Dietary predictors of serum total carotene in low-income women living in Sao Paulo, south-east Brazil

Objective Dietary intake and nutritional status of antioxidant vitamins have been reported to protect against some cancers The objective of the present study was to assess the correlations between serum levels of carotenoids (including beta-, alpha- and gamma-carotene), lycopene, retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and dietary intakes estimated by an FFQ, among low-income women in the Brazilian Investigation into Nutrition and Cervical Cancer Prevention (BRINCA) study. Design Cross-sectional study of data for 918 women aged 21-65 years participating in the BRINCA study in Sao Paulo city. Multiple linear regression models were used with serum nutrient levels as the dependent variable and dietary intake levels as the independent variable, adjusted for confounding factors. Results In energy-adjusted analyses, the intakes of dark green and deep yellow vegetables and fruits (partial R(2) = 4.8%), total fruits and juices (partial R(2) = 1.8%), vegetables and fruits (partial R(2) = 1.8%), carrots (partial R(2) = 1.4%) and citrus fruits and juices only (partial R(2) = 0.8%) were positively correlated only with serum total carotene levels, after adjusting for serum total cholesterol concentration, age, hospital attended, smoking status. BMI and presence of cervical lesions Multiple-adjusted serum levels of carotenoids were positively correlated with intake quartiles of dark green and deep yellow vegetables and fruits and total fruits and juices independent of smoking status. Conclusions The intake of specific fruits and vegetables was an independent predictor of serum total carotene levels in low-income women living in Sao Paulo

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of medicinal plants of the Brazilian cerrado, using Brazilian cachaca as extractor liquid

Ethnopharmacological importance: Many species of plants in the Brazilian cerrado (savanna) are widely used in ethnomedicine. However, the safety and effectiveness of medicinal plants used in communities with little or no access to manufactured drugs should be evaluated. Aim of the study: Evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of extracts from eight plant species, obtained using Brazilian cachaca as the extractor liquid. Materials and methods: The extracts were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, and poliovirus. In addition, cytotoxic activity was assayed in Vero cells and in human erythrocytes. Results: The plant species Curatella americana, Sclerolobium aureum, and Plathymenia reticulata showed the best activity against yeasts, especially the crude extract of C. americana and its ethyl-acetate fraction. Kielmeyera lathrophyton showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 mu g/ml against S. aureus, and was inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. The extract obtained from Annona coriacea showed the best activity against the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC(50) = 175 mu g/ml). Only C. americana showed potential for antipoliovirus activity. The concentrations of the crude extracts that showed toxicity to VERO cells had CC(50) between 31 and 470 mu g/ml, and the lyophilized Brazilian cachaca showed a CC(50) of 307 mu g/ml. None of the extracts showed toxicity against human erythrocytes. Conclusions: Among the plant species studied. C americana proved to be effective against microorganisms, especially as an antifungal. The results will help in the search for alternative drugs to be used in pharmacotherapy, and will contribute to establish safe and effective use of phytomedicines in the treatment of infectious diseases. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

MODELLING OF HIGH-PRESSURE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN SYSTEMS OF INTEREST IN THE FOOD ENGINEERING FIELD USING THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION OF STATE WITH TWO DIFFERENT MIXING RULES

In this work, thermodynamic models for fitting the phase equilibrium of binary systems were applied, aiming to predict the high pressure phase equilibrium of multicomponent systems of interest in the food engineering field, comparing the results generated by the models with new experimental data and with those from the literature. Two mixing rules were used with the Peng-Robinson equation of state, one with the mixing rule of van der Waals and the other with the composition-dependent mixing rule of Mathias et al. The systems chosen are of fundamental importance in food industries, such as the binary systems CO(2)-limonene, CO(2)-citral and CO(2)-linalool, and the ternary systems CO(2)-Limonene-Citral and CO(2)-Limonene-Linalool, where high pressure phase equilibrium knowledge is important to extract and fractionate citrus fruit essential oils. For the CO(2)-limonene system, some experimental data were also measured in this work. The results showed the high capability of the model using the composition-dependent mixing rule to model the phase equilibrium behavior of these systems.

