La Epigrafía de Hispania y su Historiografía en la Red: los proyectos del Centro CIL II

[ES] Por ello además de la información que ya se había alojado, y con el objetivo de dar a conocer los resultados de las distintas líneas de investigación abiertas por el CENTRO CIL iI, por una parte relativas a la Historia Antigua, la Arqueología y la Filología Latina con el estudio de sus inscripciones latinas, y, por otra a su tradición historiográfica, se decidió volcar también toda esa información en la web.

Expression of the repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is regulated by IGF-I and PKC in human neuroblastoma cells

The repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) was first identified as a protein that binds to a 21-bp DNA sequence element (known as repressor element 1 (RE1)) resulting in transcriptional repression of the neural-specific genes [Chong et al., 1995; Schoenherr and Anderson, 1995]. The original proposed role for REST was that of a factor responsible for restricting neuronal gene expression to the nervous system by silencing expression of these genes in non-neuronal cells. Although it was initially thought to repress neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells, the role of REST is complex and tissue dependent. In this study I investigated any role played by REST in the induction and patterning of differentiation of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells exposed to IGF-I. and phorbol 12- myristate 13-acetate (PMA) To down-regulate REST expression we developed an antisense (AS) strategy based on the use of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (ODNs). In order to evaluate REST mRNA levels, we developed a real-time PCR technique and REST protein levels were evaluated by western blotting. Results showed that nuclear REST is increased in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells cultured in SFM and exposed to IGF-I for 2-days and it then declines in 5-day-treated cells concomitant with a progressive neurite extension. Also the phorbol ester PMA was able to increase nuclear REST levels after 3-days treatment concomitant to neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, whereas, at later stages, it is down-regulated. Supporting these data, the exposure to PKC inhibitors (GF10923X and Gö6976) and PMA (16nM) reverted the effects observed with PMA alone. REST levels were related to morphological differentiation, expression of growth coneassociated protein 43 (GAP-43; a gene not regulated by REST) and of synapsin I and βIII tubulin (genes regulated by REST), proteins involved in the early stage of neuronal development. We observed that differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells by IGF-I and PMA was accompanied by a significant increase of these neuronal markers, an effect that was concomitant with REST decrease. In order to relate the decreased REST expression with a progressive neurite extension, I investigated any possible involvement of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), a multienzymatic pathway which degrades polyubiquinated soluble cytoplasmic proteins [Pickart and Cohen, 2004]. For this purpose, SH-SY5Y cells are concomitantly exposed to PMA and the proteasome inhibitor MG132. In SH-SY5Y exposed to PMA and MG 132, we observed an inverse pattern of expression of synapsin I and β- tubulin III, two neuronal differentiation markers regulated by REST. Their cytoplasmic levels are reduced when compared to cells exposed to PMA alone, as a consequence of the increase of REST expression by proteasome inhibitor. The majority of proteasome substrates identified to date are marked for degradation by polyubiquitinylation; however, exceptions to this principle, are well documented [Hoyt and Coffino, 2004]. Interestingly, REST degradation seems to be completely ubiquitin-independent. The expression pattern of REST could be consistent with the theory that, during early neuronal differentiation induced by IGF-I and PKC, it may help to repress the expression of several genes not yet required by the differentiation program and then it declines later. Interestingly, the observation that REST expression is progressively reduced in parallel with cell proliferation seems to indicate that the role of this transcription factor could also be related to cell survival or to counteract apotosis events [Lawinger et al., 2000] although, as shown by AS-ODN experiments, it does not seem to be directly involved in cell proliferation. Therefore, the decline of REST expression is a comparatively later event during maturation of neuroroblasts in vitro. Thus, we propose that REST is regulated by growth factors, like IGF-I, and PKC activators in a time-dependent manner: it is elevated during early steps of neural induction and could contribute to down-regulate genes not yet required by the differentiation program while it declines later for the acquisition of neural phenotypes, concomitantly with a progressive neurite extension. This later decline is regulated by the proteasome system activation in an ubiquitin-indipendent way and adds more evidences to the hypothesis that REST down-regulation contributes to differentiation and arrest of proliferation of neuroblastoma cells. Finally, the glycosylation pattern of the REST protein was analysed, moving from the observation that the molecular weight calculated on REST sequence is about 116 kDa but using western blotting this transcription factor appears to have distinct apparent molecular weight (see Table 1.1): this difference could be explained by post-translational modifications of the proteins, like glycosylation. In fact recently, several studies underlined the importance of O-glycosylation in modulating transcriptional silencing, protein phosphorylation, protein degradation by proteasome and protein–protein interactions [Julenius et al., 2005; Zachara and Hart, 2006]. Deglycosilating analysis showed that REST protein in SH-SY5Y and HEK293 cells is Oglycosylated and not N-glycosylated. Moreover, using several combination of deglycosilating enzymes it is possible to hypothesize the presence of Gal-β(1-3)-GalNAc residues on the endogenous REST, while β(1-4)-linked galactose residues may be present on recombinant REST protein expressed in HEK293 cells. However, the O-glycosylation process produces an immense multiplicity of chemical structures and monosaccharides must be sequentially hydrolyzed by a series of exoglycosidase. Further experiments are needed to characterize all the post-translational modification of the transcription factor REST.

