A Numerical Study of Inlet Geometry for a Low Inertia Mixed Flow Turbocharger Turbine

Mixed flow turbines can offer improvements over typical radial turbines used in automotive turbochargers, with regards to transient performance and low velocity ratio efficiency. Turbine rotor mass dominates the rotating inertia of the turbocharger, and any reductions of mass in the outer radii of the wheel, including the rotor back-disk, can significantly reduce this inertia and improve the acceleration of the assembly. Off-design, low velocity ratio conditions are typified by highly tangential flow at the rotor inlet and a non-zero inlet blade angle is preferred for such operating conditions. This is achievable in a Mixed Flow Turbine without increasing bending stresses within the rotor blade, which is beneficial in high speed and high inlet temperature turbine design. A range of mixed flow turbine rotors was designed with varying cone angle and inlet blade angle and each was assessed at a number of operating points. These rotors were based on an existing radial flow turbine, and both the hub and shroud contours and exducer geometry were maintained. The inertia of each rotor was also considered. The results indicated that there was a trade-off between efficiency and inertia for the rotors and certain designs may be beneficial for the transient performance of downsized, turbocharged engines.

Proportioning variability in the dispensation of hand-mixed dental cements

Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to determine for dispensed multiples (1 through 4) of powder (P) and liquid (L) in hand-mixed dental cement whether: (1) the mean (P/L) ratio (m/m) and (2) the maximum difference in (P/L) ratio is dependent on the number of multiples dispensed. The Null hypotheses were: (a) mean (P/L) ratio is independent of the number of multiples dispensed and (b) maximum difference in (P/L) ratio is independent of the number of multiples dispensed.
Methods: The materials investigated are listed in the Table. The masses of dispensed aliquots of powder and liquid were measured by a single operator (n=10, for multiples 1 through 4) on a 4-place analytical balance. All measurements were made independently and all possible (P/L) ratios calculated for each sample. The effect of multiple dispensations on (P/L) ratios and maximum (P/L) differences was by one-way ANOVA and linear regression, respectively, with the Tukey post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons.MULTIPLE DISPENSEDDISPENSED MU(x1)(x2)(x3)(x4)Zinc phosphateHeraeus12.271(0.691)a13.051(1.269)b13.215(0.824)b13.118(1.149)bFuji IXGC4.209(0.373)a4.085(0.275)b4.095(0.226)b4.095(0.217)bIRMDentsply7.933(0.767)a7.430(0.451)b7.977(0.729)a8.186(0.929)aKetac-Cem3M Espe9.6206(0.613)a9.714(0.523)a9.298(0.314)b9.321(0.292)bMean (SD) powder/liquid ratio (m/m). Superscript letters represent significances (α = 0.05) within each material
Results: Mean (SD) (P/L) ratios are presented in the Table. Null hypothesis (a) is rejected: either (x1) or (x2) dispensation yields a different (P/L) ratio to (x3) or (x4) (p < 0.05). Null hypothesis (b) is rejected: a negative correlation is observed in max (P/L) ratio difference with dispensed multiple for Ketac Cem (p = 0.029).
Conclusion: For hand-mixed dental cements: (1) more consistent (P/L) ratios may be observed with multiple dispensations of powder & liquid; (2) maximum differences in (P/L) ratio may be negatively correlated with dispensation multiple in some materials.

A mixed cost-function adaptive algorithm for ADSL time-domain equalization

We propose a mixed cost-function adaptive initialization algorithm for the time domain equalizer in a discrete multitone (DMT)-based asymmetric digital subscriber line. Using our approach, a higher convergence rate than that of the commonly used least-mean square algorithm is obtained, whilst attaining bit rates close to the optimum maximum shortening SNR and the upper bound SNR. Furthermore, our proposed method outperforms the minimum mean-squared error design for a range of time domain equalizer (TEQ) filter lengths. The improved performance outweighs the small increase in computational complexity required. A block variant of our proposed algorithm is also presented to overcome the increased latency imposed on the feedback path of the adaptive system.

