Ciudadanía social y cultural: perspectiva histórica y retos del aprendizaje ciudadano en el siglo XXI (Estudios)

El artículo ofrece una reflexión sobre la génesis histórica de la ciudadanía en el contexto de la modernidad; señala los nexos con la constitución de los estados nacionales, y el lugar que tuvo la educación en la creación de comunidades políticas conformadas por ciudadanos libres. El estudio destaca, en primer lugar, las profundas modificaciones que ha sufrido la ciudadanía a lo largo del siglo XX y, en segundo lugar, la necesidad de que la historiografía de la educación incorpore otros enfoques analíticos además de la teoría liberal, que ha ejercido una amplia influencia. Esta renovación analítica contribuirá con herramientas teóricas y metodológicas que permitan reelaborar la categoría de ciudadanía, para comprender mejor los procesos históricos de los últimos siglos, así como las expectativas planteadas a comienzos del siglo XXI.

Soberanía, representación e independencia en Caracas, 1808-1811 (Estudios)

El artículo analiza el impacto que la crisis política de la monarquía española suscitó en Caracas, en donde tuvo lugar un intenso debate. En noviembre de 1808 se intentó erigir una junta, sin éxito. El 19 de abril de 1810 se constituyó la Junta Conservadora de los Derechos del Rey Fernando VII y, finalmente, el 5 de julio de 1811 se declaró la Independencia. El artículo analiza el contenido del debate acerca del ejercicio de la soberanía, así como la manera en que organizaron la representación política quienes tuvieron a su cargo la conducción de este proceso histórico, desde el inicio del movimiento juntista hasta la declaración de la indepedencia.

La nueva agenda internacional del Ecuador (Tema Central)

Este artículo plantea que, para poder actualizar la agenda internacional del Ecuador, se torna necesario considerar los cambios drásticos experimentados en las relaciones internacionales durante la última década. De manera particular, se debe contemplar que la caída del Muro de Berlín significó la imposición rigurosa del liberalismo económico y, a su vez, que los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001 implican la imposición de una ideología guiada por la lucha antiterrorista. Todo esto influye en labor de la Cancillería con relación a la cooperación internacional, organismos bilaterales y multilaterales. Finalmente, se definen temas prioritarios tales como el fortalecimiento a la democracia, seguridad, la lucha contra la corrupción, la migración, Derechos Humanos, medio ambiente, terrorismo y narcotráfico.

El discurso romántico-masculino sobre la virtud femenina: ventriloquismo travesti, censura literaria y violencia donjuanesca en Montalvo y Mera (Estudios)

El autor revisa el discurso de Juan Montalvo en dos textos de Las Catilinarias y en El Regenerador, señalando las estrategias que emplea para apoyar el control patriarcal sobre la mujer: simula una voz femenina que habla por y para las mujeres, sobre sus propias necesidades y deseos, censura y restringe la creatividad poética femenina, y sanciona a aquellas mujeres rebeldes que cuestionan la autoridad masculina. Señala el autor que, sobre la educación de la mujer, el “liberalismo católico” de Montalvo resulta similar a la ideología conservadora y católica de su enemigo político, el presidente García Moreno. De igual forma, en Ojeada histórico-crítica de la poesía ecuatoriana, Juan León Mera censura la autoría, autoridad y autorización para escribir de dos poetas ecuatorianas (Dolores Veintimilla y Mercedes González de Moscoso), como formas de controlar y vigilar esas mismas subjetividades femeninas “manipulables, impulsivas o pecaminosas”, hace algo similar respecto de la obra de Sor Juana, en Obras selectas de la célebre monja de Méjico Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Por último, en su Geometría moral, Juan Montalvo da un paso más allá, y revela el lado egocéntrico y perverso de la autoridad masculina.

