The existence of FGFR1-5-HT1A receptor heterocomplexes in midbrain 5-HT neurons of the rat: relevance for neuroplasticity

The ascending midbrain 5-HT neurons to the forebrain may be dysregulated in depression and have a reduced trophic support. With in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) and supported by coimmunoprecipitation and colocation of the FGFR1 and 5-HT1A immunoreactivities in the midbrain raphe cells, evidence for the existence of FGFR1-5-HT1A receptor heterocomplexes in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the Sprague Dawley rat as well as in the rat medullary raphe RN33B cells has been obtained. Especially after combined FGF-2 and 8-OH-DPAT treatment, a marked and significant increase in PLA clusters was found in the RN33B cells. Similar results were reached with the FRET technique in HEK293T cells, where TM-V of the 5HT1A receptor was found to be part of the receptor interface. The combined treatment with FGF-2 and the 5-HT1A agonist also synergistically increased FGFR1 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the raphe midline area of the midbrain and the RN33B cells as well as their differentiation, as seen from development of the increased number and length of extensions per cell and their increased 5-HT immunoreactivity. These signaling and differentiation events were dependent on the receptor interface since they were blocked by incubation with TM-V but not by TM-II. Together, the results indicate that the 5-HT1A autoreceptors by being part of a FGFR1-5-HT1A receptor heterocomplex in the midbrain raphe 5-HT nerve cells appear to have a trophic role in the central 5-HT neuron systems in addition to playing a key role in reducing the firing of these neurons

Lipeäkierron kemiallisesti parhaat käytännöt

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli kartoittaa kemiallisesti parhaita käytäntöjä sellutehtaiden kemikaalien talteenottoprosessissa. Kirjallisuudesta ei löytynyt lipeäkiertoon liittyvää kemiallista tietoutta. Laiteteknisten ratkaisujen kautta yritettiin saada selville parhaat käytännöt. Teoriaosassa on myös käsitelty lipeäkierrossa esiintyvien vierasaineiden lähteitä, rikastumista ja poistumista prosessista. Työ tehtiin Stora Enson Suomessa sijaitseville tehtaille. Kokeellisessa osassa on suoritettu tehtailta saadun materiaalin perusteella tunnuslukujen laskentaa sekä PCA-analyysin teko. Työssä tarkastelualueena on lipeäkierto liuottajasta meesauuniin. Kaukopäässä on käytössä lipeäkierrossa kaksi lipeälinjaa ja muilla tehtailla vain yksi. Saatujen tunnuslukujen perusteella tehtaille on annettu pisteitä nollasta viiteen. Viisi pistettä on saanut parhaan arvon saanut tehdas ja nolla pistettä kaukana parhaasta arvosta olevat. Tunnuslukuja on valittu 14 ja edellä esitetyllä tavalla pisteytettynä on parhaaksi tehtaaksi saatu Kaukopään 1-lipeälinja ja huonoin on Kemijärvi. Huomioitavaa on Kaukopään 2-lipeälinjan sijoittuminen vasta neljänneksi, vaikka lipeälinjoilla on valkolipeän ja meesan käsittelyssä yhteiset syöttösäiliöt. PCA-analyysin perusteella havaittiin, että kuukausikeskiarvoja käytettäessä tulokset tasoittuvat verrattuna päiväarvoilla tehtyyn analyysiin. Analyysi osoittaa, että tehtailla lipeäkierto ei ole täysin hallinnassa. Tämä ilmenee suurina objektien liikkeinä kuvissa. Päiväarvoilla analyysi tehtiin vain Oulun tehtaalle. Tarkastelussa valittiin kuukauden mittainen ajanjakso niin hyvää kuin huonoakin jaksoa. Mallien selitysasteista voidaan nähdä eroja hyvän ja huonon jakson välillä. Tämä ilmenee niin, että hyvän jakson mallin selitysaste on korkeampi kuin huonon jakson. Objektien sijoittuminen kuvissa on myös erilainen. Hyvän jakson aikana objektit ovat pieninä ryhminä, kun huonon jakson objektit ovat hajonneet yksittäisiksi arvoiksi ja päivien väliset erot ovat suuret.

