951 resultados para CV CABERNET-SAUVIGNON


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小型桡足类在生态系统中的重要作用近年来得到了广泛的关注,在近岸生态系统中,小型桡足类起着相当重要的作用。但关于小型桡足类种群动力学的研究在国内还处于起步阶段,因此我们选取了国内沿岸海域常见优势种小拟哲水蚤、双刺纺锤水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤及强额拟哲水蚤等四种小型桡足类为研究对象,探讨其种群动力学相关方面的变动机制。本文在2005年10月-2006年9月选取胶州湾为主要的研究海域,进行了一周年的小型桡足类的采样和培养实验研究。在胶州湾,小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)全年出现,其种群数量变动呈现双峰型,在夏季(6月和8月)达数量高值,在冬季(1月)有一个小的高峰。种群数量在4月达全年最低值,在7月份数量也有一个明显的数量降低。从空间分布上来讲,该水蚤在冬季主要以CV期桡足幼体存在于湾南和湾外区域,湾北数量很少;从春末开始,各期幼体开始在各海区广泛分布。小拟哲水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(2月份除外),但较高的产卵率主要集中在春末到秋初,最大产卵率出现在5月,达27.9 eggs female-1d-1。总体来讲,在胶州湾小拟哲水蚤的产卵率与温度、叶绿素及体长均呈显著正相关,但与盐度呈负相关关系。从不同的区域来看,胶州湾湾北区域小拟哲水蚤产卵率较高,最高值出现在湾北6月份,产卵率达到了60.8 eggs female-1d-1。大于10 eggs female-1d-1的产卵率在湾北持续了6个月(4-9月),在湾口持续了5个月(4-8月),而在湾外只持续了3个月(5-7月)。小拟哲水蚤生物量在6月份达到最高值(6.15 mg C m-3),在4月达到全年最低值(0.028 mg C m-3)。次级生产的变动从4月到9月与生物量的变动趋势完全相似,但冬季生物量的高峰并没有伴随次级生产的高峰值,分析其原因是由于冬季低的生长率所致。小拟哲水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为158.41 mg C.m-3yr -1。强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)在胶州湾只在夏末到秋季出现,最大数量出现在8月份。从强额拟哲水蚤的分布区域来看,从湾内到湾外有递减趋势。在2006年9月份,只有湾北有部分种群,其他区域几乎没有该种出现。该种最大产卵率出现在8月,达11.2 eggs female-1d-1。强额拟哲水蚤生物量的变动与次级生产的变动趋势相似,最大值也都出现在8月份。该水蚤在胶州湾平均年次级生产仅为2.12 mg C m-3yr-1。双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)在胶州湾是全年出现,其种群数量在5-6月份突发性增加达全年最高值(>8000 ind. m-3),之后又急剧下降。从该种的区域分布来看,5-6月份数量的高峰主要出现在湾北区域,7月份虽然各区域数量均下降,但大部分种群集中在湾外区域。双刺纺锤水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(1-2月除外),产卵率的最高值出现在4月,达16.5 eggs female-1d-1。4月份雌体高的产卵率为5月份种群数量的大量增加提供了补充。双刺纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势一致,在5-6月份达到高值,在秋冬季次级生产较低。双刺纺锤水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为114.61 mg C m-3yr-1。太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)在胶州湾季节性出现,在冬春季节消失,从夏季开始出现。该种在5月零星出现,种群数量在6月份开始增多,到7月份达到最高值2356 ind. m-3,之后在8月数量锐减至196 ind. m-3。从区域分布来看,该水蚤在胶州湾只出现在湾北和湾南区域,湾外区域几乎没有,而且呈现湾北到湾南递减的趋势。6月份数量大部分出现在湾北区域,到7月份才有一部份在湾南出现。太平洋纺锤水蚤在其出现季节均产卵,最大产卵率出现在6月份,达37.17 eggs female-1 d-1,部分补充了7月份太平洋纺锤水蚤种群数量的大量增加。太平洋纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势相似,在7月份达到了最高值,在11月达到最低值。太平洋纺锤水蚤在胶州湾平均的年次级生产为45.63 mg C m-3yr-1。胶州湾四种小型桡足类总的年次级生产为~320 mg C m-3 yr-1。

