El Derecho de la Unión Europea en torno a la conciliación de la vida familiar y laboral y su articulación conforme a la dicotomía público/privado

En aquest treball, prenent com a marc teòric de referència la deconstrucció de la dicotomia públic/privat realitzada per la teoría feminista en aquestes últimes dècades, i les anàlisis jurídicfeministes del dret, posem de manifest com el Dret de la Unió Europea sobre la conciliació de la vida familiar i laboral està articulat acord amb aquesta dicotomia, i en conseqüència, no té en compte els interessos de les dones en tot el seu abast, ja que potencia la seva participació en el treball remunerat però sense resoldre el problema de les desigualtats entre homes i dones en relació amb les càrregues familiars i domèstiques.

Malaria in gold-mining areas in Colombia

Gold-mining may play an important role in the maintenance of malaria worldwide. Gold-mining, mostly illegal, has significantly expanded in Colombia during the last decade in areas with limited health care and disease prevention. We report a descriptive study that was carried out to determine the malaria prevalence in gold-mining areas of Colombia, using data from the public health surveillance system (National Health Institute) during the period 2010-2013. Gold-mining was more prevalent in the departments of Antioquia, Córdoba, Bolívar, Chocó, Nariño, Cauca, and Valle, which contributed 89.3% (270,753 cases) of the national malaria incidence from 2010-2013 and 31.6% of malaria cases were from mining areas. Mining regions, such as El Bagre, Zaragoza, and Segovia, in Antioquia, Puerto Libertador and Montelíbano, in Córdoba, and Buenaventura, in Valle del Cauca, were the most endemic areas. The annual parasite index (API) correlated with gold production (R2 0.82, p < 0.0001); for every 100 kg of gold produced, the API increased by 0.54 cases per 1,000 inhabitants. Lack of malaria control activities, together with high migration and proliferation of mosquito breeding sites, contribute to malaria in gold-mining regions. Specific control activities must be introduced to control this significant source of malaria in Colombia.

Participación social en salud: conceptos de usuarios, líderes comunitarios, gestores y formuladores de políticas en Colombia. Una mirada cualitativa.

BACKGROUND Health sector reforms taking place in Colombia during the Nineties included policies to promote social participation in the health system, which is considered essential to its functioning. The aim of this article is to analyse the meaning and the significance of participation in health for the different social actors involved in implementing policies in Colombia. METHODS A qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study was carried out using focal groups (FG) and semi-structured individual interviews (I) of the different social actors: 210 users (FG), 40 community leaders (FG), 3 policy makers (E) and 36 healthcare professionals (E). A carried out analysis was content up of the contents. The study area corresponded to the municipalities of Tulua and Palmira in Colombia. RESULTS The concept of participation was interpreted differently depending on the actor studied: for users and leaders the concept referred to contributing ideas, presence in social spaces, solidarity and frequently, and use of the health services. Healthcare professionals considered the activities carried out by institutions together with the community as social participation, the use of services and affiliation to the health system. Policy markers considered participation to concern evaluation and control of the health services by the community, to improve its quality. CONCLUSIONS The different concepts of participation reveal dif ferences between the content of the policy and how it is understood and interpreted by the different social actors in their interaction with the health services. These different perspectives must be taken into account to develop a link between society and the health services.

Detection of all four dengue serotypes in Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes collected in a rural area in Colombia

The Aedes aegypti vector for dengue virus (DENV) has been reported in urban and periurban areas. The information about DENV circulation in mosquitoes in Colombian rural areas is limited, so we aimed to evaluate the presence of DENV in Ae. aegypti females caught in rural locations of two Colombian municipalities, Anapoima and La Mesa. Mosquitoes from 497 rural households in 44 different rural settlements were collected. Pools of about 20 Ae. aegypti females were processed for DENV serotype detection. DENV in mosquitoes was detected in 74% of the analysed settlements with a pool positivity rate of 62%. The estimated individual mosquito infection rate was 4.12% and the minimum infection rate was 33.3/1,000 mosquitoes. All four serotypes were detected; the most frequent being DENV-2 (50%) and DENV-1 (35%). Two-three serotypes were detected simultaneously in separate pools. This is the first report on the co-occurrence of natural DENV infection of mosquitoes in Colombian rural areas. The findings are important for understanding dengue transmission and planning control strategies. A potential latent virus reservoir in rural areas could spill over to urban areas during population movements. Detecting DENV in wild-caught adult mosquitoes should be included in the development of dengue epidemic forecasting models.

