(Table 2) Concentrations of >0.05 mm size fraction micronodules in sediments of the Clarion-Clipperton province and chemical composition of these micronodules and sediments

Analysis of contribution of micronodules of sand and silt size to chemical composition of various types of pelagic sediments, as well as use of published data indicate that in some types of bottom sediments micronodules are the principal carriers of manganese and nickel. These elements appear to constitute smaller fractions of colloidal iron and manganese hydroxides, as well as terrigenous material.

Frontier exploration and the North Atlantic Igneous Province : new insights from a 2.6 km offshore volcanic sequence in the NE Faroe–Shetland Basin

Peer reviewed

Frontier exploration and the North Atlantic Igneous Province : new insights from a 2.6 km offshore volcanic sequence in the NE Faroe–Shetland Basin

Peer reviewed

Extrinsic forcing of plant ecosystems in a large igneous province : The Columbia River flood basalt province, Washington State, USA

Peer reviewed

Controls of mantle potential temperature and lithospheric thickness on magmatism in the North Atlantic Igneous Province.

FUNDING This study was funded by University of Aberdeen. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Supplementary data for this paper are available at Journal of Petrology online. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank Claude Herzberg, Estaban Gazel and an anonymous reviewer for thoughtful and constructive reviews.

Shaping Religious and Cultural Aspiration: Engraved Sutras in Southwestern Shandong Province from the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577 CE), China

This dissertation explores how the Buddhist texts carved on the cliffs of mountains served their patrons’ religious and cultural goals. During the Northern Qi period (550-577 CE), these carved Buddhist sutra texts and Buddha names were prevalent, and were carved directly onto the surfaces of numerous mountains in southwestern Shandong Province. The special focus of this study is on the Buddhist engravings at Mt. Hongding in Dongping, and at Mt. Tie in Zoucheng. Created in approximately 553-564 CE, the carvings at Mt. Hongding stand as the terminus a quo of the history of Buddhist sutras carved into the rocks of the Shandong mountains. The Buddhist carvings at Mt. Hongding served monastic goals. The monk patrons, Seng’an Daoyi, Fahong, and others created the carvings as an integral part of their Buddhist meditation practices. The carvings at Mt. Tie paint a very different picture. At Mt. Tie, a colossal Buddhist sculpture-style carving was created in 579 CE. Sponsored by several Han Chinese patrons, the carving was designed in the form of a gigantic Chinese traditional stele. This study suggests that several Han Chinese local elites proudly displayed their Han Chinese linage by using the gigantic stele form of Buddhist text carving as a means to proclaim Han Chinese cultural and artistic magnificence. To achieve these non-religious goals, they appropriated rhetorical devices often used by the Han elite, such as the stele form, written statements about the excellence of the calligraphy used, and discourse on calligraphy connoisseurship.

Geochemistry of basalts from the Caribbean Large Igneous Province

Oceanic flood basalts are poorly understood, short-term expressions of highly increased heat flux and mass flow within the convecting mantle. The uniqueness of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP, 92-74 Ma) with respect to other Cretaceous oceanic plateaus is its extensive sub-aerial exposures, providing an excellent basis to investigate the temporal and compositional relationships within a starting plume head. We present major element, trace element and initial Sr-Nd-Pb isotope composition of 40 extrusive rocks from the Caribbean Plateau, including onland sections in Costa Rica, Colombia and Curaçao as well as DSDP Sites in the Central Caribbean. Even though the lavas were erupted over an area of ~3*10**6 km**2, the majority have strikingly uniform incompatible element patterns (La/Yb=0.96+/-0.16, n=64 out of 79 samples, 2sigma) and initial Nd-Pb isotopic compositions (e.g. 143Nd/144Ndin=0.51291+/-3, epsilon-Nd i=7.3+/-0.6, 206Pb/204Pbin=18.86+/-0.12, n=54 out of 66, 2sigma). Lavas with endmember compositions have only been sampled at the DSDP Sites, Gorgona Island (Colombia) and the 65-60 Ma accreted Quepos and Osa igneous complexes (Costa Rica) of the subsequent hotspot track. Despite the relatively uniform composition of most lavas, linear correlations exist between isotope ratios and between isotope and highly incompatible trace element ratios. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotope and trace element signatures of the chemically enriched lavas are compatible with derivation from recycled oceanic crust, while the depleted lavas are derived from a highly residual source. This source could represent either oceanic lithospheric mantle left after ocean crust formation or gabbros with interlayered ultramafic cumulates of the lower oceanic crust. High 3He/4He in olivines of enriched picrites at Quepos are ~12 times higher than the atmospheric ratio suggesting that the enriched component may have once resided in the lower mantle. Evaluation of the Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotope systematics on isochron diagrams suggests that the age of separation of enriched and depleted components from the depleted MORB source mantle could have been <=500 Ma before CLIP formation and interpreted to reflect the recycling time of the CLIP source. Mantle plume heads may provide a mechanism for transporting large volumes of possibly young recycled oceanic lithosphere residing in the lower mantle back into the shallow MORB source mantle.

