El Instituto Hist??rico de Marina

Por Decreto de fecha 15 de junio de 1942 se crea el Instituto Hist??rico de Marina, dependiente del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient??ficas en el Patronato 'Marcelino Men??ndez y Pelayo' cuyos fines son la investigaci??n de la historia de las actividades y ciencias mar??timas.

El material científico pedagógico.

Se encomendó al Instituto 'San José de Calasanz' de Pedagogía, del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científica, la labor de dirigir la elaboración del material científico pedagógico que se emplearía en los centros de enseñanza dependientes del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, quedando estos obligados a adquirir los materiales de enseñanza a través del Instituto 'San José de Calasanz'.

Cervantes y su centenario

Se intercalan im??genes de varios pueblos de Castilla-La Mancha d??nde se desarrollaron algunos acontecimientos de Don Quijote de La Mancha

De la universidad a la escuela.

Experiencia pedagógica sobre difusión en la escuela de hallazgos científicos de la universidad. Se difunden los hallazgos científicos sobre energía celular, alimentos y medicamentos llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Buenos Aires y el CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) a los alumnos de séptimo grado del colegio 'Joaquín María Cullen'. Las actividades didácticas realizadas son: 1. Visualización de la oxidación de la glucosa: a) Cambio de coloración; b) Combustión; c) Respiración. 2. Elaboración de modelos moleculares de glucosa y sustancias relacionadas. 3. Construcción de maquetas de mitocondrias y sitios de acción del 6PP. 4. Preparación de un extracto alcohólico de raíces de Dalea elegans, como fuente del 6PP. 5. Construcción de maquetas de cloroplastos. 6. Extracción de clorofila. 7. Observación de células vegetales y cloroplastos a través del microscopio óptico.

Aspectos hist??ricos de la educaci??n en Alicante en el siglo XVIII : (investigaci??n hist??rica)

Revisi??n hist??rica de la educaci??n en Alicante, a trav??s de una investigaci??n en archivos y bibliotecas. Se da una visi??n general de la educaci??n en la provincia en el siglo XVIII, incorporando datos archiv??sticos y bibliogr??ficos que abren, a su vez, otras v??as de profundizaci??n y el marco para posteriores estudios especializados. La educaci??n en el siglo XVIII a trav??s de un repaso por las instituciones y sistemas educativos, los pedagogos, las ideas pedag??gicas y la organizaci??n de la ense??anza. Se trata de un estudio hist??rico-te??rico realizado a trav??s de la consulta de fuentes de informaci??n, principalmente de bibliotecas y archivos de la provincia, pero tambi??n estatales, como la Biblioteca de Pedagog??a del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient??ficas, la Biblioteca Nacional y las bibliotecas universitarias con secciones de Pedagog??a m??s antiguas (Universidad Complutense, Universidad de Barcelona, Universidad de Valencia, etc.). Se han consultado adem??s el Archivo Hist??rico Nacional y el Provincial y los archivos municipales m??s importantes de la provincia (Alicante, Elda, Alcoy). Se establece el marco hist??rico de Espa??a y Alicante en el siglo XVIII, con especial atenci??n a la educaci??n. Las instituciones educativas m??s importantes eran los gremios, instituci??n de aprendizaje profesional, y la Iglesia, principalmente los jesuitas. Se estudian los centros concretos m??s relevantes: la Escuela de N??utica, la de Dibujo del Consulado Mar??timo y Terrestre de Alicante, y la Universidad de Orihuela. Se estudian los aspectos educativos de las principales ciudades alicantinas y las aportaciones de importantes pedagogos alicantinos, como Juan Andr??s, Pedro Monteng??n, Jorge Juan Santacilia y Pedro Paredes. Por ??ltimo, se estudian las 'escuelas de primeras letras' y la 'Academia Magistral', instituci??n de formaci??n de maestros. A lo largo del siglo XVIII la educaci??n en la provincia de Alicante se fundamenta, como en el resto de Espa??a, en la religi??n. Los maestros, los m??s interesados en que la ense??anza progrese, proponen alternativas a las autoridades locales. Se pide que disminuyan las escuelas para que aumente la calidad de la ense??anza. Se observa una evoluci??n en el perfeccionamiento del magisterio y la did??ctica, alcanz??ndose una sistematizaci??n en la teor??a educativa, aunque la religi??n envuelve los aspectos organizativos y did??cticos de la escuela. Se abren nuevas l??neas de investigaci??n a partir de las que aqu?? se exponen.

Ciencia con luz propia : aplicaciones tecnol??gicas de la luz : unidad did??ctica

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Functional verification: approaches and challenges

It's a fact that functional verification (FV) is paramount within the hardware's design cycle. With so many new techniques available today to help with FV, which techniques should we really use? The answer is not straightforward and is often confusing and costly. The tools and techniques to be used in a project have to be decided upon early in the design cycle to get the best value for these new verification methods. This paper gives a quick survey in the form of an overview on FV, establishes the difference between verification and validation, describes the bottlenecks that appear in the verification process, examines the challenges in FV and exposes the current FV technologies and trends.