Foliar cuticular alkanes of Camarea (Malpighiaceae) and their taxonomic significance

Camarea is a South-American endemic genus comprising eight species. In the present work n-alkanes from foliar cuticular waxes of 23 specimens, representing seven species of Camarea were analyzed, aiming at establishing interspecific affinities and evaluating the usefulness of n-alkane distribution as species characteristic. The sampling included also specimens of Peixotoa rericulata and Janusia guaronitica (both Malpighiaceae). The results were used to obtain a phenogram indicating chemical affinities between species. The results are in agreement with morphological similarities among some Camarea species. Intraspecific variability was small, suggesting that n-alkane distribution may be useful for species characterization and establishment of links among Camarea species. The results support the recognition of Camarea triphylla as a synonym of Camarea axillaris and are not coherent with a hybrid condition of a population exhibiting morphological characteristics combining Camarea affinis and Camarea hirsuta, suggesting instead that the individuals analyzed belong either to Camarea hirsuta or a close species. Distribution of n-alkanes is inadequate to distinguish among Malpighiaceae genera: P reticulata has n-alkane distribution similar to several Cumarea species. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Caesium, potassium and ammonium distributions in different organs of tropical plants

In the present work the distribution of ions in aboveground plant parts was studied in order to establish the suitability of using radiocaesium as a tracer for the plant absorption of nutrients, such as potassium (K(+)) and ammonium (NH(4)(+)). We present the results for the distributions of (137)Cs, (40)K and NH(4)(+) from four tropical plant species: lemon (Citrus aurantifolia), orange (Citrus sinensis), guava (Psidium guajava) and chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens). Activity concentrations of (137)Cs and (40)K were measured by gamma spectrometry and concentrations of free NH(4)(+) ions by a colorimetric method. Similarly to potassium and ammonium, caesium showed a high mobility within the plants, exhibiting the highest values of concentration in the growing parts of the tree (fruits, new leaves, twigs, and barks). A significant correlation between activity concentrations of (137)Cs and (40)K was observed in these tropical plants. The K/Cs discrimination ratios were approximately equal to unity in different compartments of each individual plant, suggesting that caesium could be a good tracer for (40)K in tropical woody fruit species. Despite the similarity observed for the behaviour of caesium and ammonium in the newly grown plant compartments, (137)Cs was not well correlated with NH(4)(+). Significant temporal changes in the NH(4)(+) concentrations were observed during the development of fruits, while the (137)Cs activity concentration alterations were not of great importance, indicating, therefore, that Cs(+) and free NH(4)(+) ions could have distinct concentration ratios for each particular plant organ. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cloning, expression, purification and characterization of recombinant glutathione-S-transferase from Xylella fastidiosa

Xylella fastidiosa is an important pathogen bacterium transmitted by xylem-feedings leafhoppers that colonizes the xylem of plants and causes diseases on several important crops including citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) in orange and lime trees. Glutathione-S-transferases (GST) form a group of multifunctional isoenzymes that catalyzes both glutathione (GSH)-dependent conjugation and reduction reactions involved in the cellular detoxification of xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds. GSTs are the major detoxification enzymes found in the intracellular space and mainly in the cytosol from prokaryotes to mammals, and may be involved in the regulation of stress-activated signals by suppressing apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. In this study, we describe the cloning of the glutathione-S-transferase from X. fastidiosa into pET-28a(+) vector, its expression in Escherichia coli, purification and initial structural characterization. The purification of recombinant xfGST (rxfGST) to near homogeneity was achieved using affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC demonstrated that rxfGST is a homodimer in solution. The secondary and tertiary structures of recombinant protein were analyzed by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The enzyme was assayed for activity and the results taken together indicated that rxfGST is a stable molecule, correctly folded, and highly active. Several members of the GST family have been extensively studied. However, xfGST is part of a less-studied subfamily which yet has not been structurally and biochemically characterized. In addition, these studies should provide a useful basis for future studies and biotechnological approaches of rxfGST. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The iron stimulon of Xylella fastidiosa includes genes for type IV pilus and colicin V-like bacteriocins