Valoración de la disfunción del ventrículo derecho en pacientes con insuficiencia pulmonar mediante ecocardiografía-2D y resonancia cardíaca

En este trabajo valoramos la correlación de los parámetros de análisis de ventrículo derecho (VD) por ecocardiografía-2D frente a cardiorresonancia (CRMN) y su capacidad de discriminación frente a dilatación y disfunción de VD en 63 pacientes con insuficiencia pulmonar significativa. Se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas débiles entre los parámetros de valoración de VD de ambas técnicas. Los parámetros que mejor discriminaron dilatación de VD (VTDVDi≥150ml/m2) fueron diámetro basal y medio y los que mejor discriminaron disfunción (FEVD≤45%) fueron onda S´ lateral y septal e índice de Tei. En conclusión, los parámetros ecocardiográficos de VD habituales se correlacionan débilmente con los parámetros por CRMN aunque permiten discriminar dilatación y disfunción significativas.

Social Determinants of Child Health in Colombia: Can Community Education Moderate the Effect of Family Characteristics?

Contextual effects on child health have been investigated extensively in previous research. However, few studies have considered the interplay between community characteristics and individual-level variables. This study examines the influence of community education and family socioeconomic characteristics on child health (as measured by height and weight-for-age Z-scores), as well as their interactions. We adapted the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) framework to the context of child health. Using data from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), weighted multilevel models are fitted since the data are not self-weighting. The results show a positive impact of the level of education of other women in the community on child health, even after controlling for individual and family socioeconomic characteristics. Different pathways through which community education can substitute for the effect of family characteristics on child nutrition are found. The interaction terms highlight the importance of community education as a moderator of the impact of the mother’s own education and autonomy, on child health. In addition, the results reveal differences between height and weight-for-age indicators in their responsiveness to individual and contextual factors. Our findings suggest that community intervention programmes may have differential effects on child health. Therefore, their identification can contribute to a better targeting of child care policies.

De Radbruch a Alexy: derecho injusto y racionalidad

Aquest treball analitza la connexió entre Gustav RADBRUCH i Robert ALEXY des de la perspectiva de la doctrina del dret injust del primer d’aquets autors, exposada sintèticament en el que s’ha anomenat “fórmula de RADBRUCH”. Nogensmenys, els dos autors pertanyen a corrents iusfilosofiques certament diferenciables. Per això, aquet treball pretén trobar en el significat profund de la fórmula un canvi cognitiu respecte de lo jurídic que permeti vehicular la relació entre els dos autors. Serveix de suport tant la teoria filosòfica en la que fonamenti el sistema de cadascú dels autors, com les circumstàncies sociopolítiques en las que es ofereix cadascú dels sistemes.

Bases metolológicas para la traducción jurídica: traductología, derecho comparado y lexicografía bilingüe

El presente trabajo sistematiza y analiza las principales obras de referencia de tres ámbitos interdisciplinarios: la traducción jurídica, el derecho comparado y la lexicografía bilingüe con el fin de establecer una base metodológica para la producción de un futuro diccionario bilingüe rumano-español para la traducción. Observamos una falta de repertorios lexicográficos rumano-español en el marco jurídico. El análisis que presentamos se enfoca en el tratamiento de la equivalencia de las unidades léxicas relacionadas con el derecho de asilo en cuatro diccionarios bilingües de carácter general. El resultado más significativo de nuestra investigación es que estos diccionarios no reúnen técnicas de traducción jurídica y métodos de derecho comparado.

