 1) To assess the efficacy of Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems (AKIS) in East (Kenya) and West (Ghana) Africa in the communication and dissemination of ISFM (Study I); 2) To investigate how specifically soil quality, and more broadly socio-economic status and institutional factors, influence farmer adoption of ISFM (Study II); and 3) To assess the effect of ISFM on maize yield and total household income of smallholder farmers (Study III). To address these aims, a mixed methodology approach was employed for study I. AKIS actors were subjected to social network analysis methods and in-depth interviews. Structured questionnaires were administered to 285 farming households in Tamale and 300 households in Kakamega selected using a stratified random sampling approach. There was a positive relationship between complete ISFM awareness among farmers and weak knowledge ties to both formal and informal actors at both research locations. The Kakamega AKIS revealed a relationship between complete ISFM awareness among farmers and them having strong knowledge ties to formal actors implying that further integration of formal actors with farmers’ local knowledge is crucial for the agricultural development progress. The structured questionnaire was also utilized to answer the query pertaining to study II. Soil samples (0-20 cm depth) were drawn from 322 (Tamale, Ghana) and 459 (Kakamega, Kenya) maize plots and analysed non-destructively for various soil fertility indicators. Ordinal regression modeling was applied to assess the cumulative adoption of ISFM. According to model estimates, soil carbon seemed to preclude farmers from intensifying input use in Tamale, whereas in Kakamega it spurred complete adoption. This varied response by farmers to soil quality conditions is multifaceted. From the Tamale perspective, it is consistent with farmers’ tendency to judiciously allocate scarce resources. Viewed from the Kakamega perspective, it points to a need for farmers here to intensify agricultural production in order to foster food security. In Kakamega, farmers with more acidic soils were more likely to adopt ISFM. Other household and farm-level factors necessary for ISFM adoption included off-farm income, livestock ownership, farmer associations, and market inter-linkages. Finally, in study III a counterfactual model was used to calculate the difference in outcomes (yield and household income) of the treatment (ISFM adoption) in order to estimate causal effects of ISFM adoption. Adoption of ISFM contributed to a yield increase of 16% in both Tamale and Kakamega. The innovation affected total household income only in Tamale, where ISFM adopters had an income gain of 20%. This may be attributable to the different policy contexts under which the two sets of farmers operate. The main recommendations underscored the need to: (1) improve the functioning of AKIS, (2) enhance farmer access to hybrid maize seed and credit, (3) and conduct additional multi-locational studies as farmers operate under varying contexts.