Circadian Pattern of Wheel-Running Activity of a South American Subterranean Rodent (Ctenomys cf knightii)

Circadian rhythms are regarded as essentially ubiquitous features of animal behavior and are thought to confer important adaptive advantages. However, although circadian systems of rodents have been among the most extensively studied, most comparative biology is restricted to a few related species. In this study, the circadian organization of locomotor activity was studied in the subterranean, solitary north Argentinean rodent, Ctenomys knightii. The genus, Ctenomys, commonly known as Tuco-tucos, comprises more than 50 known species over a range that extends from 12S latitude into Patagonia, and includes at least one social species. The genus, therefore, is ideal for comparative and ecological studies of circadian rhythms. Ctenomys knightii is the first of these to be studied for its circadian behavior. All animals were wild caught but adapted quickly to laboratory conditions, with clear and precise activity-rest rhythms in a light-dark (LD) cycle and strongly nocturnal wheel running behavior. In constant dark (DD), the rhythm expression persisted with free-running periods always longer than 24h. Upon reinstatement of the LD cycle, rhythms resynchronized rapidly with large phase advances in 7/8 animals. In constant light (LL), six animals had free-running periods shorter than in DD, and 4/8 showed evidence of splitting. We conclude that under laboratory conditions, in wheel-running cages, this species shows a clear nocturnal rhythmic organization controlled by an endogenous circadian oscillator that is entrained to 24h LD cycles, predominantly by light-induced advances, and shows the same interindividual variable responses to constant light as reported in other non-subterranean species. These data are the first step toward understanding the chronobiology of the largest genus of subterranean rodents.

A DNA Vaccine Encoding the Enterohemorragic Escherichia coli Shiga-Like Toxin 2 A(2) and B Subunits Confers Protective Immunity to Shiga Toxin Challenge in the Murine Model

Production of verocytotoxin or Shiga-like toxin (Stx), particularly Stx2, is the basis of hemolytic uremic syndrome, a frequently lethal outcome for subjects infected with Stx2-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains. The toxin is formed by a single A subunit, which promotes protein synthesis inhibition in eukaryotic cells, and five B subunits, which bind to globotriaosylceramide at the surface of host cells. Host enzymes cleave the A subunit into the A(1) peptide, endowed with N-glycosidase activity to the 28S rRNA, and the A(2) peptide, which confers stability to the B pentamer. We report the construction of a DNA vaccine (pStx2 Delta AB) that expresses a nontoxic Stx2 mutated form consisting of the last 32 amino acids of the A(2) sequence and the complete B subunit as two nonfused polypeptides. Immunization trials carried out with the DNA vaccine in BALB/c mice, alone or in combination with another DNA vaccine encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, resulted in systemic Stx-specific antibody responses targeting both A and B subunits of the native Stx2. Moreover, anti-Stx2 antibodies raised in mice immunized with pStx2 Delta AB showed toxin neutralization activity in vitro and, more importantly, conferred partial protection to Stx2 challenge in vivo. The present vector represents the second DNA vaccine so far reported to induce protective immunity to Stx2 and may contribute, either alone or in combination with other procedures, to the development of prophylactic or therapeutic interventions aiming to ameliorate EHEC infection-associated sequelae.

The Trypanosoma cruzi proteins TcCox10 and TcCox15 catalyze the formation of heme A in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent for Chagas` disease, has requirements for several cofactors, one of which is heme. Because this organism is unable to synthesize heme, which serves as a prosthetic group for several heme proteins (including the respiratory chain complexes), it therefore must be acquired from the environment. Considering this deficiency, it is an open question as to how heme A, the essential cofactor for eukaryotic CcO enzymes, is acquired by this parasite. In the present work, we provide evidence for the presence and functionality of genes coding for heme O and heme A synthases, which catalyze the synthesis of heme O and its conversion into heme A, respectively. The functions of these T. cruzi proteins were evaluated using yeast complementation assays, and the mRNA levels of their respective genes were analyzed at the different T. cruzi life stages. It was observed that the amount of mRNA coding for these proteins changes during the parasite life cycle, suggesting that this variation could reflect different respiratory requirements in the different parasite life stages.

