970 resultados para Below-ground biomass
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随着工农业的快速发展,土壤重金属尤其Cd和Pb污染日益严重。筛选和培育具有重金属低积累特性的农作物排异品种被认为是当前应对土壤重金属污染最为合理和有效的途径之一。本文通过盆栽试验、大田试验和砂培试验,研究了大白菜品种对Cd和Pb的吸收和积累的品种差异、对Cd、Pb胁迫的响应以及大白菜安全生产的调控技术,得出以下结论: 1) 盆栽梯度试验中,80种大白菜地上部对Cd的吸收存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。在3种Cd处理下(1.0, 2.5和5.0 mg/kg),80种大白菜Cd含量浓度范围分别为(mg/kg) 0.22–2.46, 0.90–14.10和2.03–18.01, 其平均值分别为 0.79, 3.76 和6.79 mg/kg DW。大白菜对Cd胁迫具有较强的耐性。大田试验中,15种大白菜的富集系数和转运系数与盆栽梯度试验的结果基本一致。排异植物的筛选和鉴定标准包括:(1)该植物的地上部和根部的Cd含量都很低或者可食部位低于有关标准;(2) 富集系数(BF) < 1.0;(3) 转运系数(TF) < 1.0;(4)该植物具有较高的Cd耐性,在较高的Cd污染下能够正常生长且生物量无显著下降。采用此标准,结合盆栽梯度试验和大田试验结果,北京新3号、绿星70和丰源新3号可鉴定为Cd排异品种。秋傲和赛新5号具有排异Cd特性,但其对Cd的耐性较差。 2) 盆栽梯度试验中,在Pb投加浓度为500和1500 mg/kg处理下,30种大白菜地上部对Pb的吸收存在显著差异 (p < 0.05),其Pb浓度的范围分别为:0.52–8.68 和1.86–16.20 mg/kg, 其平均值分别为3.01 和6.87 mg/kg DW。并且,随着Pb浓度的增加,白菜地上部Pb含量有随之增加的趋势。大白菜对Pb具有较强的耐性。低浓度的Pb处理对大白菜的生物具有一定的促进作用。结合盆栽试验和大田试验的结果,秋傲、世博秋抗和福星80可鉴定为Pb排异大白菜品种。 3) 砂培试验中,在Cd和Pb胁迫下,大白菜地上部的丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现先下降后上升接着下降的趋势,酸菜王的SOD活性要高于北京新3号SOD的活性。随着Pb处理浓度的增加,福星80地上部的SOD活性随之增加,而绿星大棵菜地上部的SOD活性先下降后增加。在不同梯度的Cd处理下,大白菜地上部的可溶性蛋白(SP)含量未见显著降低,甚至有所增加,而在不同梯度的Pb处理下,大白菜地上部的SP含量有所降低。 4) 施用改良剂可升高土壤的pH值和降低土壤中的有效态Cd,从而对大白菜的生长具有促进作用。施用改良剂可显著降低大白菜对Cd和Pb的吸收和累积。
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Propulsion characteristics of wing-in-ground effect propulsors were investigated using a comparative analysis of thrust and powering characteristics between wing-in-ground (WIG) effect thrusters and traditional screw propellers. WIG thrusters were found to have constant thrust production and efficiency, nearly independent of speed of advance, as contrary to screw propellers, whose optimum efficiency occurs at only one speed point. To produce the same amount of thrust as equivalent screw propellers, WIG thrusters have to work under heavily loaded operating conditions. WIG thrusters were also found to produce a relatively lower but nearly constant efficiency and thrust, independent of speed. Another distinguishing propulsion characteristic revealed for WIG thrusters is that they are capable of operating at much higher speeds, in a range of three to six times that of screw propellers of the same size. While the speed range of screw propellers is mainly limited by their geometric pitch, the speed range of WIG thrusters has no speed limit in ideal fluid. In reality, the speed range is only limited by viscous drag and cavitation, or compressibility, in water or air, respectively. This suggests a potential for WIG thrusters of higher speed application than screw propellers. An experimental investigation and validation of the propulsion system is warranted. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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在人类活动导致全球变暖的前提下,由于全球气温的升高,地表水分加速向空中蒸发。从20世纪70年代至今,地球上严重干旱地区的面积几乎扩大了一倍。这一增长的一半可归因于气温升高而不是降雨量下降,因为实际上同期全球平均降水量还略有增长。干旱对陆地植物和农林生态系统产生深远影响,并已成为全球变化研究的一个重要方面。位于青藏高原东部的川西亚高山针叶林是研究气候变暖对陆地生态系统影响的重要森林类型。森林采伐迹地、人工林下和林窗环境作为目前该区人工造林和森林更新的重要生境,其截然不同的光环境对亚高山针叶林更新和森林动态有非常重要的影响。凋落物产生的化感物质可通过影响种子萌发和早期幼苗的定居而影响种群的建立和更新,而人工林和自然林物种以及更新速度的差异性也都受凋落物的影响。 云杉是川西亚高山针叶林群落的重要树种之一,在维持亚高山森林的景观格局和区域生态安全方面具有十分重要的作用,其自然更新能力及其影响机制一直是研究的热点问题。本试验以云杉种子和2年生幼苗为研究对象,从萌发、根尖形态、幼苗生长、光合作用、渗透调节和抗氧化能力等方面研究了不同光环境下水分亏缺和凋落物水浸液对云杉种子和幼苗生长的影响。旨在从更新的角度探讨亚高山针叶林自然更新的过程,其研究成果可在一定程度上为川西亚高山针叶林更新提供科学依据,同时也可为林业生产管理提供科学指导。