Proceso electoral colombiano de 2010: entre el ajuste y la consolidación del uribismo (Coyuntura)

Este ensayo analítico tiene como fin realizar un análisis de coyuntura de las elecciones de 2010 y explicar las razones que llevaron al acenso a Juan Manuel Santos, que permita al lector una lectura del ajuste político sufrido en Colombia, de los nuevos parámetros de identidad política, la reestructuración del discurso “uribista” y los personalismos protagonistas de la contienda en esta nueva relación entre el candidato y el elector. Dicho en otras palabras la elección de Santos puede explicarse a partir de cuatro variables: un ajuste político institucional, un cambio en las lealtades políticas de los electores, un cambio en el proyecto político dominante y el protagonismo de los líderes políticos.

Bocetos de una gramática liberal: de la glorificación del trabajo agrícola a la consagración simbólica de los Andes (Estudios)

El presente artículo se enfoca en las contradicciones del proyecto nacional ecuatoriano de principios del siglo XX en cuanto pretende subsanar identidades en conflicto dentro de las nuevas configuraciones sociales y espaciales. Para ello se examina la forma en la que Luis A. Martínez reconoce la ambivalencia de la modernidad al punto de confeccionar sus obras como alegorías de fallidas comunidades imaginadas. Tanto sus catecismos de agricultura como su novela A la costa (1905), además de contribuir a los debates intelectuales de la época sobre la participación del país en el moderno sistema-mundo capitalista, testimonian las contradicciones existentes dentro del liberalismo como ideología hegemónica. De ahí que los textos arriba mencionados sean considerados como bisagras que vislumbran lo nacional en lo liminar aunque todavía sin subvertir los desencuentros entre la clase dominante y la subalterna.

The diabatic contour advective semi-Lagrangian model

This article describes a novel algorithmic development extending the contour advective semi-Lagrangian model to include nonconservative effects. The Lagrangian contour representation of finescale tracer fields, such as potential vorticity, allows for conservative, nondiffusive treatment of sharp gradients allowing very high numerical Reynolds numbers. It has been widely employed in accurate geostrophic turbulence and tracer advection simulations. In the present, diabatic version of the model the constraint of conservative dynamics is overcome by including a parallel Eulerian field that absorbs the nonconservative ( diabatic) tendencies. The diabatic buildup in this Eulerian field is limited through regular, controlled transfers of this field to the contour representation. This transfer is done with a fast newly developed contouring algorithm. This model has been implemented for several idealized geometries. In this paper a single-layer doubly periodic geometry is used to demonstrate the validity of the model. The present model converges faster than the analogous semi-Lagrangian models at increased resolutions. At the same nominal spatial resolution the new model is 40 times faster than the analogous semi-Lagrangian model. Results of an orographically forced idealized storm track show nontrivial dependency of storm-track statistics on resolution and on the numerical model employed. If this result is more generally applicable, this may have important consequences for future high-resolution climate modeling.

Towards a feminization of agricultural labour in northwest Syria

Smallholdings in the rural areas of northwest Syria are a result of land fragmentation that is due to inheritance. Because of rapid population growth combined with land fragmentation, these smallholdings are increasing and cannot sustain the rural households whose sizes and needs are also increasing rapidly. This situation has led to increasing numbers of mates migrating to urban areas in Syria and to neighbouring countries looking for work opportunities. In addition, recent agricultural intensification trends seem to have led to the emergence of a waged labour force which, in the absence of male workers owing to significant rates of migration, is now predominantly female. Agricultural labour use depends upon household characteristics and resources (type of labour used, gender of labour waged/exchanged/familial). The article attempts to present a comprehensive analysis of household labour use in distinctive farming systems in one region of Syria that has undergone great change in recent decades, and examines the changes in the composition of the agricultural labour force. Secondary information, rapid rural appraisals and formal farm surveys were used to gather information on the households in a study area where different farming systems coexist. The results show that the decrease in landholding size, the resulting male migration, and land intensification have resulted in the expansion of female labour in agricultural production, which has been termed in this research a 'feminization of agricultural labour'. This suggests that agricultural research and extension services will have to work more with women farmers and farm workers, seek their wisdom and involve them in technology and tran, fer This is not easy in conservative societies but requires research and extension institutions to take this reality into consideration in their programmes.