Biochemical characterization of serine acetyltransferase and cysteine desulfhydrase from Leishmania major

Cysteine metabolism exhibits atypical features in Leishmania parasites. The nucleotide sequence annotated as LmjF32.2640 encodes a cysteine desulfhydrase, which specifically catalyzes the breakdown of cysteine into pyruvate, NH(3) and H(2)S. Like in other pathogens, this capacity might be associated with regulatory mechanisms to control the intracellular level of cysteine, a highly toxic albeit essential amino acid, in addition to generate pyruvate for energy production. Besides, our results provide the first insight into the biochemical properties of Leishmania major serine acetyltransferase (SAT), which is likely involved in the two routes for de novo synthesis of cysteine in this pathogen. When compared with other members of SAT family, the N-terminal region of L. major homologue is uniquely extended, and seems to be essential for proper protein folding. Furthermore, unlike plant and bacterial enzymes, the carboxy-terminal-C(10) sequence stretch of L major SAT appears not to be implicated in forming a tight bi-enzyme complex with cysteine synthase. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An improved finite element space for discontinuous pressures

We consider incompressible Stokes flow with an internal interface at which the pressure is discontinuous, as happens for example in problems involving surface tension. We assume that the mesh does not follow the interface, which makes classical interpolation spaces to yield suboptimal convergence rates (typically, the interpolation error in the L(2)(Omega)-norm is of order h(1/2)). We propose a modification of the P(1)-conforming space that accommodates discontinuities at the interface without introducing additional degrees of freedom or modifying the sparsity pattern of the linear system. The unknowns are the pressure values at the vertices of the mesh and the basis functions are computed locally at each element, so that the implementation of the proposed space into existing codes is straightforward. With this modification, numerical tests show that the interpolation order improves to O(h(3/2)). The new pressure space is implemented for the stable P(1)(+)/P(1) mini-element discretization, and for the stabilized equal-order P(1)/P(1) discretization. Assessment is carried out for Poiseuille flow with a forcing surface and for a static bubble. In all cases the proposed pressure space leads to improved convergence orders and to more accurate results than the standard P(1) space. In addition, two Navier-Stokes simulations with moving interfaces (Rayleigh-Taylor instability and merging bubbles) are reported to show that the proposed space is robust enough to carry out realistic simulations. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Mass-Conserving Algorithm for Dynamical Lubrication Problems With Cavitation

A numerical algorithm for fully dynamical lubrication problems based on the Elrod-Adams formulation of the Reynolds equation with mass-conserving boundary conditions is described. A simple but effective relaxation scheme is used to update the solution maintaining the complementarity conditions on the variables that represent the pressure and fluid fraction. The equations of motion are discretized in time using Newmark`s scheme, and the dynamical variables are updated within the same relaxation process just mentioned. The good behavior of the proposed algorithm is illustrated in two examples: an oscillatory squeeze flow (for which the exact solution is available) and a dynamically loaded journal bearing. This article is accompanied by the ready-to-compile source code with the implementation of the proposed algorithm. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3142903]

Tetragonal-cubic phase boundary in nanocrystalline ZrO(2)-Y(2)O(3) solid solutions synthesized by gel-combustion

By means of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXPD) and Raman spectroscopy, we have detected, in a series of nanocrystalline and compositionally homogeneous ZrO(2)-Y(2)O(3) solid solutions, the presence at room temperature of three different phases depending on Y(2)O(3) content, namely two tetragonal forms and the cubic phase. The studied materials, with average crystallite sizes within the range 7-10 nm, were synthesized by a nitrate-citrate gel-combustion process. The crystal structure of these phases was also investigated by SXPD. The results presented here indicate that the studied nanocrystalline ZrO(2)-Y(2)O(3) solid solutions exhibit the same phases reported in the literature for compositionally homogeneous materials containing larger (micro)crystals. The compositional boundaries between both tetragonal forms and between tetragonal and cubic phases were also determined. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural Characterization of Photopolymerizable Binary Liposomes Containing Diacetylenic and Saturated Phospholipids

The use of liposomes to encapsulate materials has received widespread attention for drug delivery, transfection, diagnostic reagent, and as immunoadjuvants. Phospholipid polymers form a new class of biomaterials with many potential applications in medicine and research. Of interest are polymeric phospholipids containing a diacetylene moiety along their acyl chain since these kinds of lipids can be polymerized by Ultra-Violet (UV) irradiation to form chains of covalently linked lipids in the bilayer. In particular the diacetylenic phosphatidylcholine 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC8,9PC) can form intermolecular cross-linking through the diacetylenic group to produce a conjugated polymer within the hydrocarbon region of the bilayer. As knowledge of liposome structures is certainly fundamental for system design improvement for new and better applications, this work focuses on the structural properties of polymerized DC8,9PC:1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phusphocholine (DMPC) liposomes. Liposomes containing mixtures of DC8,9PC and DMPC, at different molar ratios, and exposed to different polymerization cycles, were studied through the analysis of the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of a spin label incorporated into the bilayer, and the calorimetric data obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. Upon irradiation, if all lipids had been polymerized, no gel-fluid transition would be expected. However, even samples that went through 20 cycles of UV irradiation presented a DSC band, showing that around 80% of the DC8,9PC molecules were not polymerized. Both DSC and ESR indicated that the two different lipids scarcely mix at low temperatures, however few molecules of DMPC are present in DC8,9PC rich domains and vice versa. UV irradiation was found to affect the gel fluid transition of both DMPC and DC8,9PC rich regions, indicating the presence of polymeric units of DC8,9PC in both areas, A model explaining lipids rearrangement is proposed for this partially polymerized system.