Xylella fastidiosa is the etiologic agent of a wide range of plant diseases, including citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), a major threat to citrus industry. The genomes of several strains of this phytopathogen were completely sequenced, enabling large-scale functional studies. DNA microarrays representing 2,608 (91.6%) coding sequences (CDS) of X. fastidiosa CVC strain 9a5c were used to investigate transcript levels during growth with different iron availabilities. When treated with the iron chelator 2,2`-dipyridyl, 193 CDS were considered up-regulated and 216 were considered down-regulated. Upon incubation with 100 mu M ferric pyrophosphate, 218 and 256 CDS were considered up- and down-regulated, respectively. Differential expression for a subset of 44 CDS was further evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Several CDS involved with regulatory functions, pathogenicity, and cell structure were modulated under both conditions assayed, suggesting that major changes in cell architecture and metabolism occur when X. fastidiosa cells are exposed to extreme variations in iron concentration. Interestingly, the modulated CDS include those related to colicin V-like bacteriocin synthesis and secretion and to functions of pili/fimbriae. We also investigated the contribution of the ferric uptake regulator Fur to the iron stimulon of X. fastidiosa. The promoter regions of the strain 9a5c genome were screened for putative Fur boxes, and candidates were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that Fur is not solely responsible for the modulation of the iron stimulon of X fastidiosa, and they present novel evidence for iron regulation of pathogenicity determinants.

Role of sigma(54) in the regulation of genes involved in type I and type IV pili biogenesis in Xylella fastidiosa

The phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa produces long type IV pili and short type I pili involved in motility and adhesion. In this work, we have investigated the role of sigma factor sigma(54) (RpoN) in the regulation of fimbrial biogenesis in X. fastidiosa. An rpoN null mutant was constructed from the non-pathogenic citrus strain J1a12, and microarray analyses of global gene expression comparing the wild type and rpoN mutant strains showed few genes exhibiting differential expression. In particular, gene pilA1 (XF2542), which encodes the structural pilin protein of type IV pili, showed decreased expression in the rpoN mutant, whereas two-fold higher expression of an operon encoding proteins of type I pili was detected, as confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The transcriptional start site of pilA1 was determined by primer extension, downstream of a sigma(54)-dependent promoter. Microarray and qRT-PCR data demonstrated that expression of only one of the five pilA paralogues, pilA1, was significantly reduced in the rpoN mutant. The rpoN mutant made more biofilm than the wild type strain and presented a cell-cell aggregative phenotype. These results indicate that sigma(54) differentially regulates genes involved in type IV and type I fimbrial biogenesis, and is involved in biofilm formation in X. fastidiosa.

Effects of the antimicrobial peptide gomesin on the global gene expression profile, virulence and biofilm formation of Xylella fastidiosa

In the xylem vessels of susceptible hosts, such as citrus trees, Xylella fastidiosa forms biofilm-like colonies that can block water transport, which appears to correlate to disease symptoms. Besides aiding host colonization, bacterial biofilms play an important role in resistance against antimicrobial agents, for instance antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here, we show that gomesin, a potent AMP from a tarantula spider, modulates X. fastidiosa gene expression profile upon 60 min of treatment with a sublethal concentration. DNA microarray hybridizations revealed that among the upregulated coding sequences, some are related to biofilm production. In addition, we show that the biofilm formed by gomesin-treated bacteria is thicker than that formed by nontreated cells or cells exposed to streptomycin. We have also observed that the treatment of X. fastidiosa with a sublethal concentration of gomesin before inoculation in tobacco plants correlates with a reduction in foliar symptoms, an effect possibly due to the trapping of bacterial cells to fewer xylem vessels, given the enhancement in biofilm production. These results warrant further investigation of how X. fastidiosa would respond to the AMPs produced by citrus endophytes and by the insect vector, leading to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of these molecules on bacterial virulence.

