Mental Well-being at Work. A Sign of a Healthy Organisation and a Necessary Precondition for Organisational Development

One of the aims of the study was to clarify the reliability and validity of the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) and the Eigenzustand (EZ) method as measures of the objective characteristics of work and short-term mental work load in the Finnish data. The reliability and validity were examined taking into consideration the theoretical backgrounds of the methods and the reliability of the measurements. The methods were used for finding out the preconditions for organisational development based on self-improvement and clarifying the impacts of working environment (organisational functioning and job characteristics) on a worker’s mental state and health. The influences were examined on a general level - regardless of individual personal or specific contextual factors. One aim was also to clarify how cognitions and emotions are intertwined and how they influence a person’s perception of the working environment. The data consisted of 15 blue-collar organisations in the public sector. The organisations were divided in target and comparison groups depending on the research frames. The data was collected by questionnaires by post. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (Lisrel) were used as the main statistical methods in examining the structures of the methods and impacts between the variables. It was shown that it is possible for organisations to develop their working conditions themselves on specific preconditions. The advance of the development processes could be shown by the amount of the development activity as well as by the changes of the mental well-being (ability to act) and sick absenteeism of the personnel. It was found that the JDS and the EZ methods were reliable and valid measures in the Finnish data. It was shown that, in addition to the objective working environment (organisational functioning and job characteristics), also such a personal factor as selfesteem influences a person’s perception of mental work load. However, the influence did not seem to be direct. The importance of job satisfaction as a general indicator of perceived working conditions was emphasised. Emotional and cognitive factors were found to be functionally intertwined constituting a common factor. Organisational functioning and the characteristics of work had connections with a person’s health measured by sick absenteeism.

Época de semeadura da soja para a região de Dourados - MS, com base na deficiência hídrica e no fotoperíodo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir a época de semeadura da soja para a região de Dourados - MS, em função da deficiência hídrica e do fotoperíodo. Foram avaliadas três épocas de semeadura (15 de outubro, 15 de novembro e 15 de dezembro), utilizando-se de série de 20 anos de dados. A deficiência hídrica da soja foi estimada por meio de balanço hídrico-climatológico diário sequencial, e o fotoperíodo foi calculado em função da latitude e da data. O atraso da semeadura reduziu o déficit hídrico. Analisando-se conjuntamente os fatores déficit hídrico e fotoperíodo, concluiu-se que semeaduras da soja em novembro são mais indicadas para a região de Dourados.

An Infant with Food Allergy and Eczema in the Family – The Mental and Economic Burden of Caring

Allergic diseases including food allergy and eczema in an infant in combination with the everyday activities of caring for a family will pose challenges to parents. Only fragments of these challenges are revealed to health care professionals. Families have varying mental, social and economic resources to help them care for an allergic infant, and all such resources are important in determining how families succeed in meeting these challenges and the quality of the infant’s care. This study evaluated the whole burden to the family caused by an infant's allergic disease during the first 24 months of life. As the primary caregiver during this period is usually the mother, her perspective was considered important. Ecocultural theory, which considers families as capable of modifying the positive and negative forces facing them, was taken as the frame of reference. Data were collected as part of an ongoing prospective mother-infant study, and the methods included severity scoring of atopic dermatitis, dietary records, health-related quality of life measurements and assessments of the use of health care services and medications for treating the infant’s eczema, food allergy and asthma. Interviews with mothers were analysed by deductive content analysis on the basis of ecocultural theory and the family empowerment model. The theme “Living an ordinary family life” guided the organization of family activities essential for treating the infant's food allergy and eczema. These activities were sources of both strain and support for the mothers, the allergy-related supporting factors being the mother’s own knowledge of the allergy, hopes for an improvement in the infant’s condition, social support and work. An infant’s food allergy at the age of one year caused considerable strain for the mother in cases where the introduction of new foods into the child’s diet was delayed. This delay was still causing the mother additional strain when the child was 24 months of age. The infants waking at night at the ages of 12 and 24 months because of itching related to eczema caused strain for the mothers. The infants’ health-related quality of life was impaired at ages of 6 and 12 months compared with healthy infants. The principal reasons for impairments were itching, scratching and sleep disturbances at 6 and 12 months and treatment difficulties at 6 months. Problems with getting to sleep were reported at all stages irrespective of eczema and were also present in healthy infants. The economic impact of the treatment of allergic diseases on families during the first 24 months was 131 EUR (2006 value) in cases of eczema and 525 EUR in cases of food allergy. From the societal perspective, the costs of food allergy were a median of 3183 EUR (range 628–11 560 EUR) and of eczema a median of 275 EUR (range 94–1306 EUR). These large variations in costs in food allergy and eczema indicate that disease varies greatly . In conclusion, food allergy and eczema cause extra activities and costs to families which arrange these disease-related activities in such a way that they support the leading family theme “Living an ordinary family life”. Health care professionals should consider this thematic character of family life and disease-related activities in order to ensure that new treatments are sustainable, meaningful and tailored to daily activities. In addition, those mothers who are experiencing difficulties with food allergic infants or infants with eczema should be recognized early and provided with individual encouragement and support from health clinics. In the light of the present results, early detection of symptoms and effective parental guidance can contribute to the well-being and health-related quality of life of the child and family.

Prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D em pacientes com úlceras de perna de etiologia venosa

OBJETIVO: Estudar se a prevalência da deficiência de vitamina D em indivíduos com úlcera de perna de causa venosa é maior do que em população controle. MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se os níveis séricos de 25-OH-vitamina D por quimioluminescência em 27 portadores de úlcera venosa crônica e 58 controles do Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de 25-OH-vitamina D3 eram inferiores a 8 ng/dl em 11,1% dos pacientes com úlcera e 3,4% dos controles; entre 8 e 20 ng/dl em 46,1% dos pacientes com úlcera e 25,8% dos controles; entre 21 e 30 ng/dl em 22.2% dos pacientes com úlcera e 27,5% dos controles e acima de 30 ng/dl em 43,1% dos controles e 18,5% dos pacientes com úlcera (p=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: Existe aumento de prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D em pacientes com úlceras venosas crônicas de pernas.

A anemia por deficiência de ferro na grávida adolescente: comparação entre métodos laboratoriais

OBJETIVO: avaliar, em grávidas adolescentes, a incidência de redução do estoque de ferro, por meio de seus vários indicadores: hemoglobina, ferro sérico, ferritina, índice de saturação de transferrina e receptor de transferrina, e correlacionar os seus resultados. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas 56 adolescentes, que se encontravam na primeira consulta de pré-natal entre a 12ª e a 20ª semana de gestação. Foram consideradas pacientes normais aquelas que apresentavam valores superiores a: 11 mg/dl para a hemoglobina, 12 mig/dL para a ferritina, 50 mg/L para o ferro sérico, 16% para o índice de saturação de transferrina e inferior a 28,1 nmol/L para o receptor de transferrina. Cada marcador foi avaliado por porcentagem simples e para verificar discordâncias entre os valores obtidos utilizamos o teste de McNemar. RESULTADOS: a incidência de anemia dada pelo nível de hemoglobina foi de 21,4%, sendo essas gestantes anêmicas, portadoras de anemia de grau leve. A ferritina em níveis inferiores a 12 µg/dL apurou deficiência de ferro em 21,4% das gestantes. O ferro sérico encontrou-se diminuído em 3,6% das pacientes e o índice de saturação da transferrina em 26,8% da amostra. Não se pôde valorizar a interpretação do receptor de transferrina, pois não há padronização internacional quanto à unidade de medida de dosagem. Quando se comparou a hemoglobina com os outros parâmetros de avaliação de ferropenia, como a ferritina, o ferro sérico, o índice de saturação de transferrina e o receptor de transferrina, encontrou-se que esses índices não avaliaram melhor que a hemoglobina a deficiência de ferro. CONCLUSÕES: a dosagem de hemoglobina, em pacientes com anemia leve, foi suficiente para avaliação da ferropenia.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida de mulheres no climatério atendidas em hospital-escola na cidade do Recife, Brasil