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浮游动物在海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着至关重要的作用。浮游动物物种组成、生物量和次级生产力的变化会改变生态系统的结构和功能。在黄海生态系统中如何描述这个过程,并使它易于模拟是本论文的研究目的。生物量和生产力是海洋生态系统食物网的基础。谁是浮游动物生物量和次级生产力的基础?哪些种类在生态系统中起关键作用?这些问题在黄海这样的温带陆架边缘海区很难回答,原因是物种组成、生物量和生产力的季节变化显著。因此,在对黄海食物产出的关键过程进行模拟时,需要应用既准确又简便的方法来对浮游动物群落的生态过程进行模拟。在对黄海浮游动物群落结构和物理海洋学特征进行充分的分析之后,浮游动物功能群的方法被确定用来进行黄海生态系统结构和功能的模拟。 根据浮游动物的粒径、摄食习性和营养功能,黄海浮游动物被分为6个功能群:大型浮游甲壳动物功能群(Giant crustacean,GC)、大型桡足类功能群(Large copepods, LC)、小型桡足类功能群(Small copepods,SC)、毛颚类功能群(Chaetognaths)、水母类功能群(Medusae)和海樽类功能群(Salps)。GC、LC和SC是按照粒径大小而划分的功能群,他们是高营养层次的主要食物资源。毛颚类和水母类是两类胶质性的肉食性浮游动物功能群,他们与高营养层次竞争摄食饵料浮游动物;海樽类与其他浮游动物种类竞争摄食浮游植物,而本身的物质和能量却不能有效的传递到高营养层次。本文研究报道了浮游动物各功能群的时空分布、基于浮游动物动能群的黄海生态区划分、饵料浮游动物功能群的生产力、毛颚类对浮游动物的摄食压力以及中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的摄食生态学。 春季,浮游动物生物量为2.1 g m–2,GC、LC和SC对生物量的贡献率分别为19, 44 和 26%。高生物量的LC和SC功能群主要分布于山东半岛南岸的近岸海域,而GC主要分布在远岸站位。夏季,浮游动物的生物量为3.1 g m–2,GC贡献了73%。GC、LC和SC主要分布在黄海的中部海域。秋季,浮游动物生物量为1.8 g m–2,GC、LC和SC的贡献率相似,分别为36, 33和23%,高生物量的GC和LC分布在黄海中部,而SC主要分布在远岸站位。GC和LC是冬季浮游动物生物量(2.9 g m–2)的优势功能群,分别贡献率了57%和27%,高生物量的GC、LC和SC都分布在黄海的中部海域。与GC、LC和SC相比,毛颚类生物量较低,主要分布于黄海的中北部海域。水母类(本文中指小型水母类)和海樽类斑块分布明显,主要分布于黄海沿岸和北部海域。属于不同功能群的约10个种类为浮游动物的优势种,控制着浮游动物群落的动态。 春季,黄海可以被分成4个浮游动物生态区,浮游动物生物量的分布中心位于山东半岛南岸近岸海域,与第一个生态区相对应,LC和SC在分布中心起主要的控制作用;夏、秋和冬季,黄海分别被分成3、4和3个生态区,浮游动物生物量的分布中心均位于黄海的中部海域,均与各季节的第一个生态区相对应,GC和LC是分布中心生态区的优势功能群,对分布中心起主要的控制作用。黄海冷水团(YSCBW)在GC、LC和SC的空间分布模式中起着重要的作用。黄海不同季节浮游动物生态区的空间分布模式及生态区中起控制作用的优势功能群类别有着重要的生态学意义。 我们将饵料浮游动物功能群细化为0.16–0.25 mm、0.25–0.5 mm、0.5–1 mm、1–2 mm和 >2 mm5个粒径组。应用生物能量学的方法研究了不同粒径浮游动物的生产力。结果表明:浮游动物次级生产力5月份最高,为91.9 mg C m–2 d–1,其次是6月和9月,分别为75.6 mg C m–2 d–1和65.5 mg C m–2 d–1,8月、3月和12月较低,仅为42.3 mg C m–2 d–1、35.9 mg C m–2 d–1和27.9 mg C m–2 d–1。根据这些结果,黄海浮游动物年次级生产力为18.9 g C m–2 year–1。0.16–0.25 mm和 0.25–0.5 mm 两个粒径组对浮游动物次级生产力的贡献率为58–79%,即相对应的SC功能群的周转率(P/B, 0.091–0.193 d–1)要高于GC和LC。 黄海毛颚类功能群的优势种类为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)、纳嘎箭虫(S. nagae)、肥胖箭虫(S. enflata)和百陶箭虫(S. bedoti)。我们对这四种箭虫的生产力和对浮游动物生物量和生产力的摄食压力进行了研究。结果表明:黄海毛颚类总的生物量为98–217 mg m–2,总的生产力为1.22–2.36 mg C m–2 d–1。黄海毛颚类的生物量占浮游动物总生物量的6.35–14.47%,而生产力仅占浮游动物总生产力的2.54–6.04%。强壮箭虫和纳嘎箭虫是黄海毛颚类功能群的绝对优势种,控制着黄海毛颚类群落的动态。黄海毛颚类总的摄食率为4.24–8.18 mg C m–2d–1,对浮游动物现存量和生产力总的摄食压力分别为为0.94%和12.56%。