Transcriptional regulation of human mu-opioid receptor gene: functional characterization of activating and inhibitory transcription factors

The organization of the nervous and immune systems is characterized by obvious differences and striking parallels. Both systems need to relay information across very short and very long distances. The nervous system communicates over both long and short ranges primarily by means of more or less hardwired intercellular connections, consisting of axons, dendrites, and synapses. Longrange communication in the immune system occurs mainly via the ordered and guided migration of immune cells and systemically acting soluble factors such as antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines. Its short-range communication either is mediated by locally acting soluble factors or transpires during direct cell–cell contact across specialized areas called “immunological synapses” (Kirschensteiner et al., 2003). These parallels in intercellular communication are complemented by a complex array of factors that induce cell growth and differentiation: these factors in the immune system are called cytokines; in the nervous system, they are called neurotrophic factors. Neither the cytokines nor the neurotrophic factors appear to be completely exclusive to either system (Neumann et al., 2002). In particular, mounting evidence indicates that some of the most potent members of the neurotrophin family, for example, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), act on or are produced by immune cells (Kerschensteiner et al., 1999) There are, however, other neurotrophic factors, for example the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), that can behave similarly (Kermer et al., 2000). These factors may allow the two systems to “cross-talk” and eventually may provide a molecular explanation for the reports that inflammation after central nervous system (CNS) injury has beneficial effects (Moalem et al., 1999). In order to shed some more light on such a cross-talk, therefore, transcription factors modulating mu-opioid receptor (MOPr) expression in neurons and immune cells are here investigated. More precisely, I focused my attention on IGF-I modulation of MOPr in neurons and T-cell receptor induction of MOPr expression in T-lymphocytes. Three different opioid receptors [mu (MOPr), delta (DOPr), and kappa (KOPr)] belonging to the G-protein coupled receptor super-family have been cloned. They are activated by structurallyrelated exogenous opioids or endogenous opioid peptides, and contribute to the regulation of several functions including pain transmission, respiration, cardiac and gastrointestinal functions, and immune response (Zollner and Stein 2007). MOPr is expressed mainly in the central nervous system where it regulates morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and dependence (Mayer and Hollt 2006). Recently, induction of MOPr expression in different immune cells induced by cytokines has been reported (Kraus et al., 2001; Kraus et al., 2003). The human mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) promoter is of the TATA-less type and has clusters of potential binding sites for different transcription factors (Law et al. 2004). Several studies, primarily focused on the upstream region of the OPRM1 promoter, have investigated transcriptional regulation of MOPr expression. Presently, however, it is still not completely clear how positive and negative transcription regulators cooperatively coordinate cellor tissue-specific transcription of the OPRM1 gene, and how specific growth factors influence its expression. IGF-I and its receptors are widely distributed throughout the nervous system during development, and their involvement in neurogenesis has been extensively investigated (Arsenijevic et al. 1998; van Golen and Feldman 2000). As previously mentioned, such neurotrophic factors can be also produced and/or act on immune cells (Kerschenseteiner et al., 2003). Most of the physiologic effects of IGF-I are mediated by the type I IGF surface receptor which, after ligand binding-induced autophosphorylation, associates with specific adaptor proteins and activates different second messengers (Bondy and Cheng 2004). These include: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase (Vincent and Feldman 2002; Di Toro et al. 2005) and members of the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 signalling pathway (Zong et al. 2000; Yadav et al. 2005). REST plays a complex role in neuronal cells by differentially repressing target gene expression (Lunyak et al. 2004; Coulson 2005; Ballas and Mandel 2005). REST expression decreases during neurogenesis, but has been detected in the adult rat brain (Palm et al. 1998) and is up-regulated in response to global ischemia (Calderone et al. 2003) and induction of epilepsy (Spencer et al. 2006). Thus, the REST concentration seems to influence its function and the expression of neuronal genes, and may have different effects in embryonic and differentiated neurons (Su et al. 2004; Sun et al. 2005). In a previous study, REST was elevated during the early stages of neural induction by IGF-I in neuroblastoma cells. REST may contribute to the down-regulation of genes not yet required by the differentiation program, but its expression decreases after five days of treatment to allow for the acquisition of neural phenotypes. Di Toro et al. proposed a model in which the extent of neurite outgrowth in differentiating neuroblastoma cells was affected by the disappearance of REST (Di Toro et al. 2005). The human mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) promoter contains a DNA sequence binding the repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) that is implicated in transcriptional repression. Therefore, in the fist part of this thesis, I investigated whether insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which affects various aspects of neuronal induction and maturation, regulates OPRM1 transcription in neuronal cells in the context of the potential influence of REST. A series of OPRM1-luciferase promoter/reporter constructs were transfected into two neuronal cell models, neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cells and PC12 cells. In the former, endogenous levels of human mu-opioid receptor (hMOPr) mRNA were evaluated by real-time PCR. IGF-I upregulated OPRM1 transcription in: PC12 cells lacking REST, in SH-SY5Y cells transfected with constructs deficient in the REST DNA binding element, or when REST was down-regulated in retinoic acid-differentiated cells. IGF-I activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling pathway and this transcription factor, binding to the STAT1/3 DNA element located in the promoter, increases OPRM1 transcription. T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes peptide antigens displayed in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and gives rise to a potent as well as branched intracellular signalling that convert naïve T-cells in mature effectors, thus significantly contributing to the genesis of a specific immune response. In the second part of my work I exposed wild type Jurkat CD4+ T-cells to a mixture of CD3 and CD28 antigens in order to fully activate TCR and study whether its signalling influence OPRM1 expression. Results were that TCR engagement determined a significant induction of OPRM1 expression through the activation of transcription factors AP-1, NF-kB and NFAT. Eventually, I investigated MOPr turnover once it has been expressed on T-cells outer membrane. It turned out that DAMGO induced MOPr internalisation and recycling, whereas morphine did not. Overall, from the data collected in this thesis we can conclude that that a reduction in REST is a critical switch enabling IGF-I to up-regulate human MOPr, helping these findings clarify how human MOPr expression is regulated in neuronal cells, and that TCR engagement up-regulates OPRM1 transcription in T-cells. My results that neurotrophic factors a and TCR engagement, as well as it is reported for cytokines, seem to up-regulate OPRM1 in both neurons and immune cells suggest an important role for MOPr as a molecular bridge between neurons and immune cells; therefore, MOPr could play a key role in the cross-talk between immune system and nervous system and in particular in the balance between pro-inflammatory and pro-nociceptive stimuli and analgesic and neuroprotective effects.