Análisis económico del derecho : ¿es rentable, en términos económicos, incumplir la normativa medioambiental?

El mundo ha evolucionado imparablemente en el último siglo. El hombre ha dado ungran salto en el progreso modificando los sistemas productivos, el ritmo de vida eincluso la organización económica. Varias son las voces de alarma que se han alzado enlos últimos años poniendo de relieve las nefastas consecuencias que todo elloproyectaba sobre el medio ambiente. Y es que el progreso ha ido innegablemente ligadoa otro nuevo concepto: la contaminación.La preocupación por adaptar sistemas productivos sostenibles, reduciendo el impactoambiental, ha ido en aumento implicando a los gobiernos y los entes internacionales. Unimportante instrumento para reducir el impacto medioambiental ha sido laconcienciación y la educación de la población pero, desafortunadamente, es una tareaque requiere mucho tiempo, por lo que, acorto plazo, no siempre es suficiente. Por ello,en los últimos años, se ha sucedido un aluvión de normas cuyo objetivo se centra en lapreservación del medioambiente imponiendo obligaciones a los ciudadanos a fin de irmoldeando actitudes sostenibles.El presente trabajo se centra en el análisis de las normas administrativas en materiamedioambiental. Nuestro estudio pretende analizar si los incentivos económicos que deellas se derivan son suficientes para imprimir una actitud cívica y respetuosa con elmedio ambiente o, si de lo contrario, el legislador se ha de servir de instrumentos másseveros como las sanciones penales o la clausura de actividades empresariales. Unapregunta clave se esconde tras este estudio ¿es rentable económicamente cumplir lanormativa medioambiental?Las principales conclusiones que hemos alcanzado tras la realización de este estudiogravitan sobre la idea de que los incentivos económicos son muy débiles como paraconseguir guiar la conducta de los empresarios conduciéndola al cumplimiento de lanormativa. Son necesarias medidas más drásticas, más coercitivas, para conseguir laadecuación del comportamiento de los agentes económicos. Lamentablemente, laAdministración no les puede conceder la libertad de decidir cumplir o no cumplir, bajola amenaza de la sanción económica. Por el contrario, debe imprimir sobre el agenteeconómico un grado superior de fiscalización, controlando, antes del inicio de suactividad, la adecuación de su comportamiento a la normativa de protección del medioambiente, bajo pena de no poder desarrollar su empresa.Sin embargo, nuestro estudio también arroja conclusiones esperanzadoras: a pesar deque el análisis económico de la normativa conduce al empresario a la solución óptimade no cumplir, las medidas alternativas emprendidas por la Administración van forjandoen la mente de los agentes económicos la percepción de que el desarrollo sostenible esuna obligación, más allá de los incentivos pecuniarios, y las medidas en pro de lapreservación del medio ambiente se van convirtiendo, con el paso del tiempo, enacciones que indudablemente se tienen que emprender. Por ello, la idea central quedebemos extraer de este estudio es que, a pesar de que las sanciones -económicas o deotro tipo- son necesarias para reorientar la conducta de los empresarios, toda vez queotorgan incentivos para actuar de una forma que no lo hubieran hecho en el ejercicio dela más absoluta libertad, al final lo que verdaderamente lleva a conjugar los interesespúblicos y privados es la concienciación de los individuos, su educación y elafianzamiento de la creencia de que el mundo es un pequeño paraíso que debemoscuidar. Cueste lo que cueste.