黄海冬季,浮游动物的现存量和生产力为0.4 g C m–2和0.026 g C m–2d–1,而毛颚类的摄食压力却达到了全年的最大值,为1.4%和20.94%。因此,毛颚类的摄食可能对冬季浮游动物群落结构造成重要的影响。通过不同体长组箭虫的摄食率可以推断,黄海毛颚类全年主要摄食小型桡足类,对SC功能群的摄食压力最大。但是在夏季黄海冷水团形成的月份,毛颚类对前体长为2 mm的LC功能群中的种类摄食压力也较大,但此时,由于优势种中华哲水蚤进入滞育阶段,因此毛颚类的摄食会对其种群数量造成严重的影响。 中华哲水蚤在春、秋季的摄食率分别为2.08–11.46和0.26–3.70 µg C female–1 day–1,与微型浮游生物的现存量呈显著的正相关。春季,在黄海的北部,中华哲水蚤通过摄食微型浮游生物吸收的碳量能够满足其代谢和繁殖需求,而在黄海的南部和秋季黄海冷水团锋区附近,中华哲水蚤必须通过摄食其他类型的食物资源来维持其代谢和生殖需求。较低的摄食率、无产卵以及种群中CV期桡足幼体占优势表明,秋季中华哲水蚤在黄海冷水团区域内处于滞育状态。中华哲水蚤优先摄食微型原生动物,并且春季中华哲水蚤总的生长效率(GGE, 3–39%)与食物中微型原生动物的比例呈显著的正相关,表明微型原生动物具有较高的营养价值。但是,因较低的产卵率(0.16–12.6 eggs female–1 day–1)而导致的中华哲水蚤较低的总生长效率(13.4%),可能就是由于其食物中的必需营养成分含量不足(或缺乏)造成的。 本文从生物量的角度,对黄海浮游动物各功能群的时空分布、生态区划分进行了研究报道,对GC、LC和SC功能群的生产力、毛颚类对浮游动物的摄食压力和中华哲水蚤的摄食生态学进行了较为深入的研究,这些结果为黄海食物产出的关键过程的模拟提供了基础资料。今后的研究重点应搞清楚黄海水母类对浮游动物次级生产力的摄食压力和海樽类在食物产出模型中产生的负效应的程度,浮游动物各功能群的组成、季节变化和空间分布模式的长期变化,尤其是在气候变化和人类活动的影响下,将是今后研究的重点。

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Shipboard incubations were conducted in spring (April) and autumn (October/November) 2006 to measure the feeding and egg production rates (EPR) of Calanus sinicus in the Yellow Sea, China. The ingestion rate (2.08-11.46 and 0.26-3.70 mu g C female(-1) day(-1) in spring and autumn, respectively) was positively correlated with microplankton carbon concentrations. In the northern part of the Yellow Sea, feeding on microplankton easily covers the respiratory and production requirements, whereas in the southern part in spring and in the frontal zone in autumn, C. sinicus must ingest alternative food sources. Low ingestion rates, no egg production and the dominance of the fifth copepodite (CV) stage indicated that C. sinicus was in quiescence inside the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water (YSCBW) area in autumn. Calanus sinicus ingested ciliates preferentially over other components of the microplankton. The EPR (0.16-12.6 eggs female(-1) day(-1) in spring and 11.4 eggs female(-1) day(-1) at only one station in autumn) increased with ciliate standing stock. Gross growth efficiency (GGE) was 13.4% (3-39%) in spring, which was correlated with the proportion of ciliates in the diet. These results indicate that ciliates have higher nutrient quality than other food items, but the low GGE indicates that the diet of C. sinicus is nutritionally incomplete.