主要研究结论如下: 水分亏缺在生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力、活性氧化对云杉幼苗都有显著影响。总体表现为,水分亏缺导致了云杉幼苗的高度、地径、单株总生物量降低,增加了地下部分的生长;水分亏缺显著降低了云杉叶片中相对含水量、光合色素、叶氮含量,净光合速率和最大量子产量(Fv/Fm),提高了幼苗叶片中膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)的含量;水分亏缺提高了幼苗叶片中过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,超氧荫离子(O2-)生成速率以及脯氨酸和抗氧化系统的活性(ASA, SOD, CAT, POD, APX和GR)。从这些结果可知,植物在遭受水分亏缺导致的伤害时,其自身会形成防御策略,并通过改变形态和生理方面的特性以减轻害。但是,这种自我保护机制依然不能抵抗严重水分亏缺对植物的伤害。 模拟林下低光照条件显著增加单株植物的地上部分生长,尤其是其叶片的比叶面积(叶面积/叶干重),同时其光合色素含量和叶片相对含水量也显著增加,这些改变直接导致植株光合速率和生物量的增加。同时,与高光照水平相比,低光照幼苗的膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)和活性氧物质均较低,显示出低光照比高光照水平对植物的更低的氧化伤害。尽管低光照也导致大部分抗氧化酶活性降低,但这正显示出植物遭受低的氧化伤害,更印证了前面的结论。 凋落物水浸液影响了云杉种子的萌发和根系的生长,更在形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力、活性氧物质以及叶氮水平上显著影响了云杉幼苗,其中,以人工纯林凋落物的影响更有强烈。具体表现在,种子萌发速率和萌发种子幼根的长度表现为对照>自然林处理>人工纯林;凋落物水浸液抑制种子分生区和伸长区的生长,人工林处理更降低了根毛区的生长,使根吸水分和养分困难。对2年生幼苗的影响主要表现在叶绿素含量、光合速率以及叶氮含量的降低;膜脂过氧化产物、活性氧物质和抗氧化酶系统的显著增加。同样的,人工纯林处理对云杉幼苗的影响显著于自然林处理。 在自然生态系统中,由于全球变暖气温升高导致的水分亏缺和森林凋落物都存在森林的砍伐迹地,林窗和林下环境中。我们的研究表明,与迹地或林窗强光照比较,林下的低光照环境由于为植物的生长营造了较为湿润的微环境,因此水分亏缺在林下对云杉幼苗造成的影响微弱。这可以从植物的形态、光合速率以及生物量积累,过氧化伤害和抗氧化酶系统表现出来。另一方面,凋落物水浸液在模拟林下低光照环境对植物的伤害也微弱于强光照环境,这与强光照环境高的水分散失导致环境水分亏缺有关;而人工纯林处理对云杉幼苗的伤害比对照和自然林处理显示出强烈的抑制作用。 Under the pre-condition of global warming resulted from intensive human activities, water in the earth’s surface rapidly evaporates due to the increase of global air temperature. From 1970s up to now, the area of serious drought in the world is almost twice as ever. This increase might be due to the increasing air temperature and not decreasing rainfall because global average rainfall in the corresponding period slightly is incremental. Drought will have profound impacts on terrestrial and agriculture-forest system and has also become the important issue of global change research. The subalpine coniferous forests in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provide a natural laboratory for the studying the effects of global warming on terrestrial ecosystems. The light environment significantly differs among cutting blanks, forest gap and understory, which is particularly important for plant regeneration and forest dynamics in the subalpine coniferous forests. Picea asperata is one of the keystone species of subalpine coniferouis forests in western China, and it is very important in preserving landscape structure and regional ecological security of subalpine forests. The natural regeneration capacities and influence mechanism of Picea asperata are always the hot topics. In the present study, the short-term effects of two light levels (100% of full sunlight and 15% of full sunlight), two watering regimes (100% of field capacity and 30% of field capacity), two litter aqueous extracts (primitive forest and plantation aqueous extracts) on the seed germination, early growth and physiological traits of Picea asperata were determined in the laboratory and natural greenhouse. The present study was undertaken so as to give a better understanding of the regeneration progress affected by water deficit, low light and litter aqueous extracts. Our results could provide insights into the effects of climate warming on community composition and regeneration behavior for the subalpine coniferous forest ecosystem processes, and provide scientific direction for the forest production and management. Water deficit had significant effects on growth, morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of