Morfoestructura y evolución del ramal N160 de la dorsal de la Cuenca Nor-Fidjiana (Pacífico sudoeste)

La campaña oceanográfica franco-japonesa Yokosuka 90, llevada a cabo del 10 de Enero al 6 de Febrero de 1991, tuvo por objeto el estudio geológico y geofísico del segmento de segundo orden o ramal de dirección N160 de la dorsal de la Cuenca Nor-Fidjiana (Pacífico sudoeste). Este ramal es especialmente interesante, no sólo por estar situado en una cuenca de tras-arco, sino también en el marco de las hipótesis que intentan establecer las relaciones entre tasas de expansión y morfoestructura en las dorsales oceánicas. Así, en el ramal estudiado coinciden una tasa de expansión intermedia (5 cm/a) y una morfología típica de dorsal lenta. Dicho ramal, segmentado y constituido por una sucesión de crestas y de grabens desplazados lateralmente, se sitúa entre dos puntos mples, uno de tipo dorsal-dorsal-zona de fractura (RRF), al sur, y otro, de tipo dorsal-dorsal-dorsal (RRR), al norte. El ramal N160 de la Cuenca Nor-Fidjiana es, por otra parte, extremadamente joven ya que de acuerdo con las anomalías magnéticas se habna formado durante un episodio volcano-tectónico iniciado hace menos de 1 Ma.

Feeding habits of Ophichthus rufus (Anguilliformes, Ophichthidae) in the western Mediterranean

Ophichthus Rufus is a Mediterranean benthic fish with nocturnal habits. It lives in sand or mud bottoms at depths between 50 and 150m. Until now, nothing about its feeding habits was known. Stomach contents of 689 individuals, collected between 1985 and 1987, were analysed. The diet is basically composed of benthic organisms, among which the decapods processa canaliculata and Alpheus glaber and the teleost fish Callionymus maculatus are prominent. Young of both sexes and adult males have a euryphagic carnivorous diet, whereas adult females are closer to a stenophagic piscivorous diet

Factors Affecting Filterability

In this thesis the factors affecting lime mud filterability were studied. In the literature part there is information about recausticizing process, lime mud properties and filterability, and general filtration theory. In the experimental part the properties of lime mud particles and the properties of lime mud filter cake were investigated and the behavior of lime mud precoat was studied. The experiments were also carried out with R-PCC (rhombohedral precipitated calcium carbonate). The filtration and precoat studies were performed with a laboratory scale pressure filter. The pressure differences used were between 0.25-1.50 bars. Six different lime mud samples with varying amount of impurities and two R-PCC samples were used in the experiments. The average specific cake resistance of different lime mud samples varied quite extensively. The most influential factor affecting the lime mud filterability and dry solids content was found to be silica content. As the lime mud contained silica, the average specific cake resistance was high and the lime mud dryness was low. If the lime mud samples containing silica were not taken into account, the smaller the mean particle size, the higher the average specific cake resistance of the lime mud. The R-PCC had also a high average specific cake resistance, which was because of small particle size. In addition, the pressure difference affected the average specific cake resistance of some lime mud samples. In those cases lime mud was compressible material. During the precoat experiments the lime mud samples having the largest mean particle sizes, compressed. However, the average specific cake resistances of the filtration and precoat part were approximately the same magnitude. A brief displacement by air did not affect the behavior of the precoat. Instead, vibration and a brief but relatively great change in pressure difference had a slight influence.

Designing a new type of support for rotary kilns

Lime kiln is used as a part of the modern kraft pulp process in order to produce burnt lime from lime mud. This rotating kiln is supported by support rollers, which are traditionally supported by journal bearings. Since the continuous growth in the production of pulp mills requires larger lime kilns, the traditional bearing construction has become unreliable. The main problem especially involves the running-in phase of the bearings. In the present thesis, a new type of support roller was developed by using the systematic approach of machine design. Structural analysis was conducted on the critical parts of the selected structure by the finite element method. The operation of hydrodynamic bearings was examined by analytical methods. As a result of this work, a new type of support for rotating kilns was designed, which is more reliable and easier to service. A new support roller geometry is described, which pro¬vides for significant cost savings.

Estudo sobre a utilização da lama vermelha para a remoção de corantes em efluentes têxteis

Red mud is the principal residue of the alumina (Al2O3) industry. Generated during the Bayer process, it is characterized by strong alkalinity and ion exchange. Iron oxides are the principal component (30 to 60%). Annually millions of tons of red mud are generated in the world. Red mud disposal is responsible for a large part of the cost of alumina production. On the other hand, textile industry wastewaters containing dyes have a great impact on the environment and on human health. In this paper the possibility of applying red mud for the removal of dyes was investigated by two processes: adsorption and degradation by the Fenton reagent.