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The effects of temperature and food availability on the life history strategy of the planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus in the southern Yellow Sea in summer were studied in this paper. The fifth copepodite stage (CV) dominates the population in the central part of the southern Yellow Sea, where the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) occurs below the thermocline. Incubation experiments were conducted on CV C. sinicus caught from the YSCWM to examine the effects of temperature and food availability. Temperature at the surface (27degreesC) is lethal to CVs regardless of food availability. At the temperature in the middle of the thermocline (18degreesC), survival time of the specimens depends on food availability, being similar to20 days in treatments without extra food supply. At the temperature in the YSCWM (9degreesC), most animals survive at the end of 27 day incubation even in treatments without food supply. Developmental rate of CVs at 9degreesC without extra food supply is extremely low. The increase of either temperature or food supply promotes the developmental rate of CVs. According to these results, the surface layers with high temperature and low food abundance are detrimental for the survival and reproduction of C. sinicus. Low temperature and low food availability in the YSCWM help CV to maintain a much lower developmental rate and higher survival rate. The ecological trait of C. sinicus in the southern Yellow Sea in summer cannot be sufficiently explained solely by the effects of temperature.

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Ecological and physiological features of the planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus in the southern Yellow Sea in summer were studied to reveal its life history strategy. From the coastal shallow waters to the central part of the southern Yellow Sea, a shift of the stage composition occurs from being dominated by the egg-nauplius stage to being dominated by the fifth copepodite (CV) stage. Most CVs reside in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), where both temperature and food abundance are low. CVs in the YSCWM have longer body lengths, heavier body weights and higher carbon contents than those outside the YSCWM. Onboard incubations show that the development of CVs in the YSCWM is suspended. Energy conservation, development suspension and lack of diel vertical migration (DVM) behavior suggest a diapause status for the CVs in the YSCWM, although vertical distribution patterns indicate the CV individuals are not fully synchronous in physiology and development. This adaptive oversummering strategy would help C. sinicus to live through the warm and food-limited summer in the central part of the southern Yellow Sea; both low temperature and low food supply are necessary for CV to maintain the resting state in the YSCWM. Calanus sinicus exhibits different life history strategies in different regions of the southern Yellow Sea in summer.

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The distribution, feeding and oxygen consumption of Calanus sinicus were studied in August 2001 on a transect across Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Waters (YSCBW) and two additional transects nearby. The distribution of C. sinicus adults and copepodites stage CV appeared to be well correlated with water temperature. They tended to concentrate in the YSCBW (>10,000 ind. m(-2)) to avoid high surface temperature. Gut pigment contents varied from 0.44 to 2.53 ng chlorophyll a equivalents (chl a equiv.) ind.(-1) for adults, and from 0.24 to 2.24 ng chl a equiv. ind.(-1) for CV copepodites. We found no relationship between gut pigment contents and the ambient chl a concentrations. Although the gut evacuation rate constants are consistent with those measured for other copepods, their low gut pigment contents meant an estimated daily herbivorous ingestion of <3% of body carbon in the YSCBW and <10% outside the YSCBW. However, based on estimates of clearance rates, C. sinicus feeds actively whether in the YSCBW or not, so the low ingestion rates probably reflect shortage of food. Oxygen consumption rates of C. sinicus ranged from 0.21 to 0.84 mul O-2 ind.(-1) h(-1), with high rates often associated with high temperature. From the oxygen consumption rates, daily loss of body carbon was estimated to be 4.0-13.7%, which exceeds our estimates of their carbon ingestion rates. C. sinicus was probably not in diapause, either within or outside the YSCBW, but this cold-water layer provides C. sinicus with a refuge to live through the hot, low-food summer.