A numerical study of trailing edge geometry for low inertia automotive mixed flow turbines

Abstract. Mixed flow turbines can offer improvements over typical radial turbines used in automotive turbochargers, with respect to transient performance and low velocity ratio efficiency. Turbine rotor mass dominates the rotating inertia of the turbocharger’s rotating assembly, and any reductions of mass in the outer radii of the wheel, including the rotor back-disk, can significantly reduce this inertia and improve the acceleration of the assembly. Off-design, low velocity ratio conditions are typified by highly tangential flow at the rotor inlet and a non-zero inlet blade angle is desirable for such operating conditions. This is achievable in a Mixed Flow Turbine without increasing bending stresses within the rotor blade, which is beneficial in high speed and high inlet temperature turbine designs.
This study considers the meridional geometry of Mixed Flow Turbines using a multi-disciplinary study to assess both the structural and aerodynamic performance of each rotor, incorporating both CFD and FEA. Variations of rotor trailing edge were investigated at different operating conditions representing both on- and off-design operation within the constraints of existing hardware geometries. In all cases, the performance is benchmarked against an existing state-of-the-art radial turbocharger turbine with consideration of rotor inertia and its benefit for engine transient performance. The results indicate the influence of these parameters and this report details their benefits with respect to turbocharging a downsized, automotive engine.

'Talk to me': a mixed methods study on preferred physician behaviours during end-of-life communication from the patient perspective

Background
Despite the recognized importance of end-of-life (EOL) communication between patients and physicians, the extent and quality of such communication is lacking.

Objective
We sought to understand patient perspectives on physician behaviours during EOL communication.

Design
In this mixed methods study, we conducted quantitative and qualitative strands and then merged data sets during a mixed methods analysis phase. In the quantitative strand, we used the quality of communication tool (QOC) to measure physician behaviours that predict global rating of satisfaction in EOL communication skills, while in the qualitative strand we conducted semi-structured interviews. During the mixed methods analysis, we compared and contrasted qualitative and quantitative data.

Setting and Participants
Seriously ill inpatients at three tertiary care hospitals in Canada.

Results
We found convergence between qualitative and quantitative strands: patients desire candid information from their physician and a sense of familiarity. The quantitative results (n = 132) suggest a paucity of certain EOL communication behaviours in this seriously ill population with a limited prognosis. The qualitative findings (n = 16) suggest that at times, physicians did not engage in EOL communication despite patient readiness, while sometimes this may represent an appropriate deferral after assessment of a patient's lack of readiness.

Conclusions
Avoidance of certain EOL topics may not always be a failure if it is a result of an assessment of lack of patient readiness. This has implications for future tool development: a measure could be built in to assess whether physician behaviours align with patient readiness.

Developing the clinical components of a complex intervention for a glaucoma screening trial:a mixed methods study

BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a leading cause of avoidable blindness worldwide. Open angle glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma. No randomised controlled trials have been conducted evaluating the effectiveness of glaucoma screening for reducing sight loss. It is unclear what the most appropriate intervention to be evaluated in any glaucoma screening trial would be. The purpose of this study was to develop the clinical components of an intervention for evaluation in a glaucoma (open angle) screening trial that would be feasible and acceptable in a UK eye-care service.

METHODS: A mixed-methods study, based on the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for complex interventions, integrating qualitative (semi-structured interviews with 46 UK eye-care providers, policy makers and health service commissioners), and quantitative (economic modelling) methods. Interview data were synthesised and used to revise the screening interventions compared within an existing economic model.

RESULTS: The qualitative data indicated broad based support for a glaucoma screening trial to take place in primary care, using ophthalmic trained technical assistants supported by optometry input. The precise location should be tailored to local circumstances. There was variability in opinion around the choice of screening test and target population. Integrating the interview findings with cost-effectiveness criteria reduced 189 potential components to a two test intervention including either optic nerve photography or screening mode perimetry (a measure of visual field sensitivity) with or without tonometry (a measure of intraocular pressure). It would be more cost-effective, and thus acceptable in a policy context, to target screening for open angle glaucoma to those at highest risk but for both practicality and equity arguments the optimal strategy was screening a general population cohort beginning at age forty.