Adsorção competitiva de inibidor de corrosão usado em poços de perfuração de petróleo sobre aço, esmectita e arenito

A commercial corrosion inhibitor used in petroleum production was characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Predicting the adsorption behavior of corrosion inhibitor onto steel, sandstone and esmectite is the key to improve working conditions. In this study, the adsorption kinetics of inhibitor formulations in HCl 15% or in Mud Acid (HCl 13,5% and ammonium bifluoride) onto steel, sandstone and esmectite was determined by means of spectrophotometry. Kinetic parameters indicated that adsorption of inhibitor in the presence of bifluoride was favored. Moreover, the adsorption constant rate was the largest when the substrate was esmectite.

Adsorção do corante Reativo Azul 19 em solução aquosa por lama vermelha tratada quimicamente com peróxido de hidrogênio

Adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 dye onto activated red mud was investigated. Red mud was treated with hydrogen peroxide (LVQ) and heated at both 400 ºC (LVQ400) and 500 ºC (LVQ500). These samples were characterized by pH, specific surface area, point of zero charge and mineralogical composition. Adsorption was found to be significantly dependent on solution pH, with acidic conditions proving to be the most favorable. The adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Langmuir isotherm was the most appropriate to describe the phenomenon of dye removal using LVQ, LVQ400 and LVQ500, with maximum adsorption capacity of 384.62, 357.14 and 454.54 mg g-1, respectively.

Remoção do ácido mefenâmico em água utilizando carvão ativado em pó, lama vermelha e oxidação com cloro

The use of activated carbon powder (ACP), red mud and oxidation with chlorine to remove mefenamic acid in water are described, aimed at their application as a complement to sewage treatment processes in Brazil. A study on the behavior of mefenamic acid in water was performed by evaluating its dissolution for different concentrations and times. Subsequently, the optimal conditions for removal of mefenamic acid were investigated using ACP adsorption at different pH and concentrations, and red mud adsorption using different pH. The utilization of different pH and times was also investigated to establish the ideal conditions for chemical oxidation of the drug. Among the different conditions studied, the best condition for drug removal by ACP and red mud were 100% and 96%, respectively, while the best condition for chemical oxidation occurred using solutions with pH 6 and 7 and reaction times of 30 and 60 minutes.

Alternative liquid biofuels for lime kilns

Causticizing plant is an important part of kraft pulp mill. It uses green liquor from recovery boiler as a raw material and consumes lime to produce white liquor, which is an important chemical used in pulping. Lime kiln is a part of the causticizing process. It is used to convert lime mud, a by-product obtained from the causticizing back to lime in high temperatures. This conversion requires a lot of energy. The most common fuels used as energy source for lime kiln are heavy fuel oil and natural gas. In a modern pulp mill lime kiln is the only user of significant amount of fossil fuels. Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels can have prominent economical and environmental benefits. Interest in using biofuels as energy source of lime kiln has become a worldwide issue in the recent years. However fuels used for lime kiln have a lot of certain requirements. The purpose of this work is to study the required characteristics from liquid fuels used in pulp mill lime kiln and to map suitable liquid biofuels already available in the markets. Also taxation of liquid biofuels compared to heavy fuel oil in Finland, Sweden and Germany is shortly introduced.

The Sedimentology, Ichnology and Hydrogeochemistry of the Late Miocene, Marginal Marine, Upper Pebas and Nauta Formations, Amazonian Foreland Basin, Peru