Genomic and non genomic effects of elevated concentration of anabolic steroids in human neuronal cells

Nandrolone and other anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) at elevated concentration can alter the expression and function of neurotransmitter systems and contribute to neuronal cell death. This effect can explain the behavioural changes, drug dependence and neuro degeneration observed in steroid abuser. Nandrolone treatment (10-8M–10-5M) caused a time- and concentration-dependent downregulation of mu opioid receptor (MOPr) transcripts in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. This effect was prevented by the androgen receptor (AR) antagonist hydroxyflutamide. Receptor binding assays confirmed a decrease in MOPr of approximately 40% in nandrolonetreated cells. Treatment with actinomycin D (10-5M), a transcription inhibitor, revealed that nandrolone may regulate MOPr mRNA stability. In SH-SY5Y cells transfected with a human MOPr luciferase promoter/reporter construct, nandrolone did not alter the rate of gene transcription. These results suggest that nandrolone may regulate MOPr expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms requiring the AR. Cito-toxicity assays demonstrated a time- and concentration dependent decrease of cells viability in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to steroids (10-6M–10-4M). This toxic effects is independent of activation of AR and sigma-2 receptor. An increased of caspase-3 activity was observed in cells treated with Nandrolone 10-6M for 48h. Collectively, these data support the existence of two cellular mechanisms that might explain the neurological syndromes observed in steroids abuser.

