Feeding habits of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) off the coast of Brazil

Estômagos de 222 tubarões-azuis coletados ao longo da costa brasileira foram analisados, sendo 116 da região nordeste e 106 da região sul. Um total de 51 táxons de presas foram identificados. Os itens mais importantes na região sul foram baleias Mysticeti, teleósteos, o peixe gempilídeo Ruvettus pretiosus e o nomeídeo Arioma bondi. Cefalópodes foram mais diversos, com preferência pelas espécies migradoras verticais Histioteuthis spp., Cranchiidae e o polvo epipelágico Ocythoe tuberculata. Na região nordeste, o tubarão-azul consumiu principalmente teleósteos, incluindo o peixe alepisaurídeo Alepisaurus ferox e o gempilídeo Gempylus serpens. Entre os cefalópodes, Histioteuthis spp. e o polvo epipelágico Tremoctopus violaceus foram os itens principais. Predação sobre cardumes foi ocasional, como observada para Arioma bondi. Aves também foram consumidas em ambas as regiões. Puffinus gravis foi o quinto item mais freqüente na região nordeste. Durante o ciclo migratório reprodutivo, o tubarão-azul costuma predar nas adjacências da termoclina, que é mais profunda na região nordeste e mais perto da superfície na região sul.

Examining the use of Simarouba glauca Seed Oil as a Feedstock for the Production of Biodiesel using a Small Scale Model Developed in India

Simarouba glauca, a non-edible oilseed crop native to South Florida, is gaining popularity as a feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The University of Agriculture Sciences in Bangalore, India has developed a biodiesel production model based on the principles of decentralization, small scales, and multiple fuel sources. Success of such a program depends on conversion efficiencies at multiple stages. The conversion efficiency of the field-level, decentralized production model was compared with the in-laboratory conversion efficiency benchmark. The study indicated that the field-level model conversion efficiency was less than that of the lab-scale set up. The fuel qualities and characteristics of the Simarouba glauca biodiesel were tested and found to be the standards required for fuel designation. However, this research suggests that for Simarouba glauca to be widely accepted as a biodiesel feedstock further investigation is still required.

Transcript and metabolite profiling for the evaluation of tobacco tree and poplar as feedstock for the bio-based industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Further new smut fungi (Ustilaginomycetes) from Australia

Nine new species of smut fungi, belonging to eight genera, are described from Australia: Dermatosorus schoenoplecti Vánky & R.G. Shivas, on Schoenoplectus mucronatus, Entyloma grampiansis Vánky & R.G. Shivas, on Hydrocotyle laxiflora, Macalpinomyces brachiariae Vánky, C. Vánky & R.G. Shivas, on Brachiaria holosericea, M. digitariae Vánky & R.G. Shivas, on Digitaria gibbosa, Restiosporium baloskionis Vánky & R.G. Shivas, on Baloskion tetraphyllum, Thecaphora maireanae R.G. Shivas & Vánky, on Maireana pentagona, Tilletia cape yorkensis Vánky & R.G. Shivas, on Whiteochloa airoides, Urocystis chorizandrae J. Cunnington, R.G. Shivas & Vánky, on Chorizandra enodis, and Ustanciosporium tenellum R.G . Shivas & Vánky, on Cyperus tenellus. New combinations are: Macalpinomyces ordensis(R.G. Shivas & Vánky) Vánky & R.G. Shivas (based on Sporisorium ordense, type on Brachiaria pubigera, Australia), and Sporisorium setariae (McAlpine) Vánky & R.G. Shivas (based on Sorosporium setariae, type on Setaria glauca, Australia).

The extent of population genetic subdivision differs among four co-distributed shark species in the Indo-Australian archipelago