Phylogeny and the hierarchical organization of plant diversity

R. H. Whittaker's idea that plant diversity can be divided into a hierarchy of spatial components from alpha at the within-habitat scale through beta for the turnover of species between habitats to gamma along regional gradients implies the underlying existence of alpha, beta, and gamma niches. We explore the hypothesis that the evolution of a, (3, and gamma niches is also hierarchical, with traits that define the a niche being labile, while those defining a and 7 niches are conservative. At the a level we find support for the hypothesis in the lack of close significant phylogenetic relationship between meadow species that have similar a niches. In a second test, a niche overlap based on a variety of traits is compared between congeners and noncongeners in several communities; here, too, there is no evidence of a correlation between a niche and phylogeny. To test whether beta and gamma niches evolve conservatively, we reconstructed the evolution of relevant traits on evolutionary trees for 14 different clades. Tests against null models revealed a number of instances, including some in island radiations, in which habitat (beta niche) and elevational maximum (an aspect of the gamma niche) showed evolutionary conservatism.

Phyloclimatic modeling: Combining phylogenetics and bioclimatic modeling

We investigate the impact of past climates on plant diversification by tracking the "footprint" of climate change on a phylogenetic tree. Diversity within the cosmopolitan carnivorous plant genus Drosera (Droseraceae) is focused within Mediterranean climate regions. We explore whether this diversity is temporally linked to Mediterranean-type climatic shifts of the mid-Miocene and whether climate preferences are conservative over phylogenetic timescales. Phyloclimatic modeling combines environmental niche (bioclimatic) modeling with phylogenetics in order to study evolutionary patterns in relation to climate change. We present the largest and most complete such example to date using Drosera. The bioclimatic models of extant species demonstrate clear phylogenetic patterns; this is particularly evident for the tuberous sundews from southwestern Australia (subgenus Ergaleium). We employ a method for establishing confidence intervals of node ages on a phylogeny using replicates from a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. This chronogram shows that many clades, including subgenus Ergaleium and section Bryastrum, diversified during the establishment of the Mediterranean-type climate. Ancestral reconstructions of bioclimatic models demonstrate a pattern of preference for this climate type within these groups. Ancestral bioclimatic models are projected into palaeo-climate reconstructions for the time periods indicated by the chronogram. We present two such examples that each generate plausible estimates of ancestral lineage distribution, which are similar to their current distributions. This is the first study to attempt bioclimatic projections on evolutionary time scales. The sundews appear to have diversified in response to local climate development. Some groups are specialized for Mediterranean climates, others show wide-ranging generalism. This demonstrates that Phyloclimatic modeling could be repeated for other plant groups and is fundamental to the understanding of evolutionary responses to climate change.

Comparative evaluation of a new effective population size estimator based on approximate Bayesian computation

We describe and evaluate a new estimator of the effective population size (N-e), a critical parameter in evolutionary and conservation biology. This new "SummStat" N-e. estimator is based upon the use of summary statistics in an approximate Bayesian computation framework to infer N-e. Simulations of a Wright-Fisher population with known N-e show that the SummStat estimator is useful across a realistic range of individuals and loci sampled, generations between samples, and N-e values. We also address the paucity of information about the relative performance of N-e estimators by comparing the SUMMStat estimator to two recently developed likelihood-based estimators and a traditional moment-based estimator. The SummStat estimator is the least biased of the four estimators compared. In 32 of 36 parameter combinations investigated rising initial allele frequencies drawn from a Dirichlet distribution, it has the lowest bias. The relative mean square error (RMSE) of the SummStat estimator was generally intermediate to the others. All of the estimators had RMSE > 1 when small samples (n = 20, five loci) were collected a generation apart. In contrast, when samples were separated by three or more generations and Ne less than or equal to 50, the SummStat and likelihood-based estimators all had greatly reduced RMSE. Under the conditions simulated, SummStat confidence intervals were more conservative than the likelihood-based estimators and more likely to include true N-e. The greatest strength of the SummStat estimator is its flexible structure. This flexibility allows it to incorporate any, potentially informative summary statistic from Population genetic data.