OBJETIVO: avaliar a qualidade de vida de mulheres no climatério, atendidas em um hospital-escola na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, empregando o Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (MOS SF-36 Health Survey), o Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ) e o índice de Blatt-Kupperman modificado. MÉTODOS: em estudo descritivo, transversal, foram avaliadas 233 mulheres atendidas entre fevereiro e junho de 2006. Em amostragem de conveniência, foram incluídas mulheres com idade entre 40 e 65 anos e concordância em participar da pesquisa, excluindo-se a com história prévia de ooforectomia bilateral, terapia hormonal no semestre antecedente à pesquisa e doenças descompensadas. Calculou-se o tamanho amostral, admitindo prevalência de sintomas climatéricos em 4% e precisão igual a 2,5%. Foram analisadas: saúde geral, componente físico e componente mental, obtidos com o MOS SF-36 Health Survey; qualidade de saúde pelo WHQ; e sintomatologia climatérica pelo índice de Blatt-Kupperman modificado. Os dados foram analisados com o programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 13.0. RESULTADOS: a qualidade de vida foi classificada como ruim. Pelo MOS SF-36 Health Survey, identificou-se maior prejuízo no componente mental (18,5 versus 27,7% do físico), maiores perdas nas funções sociais (80,2%) e limitações por problemas emocionais (78,61%). Pelo WHQ, houve maior acometimento de distúrbios do sono (69,7%), sintomas somáticos (69,1%) e vasomotores (68,8%), sendo considerados regulares a função sexual e os sintomas menstruais. Os sintomas de deficiência estrogênica foram acentuados para 53% das mulheres. O aumento dos sintomas de hipoestrogenismo se acompanhou de piora da saúde geral e da saúde menopausal. CONCLUSÕES: pareceu plausível supor que a menopausa se configurou realmente como um evento biopsicossocial, mais do que orgânico, derivado predominantemente da deficiência estrogênica.

Sintomas depressivos e ansiosos em mães de recém-nascidos com e sem malformações

OBJETIVO: comparar as condições emocionais de mães cujos filhos nascem com malformações visíveis (Grupo M) com as das mães de crianças eutróficas (Grupo E) logo após o nascimento. MÉTODO: foram avaliados os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão de 22 mães de cada grupo por meio do Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e do Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE). Foram excluídas as mães portadoras de deficiência sensorial incapacitante, HIV, distúrbios psiquiátricos e síndromes genéticas. Os dados foram complementados com consultas a prontuários médicos da criança e da mãe. Para análise comparativa entre as medianas dos grupos foi utilizado o teste não-paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney; para amostras independentes e para os escores indicativos de sintomas clínicos, o teste exato de Fisher e o teste do χ2. RESULTADOS: houve diferenças significativas nas medianas dos escores das três subescalas (ansiedade-traço, ansiedade-estado e disforia/depressão) entre os dois grupos de mães. Houve uma porcentagem significativamente maior de mães do Grupo M com escores indicativos de sinais clínicos para depressão ou ansiedade no pós-parto imediato e, para ambos os quadros, quando comparadas com mães do Grupo E. Os resultados podem ser decorrentes de traços de personalidade materna, visto que os índices de ansiedade-traço eram significativamente maiores nas mães de crianças malformadas, mas especialmente pelo estado da criança, seu encaminhamento para a UTI e sua condição de vida futura. CONCLUSÕES: a porcentagem de mães de recém-nascidos com malformações visíveis que apresentou escores indicativos de sinais clínicos para ansiedade, depressão e ambos sugerem a necessidade de suporte, individual ou em grupo.

Evaluation of common mental disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its relationship with body mass index

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of common mental disorders in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome as compared with paired controls without this syndrome. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a Control Group examining women between the ages of 18 and 30 who did not use antidepressants and who sought the Gynecology Service of the researched sites. For every woman diagnosed with the polycystic ovary syndrome, another with the same age, educational status and presence or absence of sexual partners was sought without this diagnosis. In total, 166 patients agreed to participate, consisting of 95 diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome and 71 in the Control Group. The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome was made by the presence of two from three criteria: oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries on transvaginal ultrasound, following exclusion of patients with Cushing's syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and androgen-secreting tumors. Weight and height were measured to calculate the body mass index. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire, which evaluated 20 items, was used as an indicator of common mental disorders. A χ² analysis stratified by the category of body mass index was used to compare the prevalence of common mental disorders, between the groups of women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, education, presence of sexual partners, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, use of psychiatric medication, and search for consultation in mental health between the studied groups. The prevalence of obese women with indications of common mental disorders was significantly higher in women with polycystic ovary syndrome than in the Control Group. In the group with healthy body mass index, the incidence of common mental disorders was statistically significant different between women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal controls (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Women with diagnosis of this disease have an almost three-fold increased likelihood of common mental disorders as compared with those without polycystic ovary syndrome. Although obesity is often observed in polycystic ovary syndrome, even women with a healthy body mass index have an increased risk of psychiatric comorbidity.

