Synthesis and Characterization of Fly Ash Geopolymer Sand

Geopolymers are an alternative binder to portland cement in the manufacture of mortars and concrete, as its three-dimensional aluminosilicate network imparts excellent mechanical properties. Use of geopolymers in place of ordinary portland cement is favored owing to the possible energy and carbon dioxide savings. River sand is another construction industry material that needs development of a sustainable alternate in India. Geopolymerization of fly ash amorphous silica mixtures is employed to produce fine aggregates as a possible replacement to river sand. Geopolymerization of fly ash amorphous silica mixtures in 10M NaOH solution at 100 degrees C for 7days produced fine aggregates termed fly ash geopolymer sand (FAPS)] that had comparable grain size distribution, specific gravity, and improved frictional resistance with river sand. The FAPS particles exhibited more alkaline pH (12.5) and higher total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration (TDS=747 mg/L) in comparison to the river sand specimen (pH=7.9 and TDS=32.5 mg/L). However, when used as fine aggregate in mortar, FAPS-mortar specimens develop similar pH, lower TDS, similar compressive strength, and modulus in relation to river sand-mortar specimens. The experimental results suggest that FAPS particles have the potential to replace river sand in the manufacture of mortar and concrete.

Embodied energy assessment of building materials in India using process and input-output analysis

Growing demand for urban built spaces has resulted in unprecedented exponential rise in production and consumption of building materials in construction. Production of materials requires significant energy and contributes to pollution and green house gas (GHG) emissions. Efforts aimed at reducing energy consumption and pollution involved with the production of materials fundamentally requires their quantification. Embodied energy (EE) of building materials comprises the total energy expenditure involved in the material production including all upstream processes such as raw material extraction and transportation. The current paper deals with EE of a few common building materials consumed in bulk in Indian construction industry. These values have been assessed based on actual industrial survey data. Current studies on EE of building materials lack agreement primarily with regard to method of assessment and energy supply assumptions (whether expressed in terms of end use energy or primary energy). The current paper examines the suitability of two basic methods; process analysis and input-output method and identifies process analysis as appropriate for EE assessment in the Indian context. A comparison of EE values of building materials in terms of the two energy supply assumptions has also been carried out to investigate the associated discrepancy. The results revealed significant difference in EE of materials whose production involves significant electrical energy expenditure relative to thermal energy use. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recuperar plásticos desechables a los fines de conformar elementos constructivos de una vivienda económica como respuesta social, analizada como un problema de ingeniería industrial

Resumen: El hecho de seleccionar a los plásticos dentro de nuestro proyecto es porque son en particular, partes abundantes y visibles en la composición de los residuos generados en nuestra sede UCA Campus Rosario. Razonamos que son varias las áreas que los producen en forma cotidiana o de modo transitorio (como es el caso de eventos), a las que podemos sumar un accionar ambientalmente responsable. Ello nos impone la responsabilidad de proponer algún modo de re-utilizarlos en el diseño de ciertos elemento que los integre como materia prima, material de aporte, insumo o material auxiliar, con un amplio campo de posibilidades como es en la construcción, a partir de una mirada desde la ingeniería ambiental. La metodología de trabajo que desarrollamos implica inspeccionar la materia prima con la cual se va a trabajar, a los fines de conocerla fehacientemente, así como internalizar la posible combinación entre los distintos tipos de plásticos de acuerdo a su composición y su respuesta en la integración con otros materiales de uso tradicional, de acuerdo a experiencias reconocidas Desde una mirada lineal la educación sola no alcanza, como tampoco la tecnología ni las medidas parciales son suficientes para aliviar este tremendo desequilibrio que venimos heredando. Ante estos hechos es perentorio comprender la complejidad, actuar desde allí descubriendo la conexión invisible entre el ser humano y el medio, y los seres humanos entre sí. Debido a ello entendemos que para restaurar el medio ambiente en principio hay que comenzar por restaurar los vínculos y los ciclos que los contienen, esto implica re-ciclar.

Diagnóstico da gestão de resíduos na construção civil comparação de obras no Rio de Janeiro visando a certificação LEED e obras sem certificação.

A implantação de práticas de gestão ambiental nos canteiros de obras se tornou de fundamental importância para o setor da construção civil. Nas obras de edificação que visam obter a certificação LEED, são implementadas práticas que buscam a minimização e o reaproveitamento dos resíduos de construção civil, representando uma possibilidade de redução dos impactos ambientais produzidos pelo setor. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo sobre a geração de resíduos de quatro obras de edificações no município do Rio de Janeiro, sendo que duas delas implantaram práticas para obtenção da certificação LEED. Complementarmente, foi realizada uma pesquisa através de questionário com profissionais da construção civil buscando identificar a sua percepção sobre construções sustentáveis e gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Desconsiderando o solo de escavação, o entulho foi o resíduo mais gerado em todas as quatro obras, seguido pela sucata metálica, resíduos não recicláveis e madeira. A obra com certificação LEED apresentou o menor índice total de resíduos, 119,23 kg/m2, sendo este valor próximo às médias de países desenvolvidos.