CONCLUSIONS: Interventions for screening for open angle glaucoma that would be feasible from a service delivery perspective were identified. Integration within an economic modelling framework explicitly highlighted the trade-off between cost-effectiveness, feasibility and equity. This study exemplifies the MRC recommendation to integrate qualitative and quantitative methods in developing complex interventions. The next step in the development pathway should encompass the views of service users.

Characterization and structure–property relationship of melt-mixed high density polyethylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites under extensional deformation

Melt-mixed high density polyethylene (HDPE)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites with 1–10 wt% MWCNTs were prepared by twin screw extrusion and compression moulded into sheet form. The compression moulded nanocomposites exhibit a 112% increase in modulus at a MWCNT loading of 4 wt%, and a low electrical percolation threshold of 1.9 wt%. Subsequently, uniaxial, sequential (seq-) biaxial and simultaneous (sim-) biaxial stretching of the virgin HDPE and nanocomposite sheets was conducted at different strain rates and stretching temperatures to investigate the processability of HDPE with the addition of nanotubes and the influence of deformation on the structure and final properties of nanocomposites. The results show that the processability of HDPE is improved under all the uniaxial and biaxial deformation conditions due to a strengthened strain hardening behaviour with the addition of MWCNTs. Extensional deformation is observed to disentangle nanotube agglomerates and the disentanglement degree is shown to depend on the stretching mode, strain rate and stretching temperatures applied. The disentanglement effectiveness is: uniaxial stretching < sim-biaxial stretching < seq-biaxial stretching, under the same deformation parameters. In sim-biaxial stretching, reducing the strain rate and stretching temperature can lead to more nanotube agglomerate breakup. Enhanced nanotube agglomerate disentanglement exhibits a positive effect on the mechanical properties and a negative effect on the electrical properties of the deformed nanocomposites. The ultimate stress of the composite containing 4 wt% MWCNTs increased by ∼492% after seq-biaxial stretching, while the resistivity increased by ∼1012 Ω cm.

A numerical study of automotive turbocharger mixed flow turbine inlet geometry for off design performance

Mixed flow turbines represent a potential solution to the increasing requirement for high pressure, low velocity ratio operation in turbocharger applications. While literature exists for the use of these turbines at such operating conditions, there is a lack of detailed design guidance for defining the basic geometry of the turbine, in particular, the cone angle – the angle at which the inlet of the mixed flow turbine is inclined to the axis. This investigates the effect and interaction of such mixed flow turbine design parameters.
Computational Fluids Dynamics was initially used to investigate the performance of a modern radial turbine to create a baseline for subsequent mixed flow designs. Existing experimental data was used to validate this model.
Using the CFD model, a number of mixed flow turbine designs were investigated. These included studies varying the cone angle and the associated inlet blade angle.
The results of this analysis provide insight into the performance of a mixed flow turbine with respect to cone and inlet blade angle.

Development and testing of an intermediate temperature glass sealant for use in mixed ionic and electronic conducting membrane reactors

High temperature ceramic membranes have interesting possibilities for application in areas of new and developing technologies such as hydrocarbon combustion with carbon dioxide capture and electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC). However, membrane module sealing remains a significant technical challenge. In this work a borosilicate glass sealant (50SiO₂·25B₂O₃·25Na₂O, mol%) was developed to fit the requirements of sealing an air separation membrane system at intermediate temperatures (300-600 °C). The seal was assessed by testing the leak rates under a range of conditions. The parameters tested included the effect of flowrate on the leak rate, the heating and cooling rates of the reactor and the range of temperatures under which the system could operate. Tests for durability and reliability were also performed. It was found that the most favourable reactor configuration employed a reactor with the ceramic pellet placed underneath the inner chamber alumina tube (inverted configuration), using a quartz wool support to keep the membrane in place prior to sealing. Using this configuration the new glass-based seal was found to be a more suitable sealant than traditional alternatives; it produced lower leak rates at all desirable flowrates, with the potential for rapid heating and cooling and multiple cycling, allowing for prolonged usage. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Remote control of the activity of a Pt catalyst supported on a mixed ionic electronic conducting membrane