Pain symptoms and sleep problems among school-aged children. Long-term prevalence changes, and pain symptoms as predictors of later mental health

Children’s pain symptoms and sleep problems are among the most common health complaints. They distract children from activities, decrease the quality of life, contribute to a significant economic burden, and have shown continuity into adulthood. The main aims of this thesis were to investigate long-term changes in the prevalence of pain symptoms and sleep problems among Finnish school-aged children, and the later mental health of those who in childhood experience pain. Prevalence, co-occurrence, and associated psychosocial factors of pain symptoms and sleep problems were also assessed. In study I, prevalence changes in eight-year-old children’s pain symptoms and sleep problems were investigated in three cross-sectional population-based samples (years 1989: n=1038, 1999: n=1035, and 2005: n=1030). In study II, cross-sectional associations between pain symptoms, sleep problems, and psychosocial factors were assessed among 13-18-year-old adolescents (n=2476). In studies III and IV, associations between pain symptoms at age eight (n=6017), and register-based data on antidepressant use and severe suicidality by age 24, were examined in a nationwide birth cohort. Pain symptoms and sleep problems were common and often co-occurred. A considerable number of children’s pain symptoms remained unrecognized by the parents. The prevalence of pain symptoms, sleep problems, and multiple concurrent symptoms approximately doubled from 1989 to 2005. Psychiatric difficulties or demographic factors did not explain the increase. Psychosocial factors that were associated with pain, sleep problems, and a higher number of symptoms, were female sex, psychological difficulties, emotional symptoms, smoking, victimization, and feeling not cared about by teachers. In longitudinal analyses, the child’s own report of headache, and to a smaller degree the parental report of the child’s abdominal pain predicted later antidepressant use. Parental report of the child’s abdominal pain predicted severe suicidality among males. If one of the symptoms is present, health care professionals should inquire about other symptoms as well. Questions should be directed to the children, not only to their parents. Inquiring about psychiatric difficulties, substance use, victimization, and relations with teachers should be included as a part of the assessment. Further studies are needed to clarify the reasons that underlie the increased prevalence rates, and the factors that may increase or decrease the risk for later mental health problems among pain-suffering children.

Análise de crescimento de erva-de-touro em competição com soja cultivada sob deficiência hídrica

Devido à ausência na caracterização competitiva de espécies de plantas daninhas e suas habilidades sob condições edafoclimáticas desfavoráveis, avaliou-se o potencial de competição de Tridax procumbens em meio à cultura da soja. O cultivo foi realizado em condições controladas, em câmara de crescimento, utilizando-se o sistema de séries substitutivas, o qual abrangeu os monocultivos das espécies e a sua competição, com suprimento adequado de água e sob condições de deficiência hídrica temporária. Avaliaram-se a demanda evapotranspiratória, altura de planta, área foliar total e específica, razões de massa de matéria seca de raiz, caule e folha, taxas de assimilação e fotossíntese líquida e a atividade de nitrato redutase aos 20, 50 e 70 dias após o transplante, bem como os teores de macronutrientes das espécies. Observaram-se menores demanda evapotranspiratória, área e duração foliar, assim como taxa de assimilação líquida de carbono, para T. procumbens, com consequente aumento da área foliar específica e da razão de área foliar. Mesmo sob deficiência hídrica temporária, a soja apresentou maiores altura de planta, área foliar e massa de matéria seca total. A fotossíntese líquida da soja foi superior à da planta daninha, embora esta tenha superado a cultura no início do seu cultivo. A atividade de nitrato redutase também foi maior para a soja em relação à planta daninha. Pelas análises dos minerais, T. procumbens demonstrou alteração na partição destes, principalmente com concentração de K e Mg em folhas e caules, respectivamente. Por meio das comparações entre os tratamentos, concluiu-se que T. procumbens apresenta baixo potencial competitivo quando em cultivo com a soja, mesmo sob condições de deficiência hídrica temporária. Não foi possível distinguir completamente os efeitos da competição por água dos demais recursos do meio entre soja e T. procumbens, embora se verifique maior competição intraespecífica da cultura.