Progetto di reti Sensori Wireless e tecniche di Fusione Sensoriale

Ambient Intelligence (AmI) envisions a world where smart, electronic environments are aware and responsive to their context. People moving into these settings engage many computational devices and systems simultaneously even if they are not aware of their presence. AmI stems from the convergence of three key technologies: ubiquitous computing, ubiquitous communication and natural interfaces. The dependence on a large amount of fixed and mobile sensors embedded into the environment makes of Wireless Sensor Networks one of the most relevant enabling technologies for AmI. WSN are complex systems made up of a number of sensor nodes, simple devices that typically embed a low power computational unit (microcontrollers, FPGAs etc.), a wireless communication unit, one or more sensors and a some form of energy supply (either batteries or energy scavenger modules). Low-cost, low-computational power, low energy consumption and small size are characteristics that must be taken into consideration when designing and dealing with WSNs. In order to handle the large amount of data generated by a WSN several multi sensor data fusion techniques have been developed. The aim of multisensor data fusion is to combine data to achieve better accuracy and inferences than could be achieved by the use of a single sensor alone. In this dissertation we present our results in building several AmI applications suitable for a WSN implementation. The work can be divided into two main areas: Multimodal Surveillance and Activity Recognition. Novel techniques to handle data from a network of low-cost, low-power Pyroelectric InfraRed (PIR) sensors are presented. Such techniques allow the detection of the number of people moving in the environment, their direction of movement and their position. We discuss how a mesh of PIR sensors can be integrated with a video surveillance system to increase its performance in people tracking. Furthermore we embed a PIR sensor within the design of a Wireless Video Sensor Node (WVSN) to extend its lifetime. Activity recognition is a fundamental block in natural interfaces. A challenging objective is to design an activity recognition system that is able to exploit a redundant but unreliable WSN. We present our activity in building a novel activity recognition architecture for such a dynamic system. The architecture has a hierarchical structure where simple nodes performs gesture classification and a high level meta classifiers fuses a changing number of classifier outputs. We demonstrate the benefit of such architecture in terms of increased recognition performance, and fault and noise robustness. Furthermore we show how we can extend network lifetime by performing a performance-power trade-off. Smart objects can enhance user experience within smart environments. We present our work in extending the capabilities of the Smart Micrel Cube (SMCube), a smart object used as tangible interface within a tangible computing framework, through the development of a gesture recognition algorithm suitable for this limited computational power device. Finally the development of activity recognition techniques can greatly benefit from the availability of shared dataset. We report our experience in building a dataset for activity recognition. Such dataset is freely available to the scientific community for research purposes and can be used as a testbench for developing, testing and comparing different activity recognition techniques.

Development of screening assays to test novel integrin antagonists in allergic inflammation

Aim of the research: to develop a prototype of homogeneous high-throughput screening (HTS) for identification of novel integrin antagonists for the treatment of ocular allergy and to better understand the mechanisms of action of integrin-mediated levocabastine antiallergic action. Results: This thesis provides evidence that adopting scintillation proximity assay (SPA) levocabastine (IC50=406 mM), but not the first-generation antihistamine chlorpheniramine, displaces [125I]fibronectin (FN) binding to human a4b1 integrin. This result is supported by flow cytometry analysis, where levocabastine antagonizes the binding of a primary antibody to integrin a4 expressed in Jurkat E6.1 cells. Levocabastine, but not chlorpheniramine, binds to a4b1 integrin and prevents eosinophil adhesion to VCAM-1, FN or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured in vitro. Similarly, levocabastine affects aLb2/ICAM-1-mediated adhesion of Jurkat E6.1 cells. Analyzing the supernatant of TNF-a-treated (24h) eosinophilic cells (EoL-1), we report that levocabastine reduces the TNF-a-induced release of the cytokines IL-12p40, IL-8 and VEGF. Finally, in a model of allergic conjunctivitis, levocastine eye drops (0.05%) reduced the clinical aspects of the early and late phase reactions and the conjunctival expression of a4b1 integrin by reducing infiltrated eosinophils. Conclusions: SPA is a highly efficient, amenable to automation and robust binding assay to screen novel integrin antagonists in a HTS setting. We propose that blockade of integrinmediated cell adhesion might be a target of the anti-allergic action of levocabastine and may play a role in preventing eosinophil adhesion and infiltration in allergic conjunctivitis.