Elaboração de indicadores e uso de ferramentas de controle da qualidade na execução de obras prediais.

Este trabalho propõe uma adaptação na metodologia de utilização dos indicadores da qualidade, em conjunto com as ferramentas da qualidade, a fim de obter melhorias no processo construtivo predial. Pretende-se elevar o nível de controle na chegada dos materiais à obra para a construção da superestrutura de concreto armado moldadas in loco e eliminar gradativamente as não-conformidades nas peças acabadas nesta etapa construtiva por meio dos princípios do controle de qualidade e dando ênfase ao ciclo PDCA. As ferramentas da qualidade são utilizadas na indústria, especialmente no setor automobilístico, onde auxiliam no rastreamento e eliminação das causas de nãoconformidade ocorridas em seus produtos. Estas ferramentas permitem também um acompanhamento dos resultados, a fim de reduzir custos e aumentar a qualidade e confiabilidade dos produtos. Contudo, na indústria da construção civil do Brasil ainda são pouco utilizadas onde, aliadas aos princípios da qualidade e a utilização de indicadores de qualidade, identificam as fontes geradoras de não-conformidades no produto final auxiliando na eliminação incremental dos desperdícios e conseqüentemente nos atrasos e redução de custos nas construções. Os resultados do estudo mostram que, o uso de indicadores da qualidade em conjunto com as ferramentas da qualidade torna possível implantar um fluxo de atividades de controle, que permite rastrear as causas de não-conformidade na fase de execução da superestrutura predial de concreto armado.

A bacia hidrográfica Lagos-São João pós década de 1960: um estudo das transformações espaciais da região e suas influências sobre a qualidade ambiental

A Bacia Hidrográfica Lagos São João, localizada no sudoeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, abrange 13 municípios que abrigam cerca de 520 mil habitantes. Na temporada de férias esse número sobe para mais de 1 milhão de pessoas. A pastagem constitui o principal tipo de uso do solo, em seguida vem as áreas urbanas e as salinas. A partir da década de 1960 essa região passou a receber maior contingente populacional, tanto de veranistas quanto de moradores fixos, beneficiados pela implantação de novas vias de acesso, como a Ponte Rio-Niteroi e pela construção da represa de Juturnaíba, que ampliou o abastecimento de água dos municípios. Surge neste contexto a especulação imobiliária, que acelera a ocupação das terras próximas a Lagoa de Araruama. Rapidamente essas terras foram loteadas e o setor da construção civil foi ganhando força. Entretanto, a região não contou com adequado planejamento, e os investimentos em saneamento básico e outras infraestruturas urbanas não acompanharam o ritmo da construção civil, que cada vez mais investia em casas, prédios e condomínios, que ampliaram consideravelmente a área urbana e a ocupação da zona costeira. Sendo assim, ficou visível o aumento da malha urbana e a ocupação de áreas impróprias, como as margens dos corpos hídricos, os manguezais, dunas e restingas, além da redução da cobertura vegetal. Dessa forma, foi substancial a perda de qualidade ambiental na região, sobretudo, com relação a água da lagoa e dos rios, que passaram a receber maior volume de efluentes sem tratamento. O potencial turístico da região tem sido explorado e provocado altos investimentos dos agentes de especulação imobiliária, entretanto além de promover a ocupação em áreas irregulares, leva a privatização de espaços públicos e incentiva o fenômeno da segunda residência. A chegada de novos turistas iniciou o processo de desenvolvimento do turismo e, consequentemente, a redução da produção salineira. Com isso, o espaço local ganhou novos significados, inseridos pela lógica da urbanização turística. Foi essa nova lógica transformadora que, gradativamente, valorizou a paisagem local, ampliando e encarecendo o seu consumo. Além de ampliar as transformações espaciais, tendo em vista a expansão da malha urbana verificada nas imagens de satélites, atuais, que foram comparadas com fotografias aéreas de décadas anteriores. Todas as transformações ocorridas na região apresentam alguma relação com o desencadeamento de novos problemas ambientais identificados nos seus ecossistemas, sobretudo a Lagoa de Araruama, ou a ampliação de problemas anteriormente existentes.

