Hipertensão arterial e alguns fatores de risco em uma capital brasileira

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da hipertensão arterial (HA) e de alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares na população adulta de uma capital brasileira. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal, de base populacional, fundamentado em inquérito domiciliar de amostra aleatória simples (>18a). Questionários padronizados, colhidas informações sociodemográficas, realizadas medidas de PA (duas tomadas), peso, altura, circunferência abdominal. Dados armazenados (programa Microsoft Access) e analisados através do programa Epi Info 6. Foi considerada última medida da PA (critério de HA ±140x90 mmHg). RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 1.739 pessoas (87% do previsto). Predomínio do sexo feminino (65,4%), média de idade de 39,7 anos (±15,6). A prevalência de HA foi de 36,4%, sendo maior entre homens (41,8%) que entre mulheres (31,8%). Encontrada correlação positiva da HA com IMC, circunferência da cintura (CC) e faixa etária, enquanto o sexo feminino representou fator de proteção para o risco de hipertensão. Prevalência de sobrepeso 30,0% e de obesidade 13,6%. Sobrepeso maior entre as mulheres e obesidade entre os homens. Tabagismo teve prevalência de 20,1%, mais freqüente entre homens (27,1%) que entre mulheres (16,4%). Sedentarismo presente em 62,3% da população, sem diferenças entre os sexos. Hábito da ingestão regular de bebidas alcoólicas em 44,4% dos indivíduos, mais freqüente entre homens. CONCLUSÃO: Indicadores de HA e de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular (em particular sobrepeso/obesidade) mostram-se elevados. Esses dados reforçam a necessidade da implementação de medidas objetivas em âmbito nacional, visando combater esses agravos à saúde, com vistas à redução da morbidade e mortalidade por DCV.

Conflictos urbanos y violaciones al derecho a la ciudad en Córdoba capital (Programa: indicadores ciudadanos y participación para una ciudad justa, democrática y sustentable.

Durante las últimas décadas las ciudades latinoamericanas se caracterizaron por fuertes procesos de crecimiento urbano y profundización de la distribución inequitativa de la riqueza, reforzando el patrón de segregación residencial socioeconómica existente. Desde la supremacía de la lógica del mercado inmobiliario y de suelo vinculada al desarrollo urbano, estas situaciones prefiguran un contexto de reiteradas violaciones al derecho a la ciudad y acaban cristalizando en focos de conflictos sociales y urbanos, que atentan contra la gobernabilidad local del territorio y la posibiidad del ejercicio de derechos inalienables. En Córdoba el nivel de conflictividad urbana ha ido incrementándose. En este sentido, el presente proyecto propone identificar, caracterizar y georreferenciar los conflictos urbanos existentes en la ciudad a partir de la selección de variables urbanas, ambientales y sociopolíticas relevantes en su determinación (acceso al suelo, precariedad habitacional, necesidad de espacios verdes, acceso a infraestructura y servicios públicos, criticidad ambiental, entre otras variables emergentes en campo). También se pretende comprender las representaciones y prácticas de los distintos agentes involucrados respecto de las mismas y de las políticas públicas asociadas. La hipótesis del trabajo sostiene que cuando se analiza el sistema urbano de un modo integral, emergen vinculaciones espaciales que derivan en situaciones conflictivas, predominando la sectorización y la compartimentización según problemáticas focalizadas, no existiendo actualmente políticas que integren la complejidad de aristas que supone el desarrollo urbano. Esto también se observa en el campo de las representaciones y prácticas relacionadas a dichos conflictos, registrándose fuertes diferenciaciones entre las de la ciudadanía afectada por situaciones de violación de derechos a la ciudad, y aquellas que tienen los sectores públicos y/o privados con incidencia en las mismas. Ambas situaciones inciden en la formulación y ejecución de políticas públicas que no terminan de resolver las disputas que se materializan en el territorio. De aquí que el propósito del trabajo sea identificar y caracterizar de manera más integral los conflictos urbanos existentes en la ciudad, confrontando las distintas miradas y acciones que coexisten en su construcción territorial; y en base a ese diagnóstico proponer, a partir de su visibilización, estrategias de superación de dichas tensiones e incompatibilidades.

Conflictos urbanos y violaciones al derecho a la ciudad en Córdoba capital (Programa: indicadores ciudadanos y participación para una ciudad justa, democrática y sustentable).