Description of manganese deposits from the Oriente province in Cuba

Deposits of manganese ore have been found in five of the six provinces of Cuba and have been reported from the sixth. Only Oriente and Pinar del Rio provinces have more than a few known deposits and only the deposits of Oriente have yielded any appreciable amount of ore. In this area the Cobre formation, of late Cretaceous(?) to middle Eocene age, overlies the Vinent formation but their stratigraphie relations are unknown. The Cobre overlies unconformably the Habana(?) formation. The Cobre formation consists of andesitic, basaltic, and dacitic tuff, agglomerate, and lavas with minor amounts of marine clastic and limestone deposits, and a prominent limestone bed, the Charco Redondo limestone member, at the top of the formation. All productive manganese deposits of Oriente are in the Cobre formation, usually within a few tens of meters above or below the base of the Charco Redondo limestone member.

A Mineralogical Study of a Dravitic Tourmaline from the Grenville Province

Tourmaline from a gem-quality deposit in the Grenville province has been studied with X-ray diffraction, visible-near infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe and optical measurements. The tourmaline is found within tremolite-rich calc-silicate pods hosted in marble of the Central Metasedimentary Belt. The crystals are greenish-greyish-brown and have yielded facetable material up to 2.09 carats in size. Using the classification of Henry et al. 2011 the tourmaline is classified as a dravite, with a representative formula shown to be (Na0.73Ca0.2380.032)(Mg2+2.913Fe2+0.057Ti4+0.030) (Al3+5.787Fe3+0.017Mg2+0.14)(Si6.013O18)(BO3)3(OH)3((OH,O)0.907F0.093). Rietveld analysis of powder diffraction data gives a = 15.9436(8) Å, c = 7.2126(7) Å and a unit cell volume of 1587.8 Å3. A polished thin section was cut perpendicular to the c-axis of one tourmaline crystal, which showed zoning from a dark brown core into a lighter rim into a thin darker rim and back into lighter zonation. Through the geochemical data, three key stages of crystal growth can be seen within this thin section. The first is the core stage which occurs from the dark core to the first colourless zone; the second is from this colourless zone increasing in brown colour to the outer limit before a sudden absence of colour is noted; the third is a sharp change from the end of the second and is entirely colourless. These events are the result of metamorphism and hydrothermal fluids resulting from nearby felsic intrusive plutons. Scanning electron microscope, and electron microprobe traverses across this cross-section revealed that the green colour is the result of iron present throughout the system while the brown colour is correlated with titanium content. Crystal inclusions in the tourmaline of chlorapatite, and zircon were identified by petrographic analysis and confirmed using scanning electron microscope data and occur within the third stage of formation.

Portrait anthropologique d’un acteur social dans une famille industrielle verviétoise (Belgique, Province de Liège) au XIXe siècle

Ce mémoire construit le portrait anthropologique d’un acteur social qui a vécu au XIXe siècle (1806-1875) dans une famille entrepreneuriale de la bourgeoisie verviétoise du textile (Belgique - province de Liège). Il s’agit d’un travail ethno-historique basé sur des archives. Le document principal est un journal personnel rédigé pendant une période de vingt ans (1843-1864) par l’acteur étudié. L’approche est ethnographique et l’éclairage théorique est transactionnaliste. Le travail décrit de façon détaillée, en s’approchant par paliers des enjeux prioritaires de l’acteur, quelques aspects de son insertion sociale, incessamment entretenue et reproduite. L’étude s’attarde à la position particulière de cet acteur né second fils dans une famille qui possède et transmet un bien industriel, et qui restera sans enfants, au moment où il agit dans son milieu local, et où interagissent, avec lui et entre eux, les membres de sa famille et ceux des familles alliées. Tous s’entrecroisent dans les horizons - tangents aux domaines du textile, des mines et de l’agriculture, des journaux, de la politique et de la religion - que sont les affaires, les oeuvres sociales et de charité. Le but de ce mémoire est de montrer qu’en s’intéressant de près aux acteurs dans les contextes sociaux de leurs vies, on peut comprendre leurs stratégies, leurs interprétations et leurs limites.