Background: The territorial fishing zones of Australia and Indonesia are contiguous to the north of Australia in the Timor and Arafura Seas and in the Indian Ocean to the north of Christmas Island. The area surrounding the shared boundary consists of a variety of bio-diverse marine habitats including shallow continental shelf waters, oceanic trenches and numerous offshore islands. Both countries exploit a variety of fisheries species, including whaler (Carcharhinus spp.) and hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.). Despite their differences in social and financial arrangements, the two countries are motivated to develop complementary co-management practices to achieve resource sustainability. An essential starting point is knowledge of the degree of population subdivision, and hence fisheries stock status, in exploited species. Results: Populations of four commercially harvested shark species (Carcharhinus obscurus, Carcharhinus sorrah, Prionace glauca, Sphyrna lewini) were sampled from northern Australia and central Indonesia. Neutral genetic markers (mitochondrial DNA control region sequence and allelic variation at co-dominant microsatellite loci) revealed genetic subdivision between Australian and Indonesian populations of C. sorrah. Further research is needed to address the possibility of genetic subdivision among C. obscurus populations. There was no evidence of genetic subdivision for P. glauca and S. lewini populations, but the sampling represented a relatively small part of their distributional range. For these species, more detailed analyses of population genetic structure is recommended in the future. Conclusion: Cooperative management between Australia and Indonesia is the best option at present for P. glauca and S. lewini, while C. sorrah and C. obscurus should be managed independently. On-going research on these and other exploited shark and ray species is strongly recommended. Biological and ecological similarity between species may not be a predictor of population genetic structure, so species-specific studies are recommended to provide new data to assist with sustainable fisheries management.

Efecto de coberturas muertas de follajes de tres especies de árboles de sombra sobre la reducción de grupos de malezas en el cultivo de café (Coffea arabica L.)

El presente trabajo evaluó el efecto de coberturas muertas procedentes de hojas y ramas podadas de las especies: Simarouba glauca D.C., Clusia rosea Jacq y Giricidia sepuim (Jacq) Steud., sobre la reducción de los grupos de malezas de una plantación de café (Coffea arabica L.), manejada bajo sombra. Para ello se estableció un ensayo en la finca La Nacional, Masatepe, Nicaragua; colocando en las parcelas experimentales, material vegetal cortado de cada una de estas especies, en tres diferentes grosores de cubrimiento. Las malezas procedentes de semillas y de retoños se mantuvieron controladas a los 17, 31, 45 y 65 días después de establecido el ensayo. El testigo promedio 385 individuos por m2 y los diferentes tratamientos promediaron 22 individuos por m2 en malezas de semillas. El testigo para malezas de retoños promedio 619 brotes por m2, los diferentes tratamientos promediaron 85.5 brotes por m2. En el muestreo para determinar biomasa fresca de malezas, hubo diferencias significativas en malezas de semillas y retoños, con promedios de 21 g/m2 para el testigo, comparado con 3 g/m2 para los m2 para los tratamientos en malezas de semillas y para malezas de retoños el testigo promedio 233 g/m2 y en los tratamientos promediaron 52 g/m2. En general los grosores dobles y triples alcanzaron a reducir mayormente las malezas.

Coberturas muertas de follajes de árboles de sombra, para el control de malezas en café (Coffea arabica L.)

Este estudio realizado en el Centro Experimental de Café del Pacffico, Masatepe, Nicaragua, enfoca el papel de las hojas y ramas podadas y su efecto como cobertura muerta en el control de malezas. Las hojas frescas y pequeñas ramas de Gliricidia sepíum (Jacq) steud, lnga paterno Harms, Simarouba glauca D.C y Clusia rosea Jacq, fueron colocados en parcelas de 1.5 x 1.5 m dentro de un cafetal en producción en dos grosores antes de las primeras lluvias en mayo de 1991. Cada uno de los cuatro bloques también tenía un testigo sin una cobertura de hojas. Durante los dos meses del ensayo la cobertura de Madero Negro se descompuso más rápido, perdiendo 63-66% de su peso, mientras las tres otras especies perdieron 12-18% de su peso inicial. las coberturas redujeron el número de individuos de malezas a las 2, 4 y 9 semanas en comparación con el testigo (F=22**, 23** y 36**). Referente a biomasa de las malezas a las 5 semanas no hubo diferencia significativa entre el testigo y las coberturas, ya que cada maleza individual era más grande en la cobertura. A las 2, 4 y 9 semanas las coberturas de descomposición lenta tuvieron menos malezas que la cobertura de rápida descomposición (F = 15**, 17* * y 67* *). Coberturas dobles lograron disminuir el número de individuos pero no en todas las fechas. En conclusión, los árboles de sombra según la especie tienen un posible papel en el manejo de malezas en café.