Re-engineering construction: going against the grain

An overtly critical perspective on 're-engineering construction' is presented. It is contended that re-engineering is impossible to define in terms of its substantive content and is best understood as a rhetorical label. In recent years, the language of re-engineering has heavily shaped the construction research agenda. The declared goals are to lower costs and improve value for the customer. The discourse is persuasive because it reflects the ideology of the 'enterprise culture' and the associated rhetoric of customer responsiveness. Re-engineering is especially attractive to the construction industry because it reflects and reinforces the existing dominant way of thinking. The overriding tendency is to reduce organizational complexities to a mechanistic quest for efficiency. Labour is treated as a commodity. Within this context, the objectives of re-engineering become 'common sense'. Knowledge becomes subordinate to the dominant ideology of neo-liberalism. The accepted research agenda for re-engineering construction exacerbates the industry's problems and directly contributes to the casualization of the workforce. The continued adherence to machine metaphors by the construction industry's top management has directly contributed to the 'bad attitudes' and 'adversarial culture' that they repeatedly decry. Supposedly neutral topics such as pre-assembly, partnering, supply chain management and lean thinking serve only to justify the shift towards bogus labour-only subcontracting and the associated reduction of employment rights. The continued casualization of the workforce raises real questions about the industry's future capacity to deliver high-quality construction. In order to appear 'relevant' to the needs of industry, it seems that the research community is doomed to perpetuate this regressive cycle.

Dietary fat composition and cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes coronary heart disease and stroke, remains the major killer in the EU, being responsible for 42% of total mortality. The amount and composition of dietary fat is arguably the most important dietary factor contributing to disease risk. A significant body of consistent evidence indicates that a decrease in dietary saturated fat:unsaturated (polyunsaturated + monounsaturated) ratio and an increased intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) found in fish, is cardioprotective. Furthermore, although the evidence is currently less convincing, such a strategy is also likely to improve insulin sensitivity, the central metabolic defect in diabetes. Currently in the UK only 12% of men, 17% of women and 8% of children have an SFA intakes <10% of energy. The average intake of LC n-3 PUFA is <0.2 g/day, which is less than half the current conservative recommendation of a minimum of 0.45 g/day. Public health strategies to reverse these dietary fatty acid imbalances, aimed at educating and motivating the consumer and making affordable and acceptable food products with an ‘enhanced’ fatty acid profile more widely available, must remain a public health priority in the ‘fight’ against CVD.

A comparative study of Java and C performance in two large-scale parallel applications

In the 1990s the Message Passing Interface Forum defined MPI bindings for Fortran, C, and C++. With the success of MPI these relatively conservative languages have continued to dominate in the parallel computing community. There are compelling arguments in favour of more modern languages like Java. These include portability, better runtime error checking, modularity, and multi-threading. But these arguments have not converted many HPC programmers, perhaps due to the scarcity of full-scale scientific Java codes, and the lack of evidence for performance competitive with C or Fortran. This paper tries to redress this situation by porting two scientific applications to Java. Both of these applications are parallelized using our thread-safe Java messaging system—MPJ Express. The first application is the Gadget-2 code, which is a massively parallel structure formation code for cosmological simulations. The second application uses the finite-domain time-difference method for simulations in the area of computational electromagnetics. We evaluate and compare the performance of the Java and C versions of these two scientific applications, and demonstrate that the Java codes can achieve performance comparable with legacy applications written in conventional HPC languages. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.