Impiego di Ciclopoidi (Crustacea, Copepoda) come agenti di lotta biologica contro le zanzare (Diptera, Culicidae)

Da 25 anni la letteratura scientifica internazionale riporta studi su varie specie di microcrostacei copepodi ciclopoidi dei generi Macrocyclops, Megacyclops e Mesocyclops predatori di larve di 1a e 2a età di culicidi. Si tratta di prove di predazione in laboratorio e in pieno campo, in diverse aree del pianeta nessuna delle quali riguarda l’Italia o il resto d’Europa, contro principalmente Aedes aegypti (L.), Ae. albopictus (Skuse) e altre specie del genere Anopheles e Culex. L’allevamento massale di copepodi ciclopoidi appare praticabile e questo, assieme alle buone prestazioni predatorie, rende tali ausiliari candidati assai interessanti contro le due principali specie di zanzare, Culex pipiens L. e Ae. albpopictus, che nelle aree urbane e periurbane italiane riescono a sfruttare raccolte d’acqua artificiali di volume variabile e a regime idrico periodico o permanente. Pertanto lo scopo dello studio è stato quello di arrivare a selezionare una o più specie di copepodi candidati per la lotta biologica e valutarne la possibilità applicativa nell’ambito dei programmi di controllo delle zanzare nocive dell’ambiente urbano. L’argomento del tutto nuovo per il nostro paese, è stato sviluppato attraverso varie fasi ciascuna delle quali propedeutica a quella successiva. •Indagine faunistica nell’area di pianura e costiera sulle specie di ciclopoidi associate a varie tipologie di raccolte d’acqua naturali e artificiali (fossi, scoline, canali, risaie e pozze temporanee). I campionamenti sono stati condotti con l’obiettivo di ottenere le specie di maggiori dimensioni (≥1 mm) in ristagni con diverse caratteristiche in termini di qualità dell’acqua e complessità biocenotica. •Prove preliminari di predazione in laboratorio con alcune specie rinvenute negli ambienti campionati, nei confronti delle larve di Ae. albopictus e Cx. pipiens. Le prestazioni di predazione sono state testate sottoponendo ai copepodi larve giovani di zanzare provenienti da allevamento e calcolato il numero giornaliero di larve attaccate. •Implementazione di un allevamento pilota della specie valutata più interessante, Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine) (Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae, Eucyclopinae), per i risultati ottenuti in laboratorio in termini di numero di larve predate/giorno e per le caratteristiche biologiche confacenti agli ambienti potenzialmente adatti ai lanci. Questa parte della ricerca è stata guidata dalla finalità di mettere a punto una tecnica di allevamento in scala in modo da disporre di stock di copepodi dalla primavera, nonchè da criteri di economicità nell’impianto e nella sua gestione. •Prove di efficacia in condizioni di semicampo e di campo in raccolte d’acqua normalmente colonizzate dai culicidi in ambito urbano: bidoni per lo stoccaggio di acqua per l’irrigazione degli orti e tombini stradali. In questo caso l’obiettivo principale è stato quello di ottenere dati sull’efficienza del controllo di M. albidus nei confronti della popolazione culicidica selvatica e sulla capacità del copepode di colonizzare stabilmente tali tipologie di focolai larvali. Risultati e conclusioni Indagine faunistica e prove di predazione in laboratorio L’indagine faunistica condotta nell’area costiera ferrarese, in quella ravennate e della pianura bolognese ha portato al rinvenimento di varie specie di ciclopoidi mantenuti in laboratorio per la conduzione delle prove di predazione. Le specie testate sono state: Acanthocyclops robustus (G. O. Sars), Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine), Thermocyclops crassus (Fischer), Megacyclops gigas (Claus). La scelta delle specie da testare è stata basata sulla loro abbondanza e frequenza di ritrovamento nei campionamenti nonché sulle loro dimensioni. Ciascuna prova è stata condotta sottoponendo a un singolo copepode, oppure a gruppi di 3 e di 5 esemplari, 50 larve di 1a età all’interno di contenitori cilindrici in plastica con 40 ml di acqua di acquedotto declorata e una piccola quantità di cibo per le larve di zanzara. Ciascuna combinazione “copepode/i + larve di Ae. albopictus”, è stata replicata 3-4 volte, e confrontata con un testimone (50 larve di