Durante las últimas décadas las ciudades latinoamericanas se caracterizaron por fuertes procesos de crecimiento urbano y profundización de la distribución inequitativa de la riqueza, reforzando el patrón de segregación residencial socioeconómica existente. Desde la supremacía de la lógica del mercado inmobiliario y de suelo vinculada al desarrollo urbano, estas situaciones prefiguran un contexto de reiteradas violaciones al derecho a la ciudad y acaban cristalizando en focos de conflictos sociales y urbanos, que atentan contra la gobernabilidad local del territorio y la posibiidad del ejercicio de derechos inalienables. En Córdoba el nivel de conflictividad urbana ha ido incrementándose. En este sentido, el presente proyecto propone identificar, caracterizar y georreferenciar los conflictos urbanos existentes en la ciudad a partir de la selección de variables urbanas, ambientales y sociopolíticas relevantes en su determinación (acceso al suelo, precariedad habitacional, necesidad de espacios verdes, acceso a infraestructura y servicios públicos, criticidad ambiental, entre otras variables emergentes en campo). También se pretende comprender las representaciones y prácticas de los distintos agentes involucrados respecto de las mismas y de las políticas públicas asociadas. La hipótesis del trabajo sostiene que cuando se analiza el sistema urbano de un modo integral, emergen vinculaciones espaciales que derivan en situaciones conflictivas, predominando la sectorización y la compartimentización según problemáticas focalizadas, no existiendo actualmente políticas que integren la complejidad de aristas que supone el desarrollo urbano. Esto también se observa en el campo de las representaciones y prácticas relacionadas a dichos conflictos, registrándose fuertes diferenciaciones entre las de la ciudadanía afectada por situaciones de violación de derechos a la ciudad, y aquellas que tienen los sectores públicos y/o privados con incidencia en las mismas. Ambas situaciones inciden en la formulación y ejecución de políticas públicas que no terminan de resolver las disputas que se materializan en el territorio. De aquí que el propósito del trabajo sea identificar y caracterizar de manera más integral los conflictos urbanos existentes en la ciudad, confrontando las distintas miradas y acciones que coexisten en su construcción territorial; y en base a ese diagnóstico proponer, a partir de su visibilización, estrategias de superación de dichas tensiones e incompatibilidades.

Impact of wind power generation on the electricity supply industry

The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the effect wind energy has on the Electricity Supply Industry in Ireland. Wind power generation is a source of renewable energy that is in abundant supply in Ireland and is fast becoming a resource that Ireland is depending on as a diverse and secure of supply of energy. However, wind is an intermittent resource and coupled with a variable demand, there are integration issues with balancing demand and supply effectively. To maintain a secure supply of electricity to customers, it is necessary that wind power has an operational reserve to ensure appropriate backup for situations where there is low wind but high demand. This dissertation examines the affect of this integration by comparing wind generation to that of conventional generation in the national grid. This is done to ascertain the cost benefits of wind power generation against a scenario with no wind generation. Then, the analysis examines to see if wind power can meet the pillars of sustainability. This entails looking at wind in a practical scenario to observe how it meets these pillars under the criteria of environmental responsibility, displacement of conventional fuel, cost competitiveness and security of supply.

A comparison of environmental licensing systems in operation in the wood panel manufacturing industry in the Northern Hemisphere

The objective of this thesis is to compare and contrast environmental licensing systems, for the wood panel industry, in a number of countries in order to determine which system is the best from an environmental and economic point of view. The thesis also examines the impact which government can have on industry and the type of licensing system in operation in a country. Initially, the thesis investigates the origins of the various environmental licensing systems which are in operation in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France, USA and Canada. It then examines the Environmental Agencies which control and supervise industry in these countries. The impact which the type of government (i.e. unitary or federal) in charge in any particular country has on industry and the Regulatory Agency in that country is then described. Most of the mills in the thesis make a product called OSB (Oriented Strand Board) and the manufacturing process is briefly described in order to understand where the various emissions are generated. The main body of the thesis examines a number of environmental parameters which have emission limit values in the licenses examined, although not all of these parameters have emission limit values in all of the licenses. All of these parameters are used as indicators of the potential impact which the mill can have on the environment. They have been set at specific levels by the Environmental Agencies in the individual countries to control the impact of the mill. Following on from this, the two main types of air pollution control equipment (WESPs and RTOs) are described in regard to their function and capabilities. The mill licenses are then presented in the form of results tables which compare air results and water results separately. This is due to the fact that the most significant emission from this type of industry is to air. A matrix system is used to compare the licenses so that the comparison can be as objective as possible. The discussion examines all of the elements previously described and from this it was concluded that the IPC licensing system is the best from an environmental and economic point of view. It is a much more expensive system to operate than the other systems examined, but it is much more comprehensive and looks at the mill as a whole rather than fragmenting it. It was also seen that the type of environmental licensing system which is in place in a country can play a role in the locating of an industry as certain systems were seen to have more stringent standards attached to them. The type of standard in place in a country is in turn influenced by the type of government which is in place in that country.

Green furniture: sustainable design guidelines for the Irish furniture and wood products industry.