Health risk behavior pattern among students from Cartagena, Colombia: prevalence and associated variables

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and variables associated with the pattern of risky health behavior (PRHB) among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate PRHB in a random cluster sample of students from middle and high schools. The associations were adjusted by logistic regression. A total of 2,625 students participated in this research, with ages from 10 to 20 years, mean=13.8 years (SD=2.0), and 54.3% were women. A total of 332 students reported PRHB (12.7%, 95%CI 11.4–14.0). Age over 15 years (OR=2.19, 95%CI 1.72–2.79), not being heterosexual (OR=1.98, 95%CI 1.36-2.87), poor/mediocre academic performance (OR=1.87, 95%CI 1.47–2.38), family dysfunction (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.40–2.28) and male gender (OR=1.58, 95%CI 1.24–2.01) were associated with PRHB. One in every eight students presented a PRHB. It is important to pay greater attention to students who are over 15 years of age, male, not heterosexual, with a poor/mediocre academic performance and a dysfunctional family.

La Alfabetización digital mediática y el reto de las TIC en Colombia : diagnóstico y análisis de las principales iniciativas educomunicativas en el escenario 2.0

Històricament la inserció de Colombia a les TIC i al desenvolupament que aquestes comporten va ser lenta. Tot i això, als últims anys s'han desenvolupat projectes de infraestructura i apropiació tecnològica a grans velocitats. En aquest escenari la educomunicació ha avançat de manera formidable i la web colombiana comença a nodrir-se de continguts abundants i de qualitat per a l'educació. Aquest treball examina les principals iniciatives 2.0 per a l'educomunicació i dóna un diagnòstic sobre la seva funcionalitat (progressos i carències). Finalment, dóna una serie de recomanacions per al correcte ús de les eines que ofereix la web 2.0

From severance pay to self-insurance: Effects of severance payments savings accounts in Colombia

In 1990 Colombia replaced its traditional system of severance paymentswith a new system of severance payments savings accounts (SPSAs). Althoughseverance payments often are justified on the grounds that they provideinsurance against earnings loss, they also increase costs for employersand distort employment decisions. The impact of severance payments dependslargely on how much of the costs to employers can be shifted to workers.The theoretical analysis in this paper shows that, in contrast to atraditional system of severance payments, the system of SPSAs facilitatesthe shifting of severance payments costs to workers in the form of lowerwages. Empirical results using the Colombian National Household Surveysindicate that the introduction of SPSAs shifted around 80% of the totalseverance payments contributions to wages and had a positive effect onweekly hours. Results using the 1997 Colombian Living Standards MeasurementSurvey suggest that, although SPSAs in part replaced employer insurancewith self-insurance, SPSAs continue to play a consumption smoothing rolefor the non-employed.

The effects of structural reforms on productivity and profitability enhancing reallocation: Evidence from Colombia

Estimates for the U.S. suggest that at least in some sectors productivity enhancing reallocationis the dominant factor in accounting for producitivity growth. An open question, particularlyrelevant for developing countries, is whether reallocation is always productivity enhancing. Itmay be that imperfect competition or other barriers to competitive environments imply that thereallocation process is not fully e?cient in these countries. Using a unique plant-levellongitudinal dataset for Colombia for the period 1982-1998, we explore these issues byexamining the interaction between market allocation, and productivity and profitability.Moreover, given the important trade, labor and financial market reforms in Colombia during theearly 1990's, we explore whether and how the contribution of reallocation changed over theperiod of study. Our data permit measurement of plant-level quantities and prices. Takingadvantage of the rich structure of our price data, we propose a sequential mehodology to estimateproductivity and demand shocks at the plant level. First, we estimate total factor productivity(TFP) with plant-level physical output data, where we use downstream demand to instrumentinputs. We then turn to estimating demand shocks and mark-ups with plant-level price data, usingTFP to instrument for output in the inversedemand equation. We examine the evolution of thedistributions of TFP and demand shocks in response to the market reforms in the 1990's. We findthat market reforms are associated with rising overall productivity that is largely driven byreallocation away from low- and towards highproductivity businesses. In addition, we find thatthe allocation of activity across businesses is less driven by demand factors after reforms. Wefind that the increase in aggregate productivity post-reform is entirely accounted for by theimproved allocation of activity.