A novel configuration for the in situ control of the catalytic activity of a polycrystalline Pt catalyst supported on a mixed ionic electronic conducting (MIEC) substrate is investigated. The modification of the catalytic activity is achieved by inducing the reverse spillover of oxygen promoting species from the support onto the catalyst surface, thus modifying the chemisorptive bond energy of the gas phase adsorbed reactants. This phenomenon is known as Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis (EPOC). In this work we investigate the use of a wireless system that takes advantage of the mixed ionic electronic conductivity of the catalyst support (internally short-circuiting the system) in a dual chamber reactor. In this wireless configuration, the reaction takes place in one chamber of the membrane reactor while introduction of the promoting species is achieved by the use of an appropriate sweep gas (and therefore control of the oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane) on the other chamber. Experimental results have shown that the catalytic rate can be enhanced by using an oxygen sweep, while a hydrogen sweep can reverse the changes. Total rate enhancement ratios of up to 3.5 were measured. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical promotion of catalysis controlled by chemical potential difference across a mixed ionic-electronic conducting ceramic membrane - An example of wireless NEMCA

A La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2F_0.8O₃ mixed ionic electronic conducting (MIEC) membrane was used in a dual chamber reactor for the promotion of the catalytic activity of a platinum catalyst for ethylene oxidation. By controlling the oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane, a driving force for oxygen ions to migrate across the membrane and backspillover onto the catalyst surface is established. The reaction is then promoted by the formation of a double layer of oxide anions on the catalyst surface. Thelectronic conductivity of the membrane material eliminates the need for an external circuit to pump the promoting oxide ion species through the membrane and onto the catalyst surface. This renders this "wireless" system simpler and more amenable for large-scale practical application. Preliminary experiments show that the reaction rate of ethylene oxidation can indeed be promoted by almost one order of magnitude upon exposure to an oxygen atmosphere on the sweep side of the membrane reactor, and thus inducing an oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane, as compared to the rate under an inert sweep gas. Moreover, the rate does not return to its initial unpromoted value upon cessation of the oxygen flow on the sweep side, but remains permanently promoted. A number of comparisons are drawn between the classical electrochemical promotion that utilises an external circuit and the "wireless" system that utilises chemical potential differences. In addition a 'surface oxygen capture' model is proposed to explain the permanent promotion of the catalyst activity. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Wireless electrochemical modification of catalytic activity on a mixed protonic-electronic conductor

A novel approach to electrochemical modification of catalytic activity using a wireless configuration has been undertaken. This paper presents preliminary results on the modification of a platinum catalyst film supported on a pellet of Sr_0.97Ce_0.9Yb_0.1O_3-δ (SCYb), considered to be a mixed protonic-electronic conductor under reducing conditions. The wireless configuration utilises the mixed ionic and electronic conductivity of the supporting membrane to supply an ionic promoting species to the catalyst surface. Control of the flux of this species is achieved by adjusting the effective hydrogen chemical potential difference across the membrane in a dual-chamber reactor with one chamber acting as the "reaction side" and the other as the "sweep side". The reaction rate can be promoted by up to a factor of 1.6, for temperatures around 500 °C and low reactant concentrations, when hydrogen is introduced on the sweep side of the membrane reactor. The use of helium, moist helium and oxygen in helium as sweep gases did not modify the reaction rate. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In situ modification of a Pt catalyst supported on a mixed ionic-electronic conducting membrane

The electrochemical promotion of a platinum catalyst for ethylene oxidation on a dual chamber membrane reactor was studied. The catalyst was supported on a La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.803 membrane. Due the supporting membrane's electronic conductivity it is possible to promote the reaction by controlling the oxygen chemical potential difference across the membrane. Upon establishment of an oxygen potential difference across the membrane, oxygen species can migrate and spillover onto the catalyst surface, modifying the catalytic activity. Initial experiments showed an overall promotion of approximately one order of magnitude of the reaction rate of ethylene, under an oxygen atmosphere on the sweep side of the membrane reactor, as compared with the rate under an inert sweep gas. The reaction rate can keep its promoted state even after the flow of oxygen on the sweep side was interrupted. This behavior caused further promotion with every experiment cycle. The causes of permanent promotion and on demonstrating controllable promotion of the catalytic activity are presented. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting (San Francisco, CA 11/12-17/2006).