A new member of the ribbon-helix-helix transcription factor superfamily from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri

XACb0070 is an uncharacterized protein coded by the two large plasmids isolated from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cirri, the agent of citrus canker and responsible for important economical losses in citrus world production. XACb0070 presents sequence homology only with other hypothetical proteins belonging to plant pathogens, none of which have their structure determined. The NMR-derived solution structure reveals this protein is a homodimer in which each monomer presents two domains with different structural and dynamic properties: a folded N-terminal domain with beta alpha alpha topology which mediates dimerization and a long disordered C-terminal tail. The folded domain shows high structural similarity to the ribbon-helix-helix transcriptional repressors, a family of DNA-binding proteins of conserved 3D fold but low sequence homology: indeed XACb0070 binds DNA. Primary sequence and fold comparison of XACb0070 with other proteins of the ribbon-helix-helix family together with examination of the genes in the vicinity of xacb0070 suggest the protein might be the component of a toxin-antitoxin system. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Arranjos institucionais e a sustentabilidade de sistemas agroflorestais : uma proposição metodológica

O trabalho analisa os pressupostos de organização político-institucional e dos respectivos formatos tecnológicos típicos de sistemas agroflorestais existentes na região que compreende os vales dos rios Caí e Taquari, no Rio Grande do Sul. Propõe-se a constituição e seleção de indicadores de sustentabilidade para análise destes sistemas, compondo um Índice de Sustentabilidade (IS). Faz-se a classificação dos diferentes sistemas a partir dos seus caracteres estruturais e funcionais, visando a determinação de diferentes padrões organizativos (arranjos institucionais) e, após, faz-se a determinação de padrões de sustentabilidade através dos indicadores e do índice de sustentabilidade. A análise dos índices e padrões identificados revela a adequação da metodologia para análise comparativa de sustentabilidade de sistemas de produção e demonstra a existência de relações entre arranjos institucionais, formatos tecnológicos e padrões sustentabilidade. O sistemas agroflorestais que mais se destacaram na análise são aqueles que combinam espécies florestais exóticas com o cultivo da melancia e os que consorciam citrus com espécies florestais nativas, enquanto o arranjo institucional em destaque é o arranjo associativo.

Comportamento de laranjeira 'Valência' e tangerineira 'Montenegrina' propagadas por estaquia e enxertia

Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar a produção e o desenvolvimento da laranjeira ‘Valência’ e da tangerineira ‘Montenegrina’ enxertadas sobre citrangeiro ‘Troyer’ (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’ (C. paradisi Macf. X P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) e P. trifoliata (L.) Raf., este último testado apenas para a cultivar Montenegrina, além de plantas propagadas por estaquia. Os experimentos foram instalados na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, localizada no município de Eldorado do Sul, RS, em junho de 1989. Foram avaliadas a produção no período de 1993 a 1998 e a produção e o desenvolvimento de plantas no período de 2002 a 2004. Nos primeiros anos, as plantas propagadas por estaquia não alcançaram a mesma produção dos demais tratamentos. Somente a partir do quarto ano de produção, as plantas produzidas por estaquia se igualaram em produção às plantas enxertadas. Dentre os porta-enxertos avaliados, o citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’ destacou-se como uma boa alternativa de porta-enxerto para aumentar a eficiência produtiva da tangerineira ‘Montenegrina’ na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. A propagação por estaquia não afetou o desenvolvimento vegetativo final das plantas de laranjeiras ‘Valência’ e de tangerineiras ‘Montenegrina’. Contudo, em tangerineira ‘Montenegrina’ apresentou elevado índice de mortalidade de plantas.

Substratos e porta-enxertos na produção de mudas cítricas em ambiente protegido

O presente estudo avaliou o desenvolvimento de duas variedades copa enxertadas sobre diferentes porta-enxertos e produzidos em três substratos comerciais. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS em Eldorado do Sul, RS, no período de junho/2003 a novembro/2004. O mesmo obedeceu ao delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 x 2, sendo: 3 substratos comerciais (Rendmax Citrus®, Mecplant Citrus II® e Turfa Fértil®), 3 porta-enxertos (Trifoliata – Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.; citrangeiro ‘C13’ – Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck x Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.; e limoeiro ‘Cravo’ – Citrus limonia Osbeck) e 2 variedades copa (laranjeira ‘Valência’ – Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck e a tangerineira ‘Montenegrina’ – Citrus deliciosa Tenore). As mudas foram produzidas em citropotes (quatro litros), em sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, com 2 a 3 irrigações diárias de 5 a 10 minutos cada. As avaliações foram divididas em três etapas: a) caracterização química e física dos substratos comerciais; b) desenvolvimento vegetativo de porta-enxertos de citros produzidos em diferentes substratos comerciais; c) desenvolvimento de variedades copa de citros enxertadas em diferentes porta-enxertos produzidos com substratos comerciais. A análise dos resultados revelou que a correta escolha do substrato é fundamental para a produção de mudas cítricas, onde o substrato Rendmax possibilita maior desenvolvimento vegetativo aos porta-enxertos e às variedades copa, devido ao seu maior aporte de nutrientes. O porta-enxerto influi diretamente no desenvolvimento da variedade copa, onde o citrangeiro ‘C13’ pode ser uma alternativa ao uso do limoeiro ‘Cravo’, por seu vigor semelhante. O Trifoliata induziu um crescimento mais lento às mudas no período avaliado.