Évolution de l'autonomie des commissaires d'écoles de la province de Québec de 1846 à 1967

Il est assez difficile d’évaluer en termes d’autonomie, du moins jusqu’en 1961, l’évolution de la loi concernant les dépenses des commissions scolaires : elles dépendent en partie de leurs sources de revenus, mais il nous semble clair que leur autonomie, du moins théoriquement, a diminué de beaucoup à partir de 1961, à cause de la nécessité de faire approuver leur budget annuel. Si de façon générale on peut dire que les commissaires d’écoles ont moins d’autonomie aujourd’hui qu’en 1846, l’évolution de la législation n’a cependant pas, durant toute cette période, suivi une courbe générale unique pour les six secteurs analysés. Nous avons remarqué deux tendances opposées jusqu’en 1961 : d’une part le législateur a graduellement diminué l’autonomie des commissaires dans leurs relations avec les instituteurs et le domaine pédagogique, et d’autre part il a augmenté leurs pouvoirs dans le domaine financier. Mais à partir de 1961, il a beaucoup diminué leur autonomie financière. En résumé, les commissaires d’écoles sont moins libres aujourd’hui qu’en 1846, mais leurs responsabilités générales sont cependant plus considérables.

Ecological health analysis of Caspian marine environment based on the diversity and distribution pattern of meiofauna in the Mazandaran Province, Caspian Sea

Biodiversity and distribution of benthic meiofauna in the sediments of the Southern Caspian Sea (Mazandaran) was studied in order to introducing and determining of their relationship with the environmental factors. From 12 stations (ranging in depths 5, 10, 20 and 50 meters), sediment samples were gathered in 6 months (2012). Environmental factors of water near the bottom including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH were measured during sampling with CTD and grain size and total organic matter percentage and calcium carbonate were measured in laboratory. In different months, the average water temperature (9.52-23.93), dissolved oxygen (7.71-10.53 mg/L), salinity (10.57±0/07 and 10.75±0/04 ppt), pH (7.44±0/29 and 7.41±0/22), EC (17.97±0/12 and 18.30±0/04μs/cm2), TDS (8.92±0/04 and 9.14±0/02 mg/L), total organic matter (5.83±1/43 and 6.25±0/97%) and calcium carbonate (2.36±0/36 and 1.68±0/19%) were measured respectively. Structure of the sediment samples mostly consisted of fine sand; very fine sand, silt and clay. From the 4 group animals (Foraminifera, Crustacea, Worms and Mollusca), there were identified 40species belong to 29 genera of 25 families. The cosmopolitan foraminifer, Ammonia beccarii caspica, was common in all sampling stations. Result showed that depth was important factor on distribution of meiofauna. Most density of foraminifera and crustacean was observed in depth of 20m and for mollusca and worms observed in 5m. Shannon diversity index decreased with depth that showed in shallow water diversity was higher than deep water. Mean of maximum and minimum Shannon index was obsorvers in depth of 5m and 50 m that was measured in order 0.93 and 0.43. Account of Shannon index showed that this area is under pressure. Account of peioleo index showed distribution in this area was not steady.

Assessment of heavy metals' bonding with various sedimentary phases in Shefa-Rud river (Guilan Province)

In the present investigation, bulk and chemical partitioning of elements in the Shefa-Rud riverbed sediments are studied. Higher concentrations of elemental concentrations have been observed in estuarine zone when compared with riverine sediments (except for Al, Fe, Pb and Mn). Manganese is mobilized under anoxic conditions prevailing in the Caspian Sea. Lithogenous materials are greatly diluted in the estuarine zone by various pollutants present in the Caspian Sea. Organic metallic bonds are not significantly present in the area of study. Geological units of the area of study have resulted in the lower concentrations of elemental concentrations of riverbed sediments when compared with published values for mean crust and world sediments ones. Though, cluster analysis has clearly shown the importance of alumina-silicates in controlling the distribution of Fe and Mn in riverbed sediments but it could not depict controlling mechanism for other studied elements. Geochemical Index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF) values are indicative of a clean environment throughout the river course. These values are in a well agreement with results of chemical partitioning data. Quantification of EF values is not logically possible and therefore Igeo values can be used more effectively.