Ae. albopictus senza copepodi). A 24 e 48 ore sono state registrate le larve sopravvissute. Soltanto per M. albidus il test di predazione è stato condotto anche verso Cx. pipiens. Messa a punto della tecnica di allevamento La ricerca è proseguita concentrando l’interesse su M. albidus, che oltre ad aver mostrato la capacità di predare a 24 ore quasi 30 larve di Ae. albopictus e di Cx. pipiens, dalla bibliografia risulta tollerare ampi valori di temperatura, di pH e alte concentrazioni di vari inquinanti. Dalla ricerca bibliografica è risultato che i ciclopoidi sono facilmente allevabili in contenitori di varia dimensione e foggia somministrando agli stadi di preadulto alghe unicellulari (Chlorella, Chilomonas), protozoi ciliati (Paramecium, Euplotes), rotiferi e cladoceri. Ciò presuppone colture e allevamenti in purezza di tali microrganismi mantenuti in parallelo, da utilizzare come inoculo e da aggiungere periodicamente nell’acqua di allevamento dei ciclopoidi. Nel caso di utilizzo di protozoi ciliati, occorre garantirne lo sviluppo che avviene a carico di flora batterica spontanea a sua volta cresciuta su di un substrato organico quale latte, cariossidi bollite di grano o soia, foglie di lattuga, paglia di riso bollita con cibo secco per pesci, lievito di birra. Per evitare il notevole impegno organizzativo e di manodopera nonché il rischio continuo di perdere la purezza della colonia degli organismi da utilizzare come cibo, le prove comparative di allevamento hanno portato ad un protocollo semplice ed sufficientemente efficiente in termini di copepodi ottenibili. Il sistema messo a punto si basa sull’utilizzo di una popolazione mista di ciliati e rotiferi, mantenuti nell'acqua di allevamento dei copepodi mediante la somministrazione periodica di cibo standard e pronto all’uso costituito da cibo secco per gatti. Prova di efficacia in bidoni da 220 l di capacità La predazione è stata studiata nel biennio 2007-2008 in bidoni da 220 l di capacità inoculati una sola volta in aprile 2007 con 100 e 500 esemplari di M. albidus/bidone e disposti all’aperto per la libera ovideposizione della popolazione culicidica selvatica. L’infestazione preimmaginale culicidica veniva campionata ogni due settimane fino ad ottobre, mediante un retino immanicato a maglia fitta e confrontata con quella dei bidoni testimone (senza copepodi). Nel 2007 il tasso di riduzione medio delle infestazioni di Ae. albopictus nei bidoni con copepodi, rispetto al testimone, è del 99,90% e del 100,00% rispettivamente alle dosi iniziali di inoculo di 100 e 500 copepodi/bidone; per Cx. pipiens L. tale percentuale media è risultata di 88,69% e di 84,65%. Similmente, nel 2008 si è osservato ad entrambe le dosi iniziali di inoculo una riduzione di Ae. albopictus del 100,00% e di Cx. pipiens del 73,3%. La dose di inoculo di 100 copepodi per contenitore è risultata sufficiente a garantire un rapido incremento numerico della popolazione che ha raggiunto la massima densità in agosto-settembre e un eccellente controllo delle popolazioni di Ae. albopictus. Prova di efficacia in campo in serbatoi per l’acqua irrigua degli orti La prova è stata condotta a partire dalla metà di agosto 2008 interessando 15 serbatoi di varia foggia e capacità, variabile tra 200 e 600 l, utilizzati per stoccare acqua orti famigliari nel comune di Crevalcore (BO). Ai proprietari dei serbatoi era chiesto di gestire il prelievo dell’acqua e i rifornimenti come da abitudine con l’unica raccomandazione di non svuotarli mai completamente. In 8 contenitori sono stati immessi 100 esemplari di M.albidus e una compressa larvicida a base di Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.); nei restanti 7 è stata soltanto immessa la compressa di B.t.i.. Il campionamento larvale è stato settimanale fino agli inizi di ottobre. Dopo l’introduzione in tutti i serbatoi sono stati ritrovati esemplari di copepodi, nonostante il volume di acqua misurato settimanalmente sia variato da pochi litri, in qualche bidone, fino a valori della massima capacità, per effetto del prelievo e dell’apporto dell’acqua da parte dei gestori degli orti. In post-trattamento sono state osservate differenze significative tra le densità larvali nelle due tesi solo al 22 settembre per Ae.albopictus Tuttavia in termini percentuali la riduzione