Viabilidade e frigoconservação de borbulhas de citros

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a manutenção da viabilidade das borbulhas de laranjeira ‘Valência’ e tangerineira ‘Montenegrina’, oriundas de ambiente protegido e pomar, sob diferentes processos de desinfestação e períodos de armazenamento em câmara fria, assim como avaliar o comportamento das substâncias de reserva contidas nos ramos porta-borbulhas nos diferentes períodos de armazenamento. Com estes objetivos foram conduzidos dois experimentos em câmara fria com temperatura em torno de 5ºC. No experimento 1, testou-se borbulhas de duas cultivares de citros oriundas de ambiente protegido, três tratamentos químicos (testemunha, 1x tratado com Captan e 2x tratado com Captan na dose de 10g/L) e três períodos de armazenamento (0, 90, e 180 dias), com quatro repetições. No experimento 2, testou-se borbulhas de duas cultivares de citros oriundas do pomar de citros, três tratamentos químicos (testemunha, 1x tratado com Captan e 2x tratado com Captan na dose de 10g/L) e cinco períodos de armazenamento (0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 dias), com quatro repetições. As borbulhas da cultivar Montenegrina, mantiveram-se viáveis por 90 dias sem tratamento com fungicida e por, no mínimo, 180 dias se submetidas a 1 tratamento com fungicida no momento de seu armazenamento. As borbulhas da cultivar Valência, coletadas de ambiente protegido, mantiveram-se viáveis por, no mínimo, 180 dias sem a necessidade de tratamento com fungicida. As substâncias de reserva dos ramos porta-borbulhas sofreram redução ao longo do armazenamento.

A produção orgânica de citros no Vale do Rio Caí/RS

Há uma preocupação crescente sobre a necessidade de produção e consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis, sem uso de agrotóxicos nem fertilizantes químicos. Neste contexto se insere a prática da agricultura orgânica que, contudo, apresenta resultados ainda pouco avaliados. Assim, pretendeu-se, nesta pesquisa diagnosticar a produção orgânica na região citrícola do Vale do Rio Caí, no Rio Grande do Sul. Inicialmente foram selecionadas propriedades de oito agricultores, todas já convertidas ao sistema orgânico de produção há pelo menos cinco anos. Para tanto foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto às unidades familiares, visando diagnosticar os aspectos sociais, econômicos e técnicoambientais. Os agricultores orgânicos mostram-se satisfeitos com o sistema orgânico de produção, que de maneira geral proporciona boas produtividades com custos de produção menores do que no sistema convencional de cultivo. Os agricultores que se dedicam ao sistema orgânico de produção revelam bom conhecimento sobre o meio ambiente, plantas, solos e processos agroecológicos, aspectos políticos, econômicos e sociais, adquiridos através da participação em cursos, palestras, congressos, dias de campo, treinamentos, e através das reuniões e assembléias da Cooperativa ECOCITRUS. A constante troca de experiências entre os agricultores orgânicos tem contribuído na melhoria da qualificação técnica dos produtores, além de melhor conscientizá-los nos aspectos políticos, econômicos e sociais. A participação dos produtores na ECOCITRUS tem proporcionado melhor organização dos mesmos, contribuindo na viabilização da produção orgânica, inclusive com vantagens econômicocomerciais, pela obtenção de insumos orgânicos, venda da produção e estímulo ao beneficiamento da produção, visando agregar renda à propriedade.