Comparison of stabilised/solidified mixes of model drill cuttings based on the North Sea and Red Sea Areas

Following the global stringent legislations regulating the wastes generated from the drilling process of oil exploration and production activities, the management of hazardous drill cuttings has become one of the pressing needs confronting the petroleum industry. Most of the prevalent treatment techniques adopted by oil companies are extremely expensive and/or the treated product has to be landfilled without any potential end-use; thereby rendering these solutions unsustainable. The technique of stabilisation/solidification is being investigated in this research to treat drill cuttings prior to landfilling or for potential re-use in construction products. Two case studies were explored namely North Sea and Red Sea. Given the known difficulties with stabilising/solidifying oils and chlorides, this research made use of model drill cutting mixes based on typical drill cutting from the two case studies, which contained 4.2% and 10.95% average concentrations of hydrocarbons; and 2.03% and 2.13% of chlorides, by weight respectively. A number of different binders, including a range of conventional viz. Portland cement (PC) as well as less-conventional viz. zeolite, or waste binders viz. cement kiln dust (CKD), fly ash and compost were tested to assess their ability to treat the North Sea and Red Sea model drill cuttings. The dry binder content by weight was 10%, 20% and 30%. In addition, raw drill cuttings from one of the North Sea offshore rigs were stabilised/solidified using 30% PC. The characteristics of the final stabilised/solidified product were finally compared to those of thermally treated cuttings. The effectiveness of the treatment using the different binder systems was compared in the light of the aforementioned two contaminants only. A set of physical tests (unconfined compressive strength (UCS)), chemical tests (NRA leachability) and micro-structural examinations (using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)) were used to evaluate the relative performance of the different binder mixes in treating the drill cuttings. The results showed that the observed UCS covered a wide range of values indicating various feasible end-use scenarios for the treated cuttings within the construction industry. The teachability results showed the reduction of the model drill cuttings to a stable non-reactive hazardous waste, compliant with the UK acceptance criteria for non-hazardous landfills: (a) by most of the 30% and 20% binders for chloride concentrations, and (b) by the 20% and 30% of compost-PC and CKD-PC binders for the Red Sea cuttings. The 20% and 30% compost-PC and CKD-PC binders successfully reduced the leached oil concentration of the North Sea cuttings to inert levels. Copyright 2007, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Promoting teamwork and sustainable design

The Interdisciplinary Design for the Built Environment (IDBE) Masters program offers practicing professionals a structured process of interdisciplinary education and professional development. The course aims to equip all its students with the skills needed to meet these challenges. Most of those taking the course have demonstrated their abilities in their core disciplines and are moving to strategic and leadership roles for which they may well be under-prepared. The objectives of the course include giving students a strategic overview of the construction industry and of the production and management of built environment, as well as a critical perspective on the everyday knowledge and assumptions made in practice. The course also raises awareness of current research in the sector and its potential and limitations, and provides an introduction to professional ethics and the responsibilities owed by engineers and their colleagues to society as a whole.

The role of adaptive thermal comfort in the prediction of the thermal performance of a modern mixed-mode office building in the UK under climate change

Climate change is becoming a serious issue for the construction industry, since the time scales at which climate change takes place can be expected to show a true impact on the thermal performance of buildings and HVAC systems. In predicting this future building performance by means of building simulation, the underlying assumptions regarding thermal comfort conditions and the related heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) control set points become important. This article studies the thermal performance of a reference office building with mixedmode ventilation in the UK, using static and adaptive thermal approaches, for a series of time horizons (2020, 2050 and 2080). Results demonstrate the importance of the implementation of adaptive thermal comfort models, and underpin the case for its use in climate change impact studies. Adaptive thermal comfort can also be used by building designers to make buildings more resilient towards change. © 2010 International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA).

A computer algorithm for determining the tensile strength of float glass

The extrinsic tensile strength of glass can be determined explicitly if the characteristics of the critical surface flaw are known, or stochastically if the critical flaw characteristics are unknown. This paper makes contributions to both these approaches. Firstly it presents a unified model for determining the strength of glass explicitly, by accounting for both the inert strength limit and the sub-critical crack growth threshold. Secondly, it describes and illustrates the use of a numerical algorithm, based on the stochastic approach, that computes the characteristic tensile strength of float glass by piecewise summation of the surface stresses. The experimental validation and sensitivity analysis reported in this paper show that the proposed computer algorithm provides an accurate and efficient means of determining the characteristic strength of float glass. The algorithm is particularly useful for annealed and thermally treated float glass used in the construction industry. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Innovative Stereo Vision-Based Approach to Generate Dense Depth Map of Transportation Infrastructure

Three-dimensional (3-D) spatial data of a transportation infrastructure contain useful information for civil engineering applications, including as-built documentation, on-site safety enhancements, and progress monitoring. Several techniques have been developed for acquiring 3-D point coordinates of infrastructure, such as laser scanning. Although the method yields accurate results, the high device costs and human effort required render the process infeasible for generic applications in the construction industry. A quick and reliable approach, which is based on the principles of stereo vision, is proposed for generating a depth map of an infrastructure. Initially, two images are captured by two similar stereo cameras at the scene of the infrastructure. A Harris feature detector is used to extract feature points from the first view, and an innovative adaptive window-matching technique is used to compute feature point correspondences in the second view. A robust algorithm computes the nonfeature point correspondences. Thus, the correspondences of all the points in the scene are obtained. After all correspondences have been obtained, the geometric principles of stereo vision are used to generate a dense depth map of the scene. The proposed algorithm has been tested on several data sets, and results illustrate its potential for stereo correspondence and depth map generation.