This thesis includes detailed sedimentological and ichnological studies on two geological units: the Pebas Formation, with a special focus in its informal upper member, and the Nauta Formation. Both formations were deposited during the Miocene in Northeastern Peruvian Amazonia, in the Amazon retroarc foreland basin. The Pebas and Nauta successions mainly consist of non-consolidated, clastic sedimentary deposits arranged into sand- to mud-dominated heterolithic successions, which can be upward-coarsening to upward-fining. Sediments in both the Pebas and Nauta successions range from mud to fine- to medium-grained sand. The main facies observed were 1) mud-dominated horizontal heterolithic couplets; 2) rooted brownish mud; 3) lenticular, mud-draped, cross-stratified sand; 4) mud- to sand-dominated, inclined heterolithic stratification; 5) sand-dominated horizontal heterolithic couplets; and 6) mud-draped, trough cross-stratified sand. Locally, tidal rhythmites were documented. The facies are interpreted as: 1) muddy, shallow, subaqueous flats/shoals; 2) palaeosols; 3) secondary tidal channels or run-off creeks; 4) tidally influenced point bars; 5) shoreface deposits; and 6) subtidal compound dunes. Thalassinoides-dominated Glossifungites ichnofacies, low-diversity expressions of the Skolithos ichnofacies and depauperate suites consisting of elements common to the Cruziana ichnofacies strongly indicate brackish-water conditions. However, continental trace fossil assemblages, with possible elements common to the Scoyenia ichnofacies, have also been identified. In addition to the palaeoenvironmental study, a local hydrogeochemical characterisation of the Pebas and Nauta formations was also conducted. The geochemistry of the groundwaters reflects the characteristics and the soil geochemistry of the geological formations studied. The Pebas formation has low hardness, acid to neutral waters, whereas the upper Pebas has high hardness, acid to neutral waters. In both units, the arsenic content is locally high. The Nauta formation has low hardness acid groundwaters. A regional review of the Pebas and Nauta formations placed the local observations into a continental perspective and suggests that the whole Pebas-Nauta system was a probably shallow (some tens of metres at maximum), brackish- to freshwater, tidally-influenced epicontinental embayment with a probable semi-diurnal to mixed tidal regime and a microtidal range, surrounded by continental environments such as forest floors, lagoons, rivers and their flood plains, and lakes.

Ultrasonographic and radiographic determination of egg development of jurarás (Kinosternon scorpioides) in captivity

Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766), with its common name of jurará, is a quite variable species of turtles, and many different names have been applied to populations throughout its range. Currently, however, four subspecies are considered valid as K. scorpioides arises from southern Panama over most of northern South America and is found in Ecuador, northern Peru, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina, eastern Guyana and Brazil. Thus, an ultrasonographic and radiographic study was performed in order to describe the morphology and development of eggs of 20 female jurará mud turtles K. scorpioides, from September 2005 to August 2006. In the first month, the ovarian cycle was characterized by absence of vitellogenic follicles, atresic follicles or oviduct eggs. From October 2005 to March 2006 on, ultrasonographic scanning allowed to establish the growing vitellogenic follicles. Vitellogenic follicles were observed with spherical to ovoid shapes, with a surrounding echogenic yolk, a nonechogenic albumin layer, and a high echogenic shell. The oviduct eggs were identified by radiography just 180 days after beginning the experiment, when the shell became enough mineralized to impress the radiographic film. This experiment allowed to obtain by means of the 7.5 MHz linear probe images with adequate resolution and penetration for visualization of follicles. Successive ultrasonographic examinations of 20 K. scorpioides females allowed to access initial stages of vitellogenic follicles and oviduct eggs, and radiographic examination revealed to be an easy technique to assess oviduct eggs and to allow evaluation of egg development in jurarás, from 6 months on.

Morphological aspects of the ovaries of turtle Kinosternon scorpioides raised in captivity

The swear turtle "jurará" (Kinosternon scorpioides) is a mud turtle of the Amazon region exposed to disordering capture in the rural areas of Maranhão, Brazil. Despite its popularity in these areas, little meaningful information regarding the reproductive morphology is currently available, fact that impedes the adoption of policies for preservation of the species. To obtain more information, we studied the ovarian morphology adult jurará females kept in captivity by morphological and morphometric analysis in the dry and rainy season. The results revealed that all females were sexually mature and were in a vitellogenic period. The ovaries are two irregular structures composed by follicles in different stages of development (primary, secondary and tertiary) scattered in a stroma of loose connective highly vascularized tissue. The ovary weight was 6.25±4.23g and 2.27±1.42g, for the right and left one respectively. The gonadosomatic indexes were 2.06% for the dry season and 1.79% for the rainy season. The average of the follicles was 29.83 units per ovary. Microscopically, the mature ovaries revealed a basal layer composed by four cellular layers: the inner and outer theca, stratum granulosum with perivitelline membrane and zona radiata with vitelline membrane. No significant differences were observed in the ovaries either in the dry or wet period.