This thesis presents the research and development of sustainable design guidelines for the furniture and wood products industry, suitable for sustainably enhancing design, manufacturing and associated activities. This sustainable guideline is based on secondary research conducted on subject areas such as ‘eco’ design, ‘green’ branding and ‘green’ consumerism, as well as an examination of existing certifications and sustainable tools techniques and methodologies, national and international drivers for sustainable development and an overview of sustainability in the Irish furniture manufacturing context. The guideline was further developed through primary research. This consisted of a focus group attended by leading Irish designers, manufacturers and academics in the area of furniture and wood products. This group explored the question of ‘green branding’ saturation in the market and the viability of investing in sustainability just yet. Participants stated that they felt the market for ‘green’ products is evolving very slowly and that there is no metric or legal framework present to audit whether or not companies are producing products that really embody sustainability. All the participants believed that developing and introducing a new certification process to incorporate a sustainable design process was a viable and necessary solution to protecting Irish furniture and wood manufacturers going forward. For the purposes of the case study, the author investigated a ‘sustainable’ design process for Team woodcraft, Ltd., through the design and development of a ‘sustainable’ children’s furniture range. The case study followed a typical design and development process; detailing customer design specifications, concept development and refinement and cumulating in final prototype, as well as associated engineering drawings. Based on this primary and secondary research, seven fundamental core principles for this sustainable guideline have been identified by the author. The author then used these core principles to expand into guidelines for the basis of proposed new Irish sustainable design guidelines for the furniture and wood products industry, the concept of which the author has named ‘Green Dot’. The author suggests that the ‘Green Dot’ brand or logo could be used to market an umbrella network of Irish furniture designers and manufactures who implement the recommended sustainable techniques.

Computer integrated testing for the transport refrigeration systems industry.

This is a study of a state of the art implementation of a new computer integrated testing (CIT) facility within a company that designs and manufactures transport refrigeration systems. The aim was to use state of the art hardware, software and planning procedures in the design and implementation of three CIT systems. Typical CIT system components include data acquisition (DAQ) equipment, application and analysis software, communication devices, computer-based instrumentation and computer technology. It is shown that the introduction of computer technology into the area of testing can have a major effect on such issues as efficiency, flexibility, data accuracy, test quality, data integrity and much more. Findings reaffirm how the overall area of computer integration continues to benefit any organisation, but with more recent advances in computer technology, communication methods and software capabilities, less expensive more sophisticated test solutions are now possible. This allows more organisations to benefit from the many advantages associated with CIT. Examples of computer integration test set-ups and the benefits associated with computer integration have been discussed.

Prevalência de hipertensão arterial em Adventistas do Sétimo Dia da capital e do interior paulista

FUNDAMENTO: Sabe-se que hábitos de vida inadequados favorecem a hipertensão, e os adventistas preconizam hábitos saudáveis. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da hipertensão nos adventistas do sétimo dia na capital e no interior paulistas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 264 adventistas (41,17 ± 15,27 anos, 59,8% mulheres, com alto nível de religiosidade avaliada pela escala Duke-DUREL). A medida da pressão arterial foi realizada com aparelho automático validado. Nível de significância adotado foi p < 0,05. Resultados: A prevalência total de hipertensão foi 22,7%, (27,4% no interior e 15% na capital). Os adventistas da capital diferiram dos do interior (p < 0,05), respectivamente, quanto: escolaridade superior (62% vs 36,6%); ter vínculo empregatício (44%) vs autônomos (40,9%); renda familiar (8,39 ± 6,20 vs 4,59 ± 4,75 salários mínimos) e renda individual (4,54 ± 5,34 vs 6,35 ± 48 salários mínimos); casal responsável pela renda familiar (35% vs 39,6%); vegetarianismo (11% vs 3%); pressão arterial (115,38 ± 16,52/68,74 ± 8,94 vs 123,66 ± 19,62/74,88 ± 11,85 mmHg); etnia branca (65% vs 81,1%); casados (53% vs 68,9%); menor apoio social no domínio material (15,7 ± 5,41 vs 16,9 ± 4,32) e lembrar da última vez que mediu a pressão arterial (65% vs 48,8%). A análise multivariada associou hipertensão com: 1) vegetarianismo (OR 0,051, IC95% 0,004-0,681), 2) escolaridade (OR 5,317, IC95% 1,674-16,893), 3) lembrar quando mediu a pressão (OR 2,725, IC95% 1,275-5,821), 4) aposentado (OR 8,846, IC95% 1,406-55,668), 5) responsável pela renda familiar (OR 0,422, IC95% 0,189-0,942). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de hipertensão dos adventistas foi menor se comparada com estudos nacionais, sendo menor na capital em relação ao interior possivelmente por melhores condições socioeconômicas e hábitos de vida.

Annual record of science and industry.

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