media di larve di 3a-4a età e pupe nei bidoni con copepodi, rispetto al testimone, è stata de 95,86% per Ae. albopictus e del 73,30% per Cx. pipiens. Prova di efficacia in tombini stradali Sono state condotte due prove in due differenti località, interessando 20 tombini (Marano di Castenaso in provincia di Bologna nel 2007) e 145 tombini (San Carlo in provincia di Ferrara nel 2008), quest’ultimi sottoposti a spurgo e pulizia completa nei precedenti 6 mesi l’inizio della prova. L’introduzione dei copepodi nei tombini è stata fatta all’inizio di luglio nella prova di Marano di Castenaso e alla fine di aprile e giugno in quelli di San Carlo, a dosi di 100 e 50 copepodi/tombino. Prima dell’introduzione dei copepodi e successivamente ogni 2 settimane per due mesi, in ogni tombino veniva campionata la presenza culicidica e dei copepodi con dipper immanicato. Nel 2007 dopo l’introduzione dei copepodi e per tutto il periodo di studio, mediamente soltanto nel 77% dei tombini i copepodi sono sopravvissuti. Nel periodo di prova le precipitazioni sono state scarse e la causa della rarefazione dei copepodi fino alla loro scomparsa in parte dei tombini è pertanto da ricercare non nell’eventuale dilavamento da parte della pioggia, quanto dalle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche dell’acqua. Tra queste innanzitutto la concentrazione di ossigeno che è sempre stata molto bassa (0÷1,03 mg/l) per tutta la durata del periodo di studio. Inoltre, a questo fattore probabilmente è da aggiungere l’accumulo, a concentrazioni tossiche per M. albidus, di composti organici e chimici dalla degradazione e fermentazione dell’abbondante materiale vegetale (soprattutto foglie) in condizioni di ipossia o anossia. Nel 2008, dopo il primo inoculo di M. albidus la percentuale di tombini che al campionamento presentano copepodi decresce in modo brusco fino a raggiungere il 6% a 2 mesi dall’introduzione dei copepodi. Dopo 40 giorni dalla seconda introduzione, la percentuale di tombini con copepodi è del 6,7%. Nell’esperienza 2008 è le intense precipitazioni hanno avuto probabilmente un ruolo determinante sul mantenimento dei copepodi nei tombini. Nel periodo della prova infatti le piogge sono state frequenti con rovesci in varie occasioni di forte intensità per un totale di 342 mm. Sotto questi livelli di pioggia i tombini sono stati sottoposti a un continuo e probabilmente completo dilavamento che potrebbe aver impedito la colonizzazione stabile dei copepodi. Tuttavia non si osservano influenze significative della pioggia nella riduzione percentuale dei tombini colonizzati da copepodi e ciò fa propendere all’ipotesi che assieme alla pioggia siano anche le caratteristiche fisico-chimiche dell’acqua a impedire una colonizzazione stabile da parte di M. albidus. In definitiva perciò si è dimostrato che i tombini stradali sono ambienti ostili per la sopravvivenza di M. albidus, anche se, dove il ciclopoide si è stabilito permanentemente, ha dimostrato un certo impatto nei confronti di Ae. albopictus e di Cx. pipiens, che tuttavia è risultato non statisticamente significativo all’analisi della varianza. Nei confronti delle larve di Culex pipiens il copepode non permette livelli di controllo soddisfacente, confermando i dati bibliografici. Nei confronti invece di Ae. albopictus la predazione raggiunge buoni livelli; tuttavia ciò non è compensato dalla percentuale molto alta di tombini che, dopo periodi di pioggia copiosa o singoli episodi temporaleschi o per le condizioni di anossia rimangono senza i copepodi. Ciò costringerebbe a ripetute introduzioni di copepodi i cui costi attualmente non sono inferiori a quelli per trattamenti con prodotti larvicidi. In conclusione la ricerca ha portato a considerare Macrocyclops albidus un interessante ausiliario applicabile anche nelle realtà urbane del nostro paese nell’ambito di programmi integrati di contrasto alle infestazioni di Aedes albopictus. Tuttavia il suo utilizzo non si presta a tutti i focolai larvali ma soltanto a raccolte di acqua artificiali di un certo volume come i bidoni utilizzati per stoccare acqua da impiegare per l’orto e il giardino familiare nelle situazioni in cui non è garantita la copertura ermetica, lo svuotamento completo settimanale o l’utilizzo di sostanze ad azione larvozanzaricida.