Picea asperata seedlings. Water deficit resulted in the decrease in height, basal diameter, total biomass and increase in under-ground development; water deficit significantly reduced the needle relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, needle nitrogen concentration, net photosynthetic rate and the maximum potential quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm), and increased the degree of lipid peroxidation (MDA) in Picea asperata seedlings; water deficit also increased the rate of superoxide radical (O2-) production, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, free proline content and the activities of antioxidant systems (ASA, SOD, POD, CAT, APX and GR) in Picea asperata seedlings. These results indicated that some protective mechanism was formed when plants suffered from drought stress, but the protection could not counteract the harm resulting from the serious drought stress on them. Low light in the understory significantly increased seedling above-ground development, especially the species leaf area (SLA), and photosynthetic pigments and relative needle content. These changes resulted in the increase in net photosynthetic rate and total biomass. Moreover, the lower MDA content and active oxygen species (AOS) (H2O2 and O2-) in low light seedlings suggested that low light had weaker oxidative damage as compared to high light. Lower antioxidant enzymes activities in low light seedlings indicated the weaker oxidative damage on Picea asperata seedlings than high light seedlings, which was correlative with the changes in MDA and AOS. Litter aqueous extracts affected seed germination and root system of Picea asperata seedlings. Significant changes in growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant activities, active oxygen species and leaf nitrogen concentration were also found in Picea asperata seedlings, and plantation treatment showed the stronger effects on these traits than those in control and primitive forest treatment. The present results indicated that seed germination and radicle length parameters in control were superior to those in primitive forest treatment, and those of primitive forest treatment were superior to plantation treatment; litter aqueous extracts inhibited the meristematic and elongation zone, and plantation treatment caused a decrease in root hairs so as to be difficult in absorbing water and nutrient in root system. On the other hand, litter aqueous extracts significantly decreased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and leaf nitrogen concentration of Picea asperata seedlings; MDA, AOS and antioxidant system activities were significantly increased in Picea asperata seedlings. Similarly, plantation treatment had more significant effect on Picea asperata seedlings as compared to primitive forest treatment. In the nature ecosystem, water deficit resulted from elevating air temperature and litter aqueous extract may probably coexist in the cutting blank, forest gap and understory. Our present study showed that water deficit had weaker effects on low light seedlings in the understory as compared to high light seedlings in the cutting blank and forest gap. The fact was confirmed from seedlings growth, gas exchange and biomass accumulation, peroxidation and antioxidant systems. This might be due to that low light-reduced leaf and air temperatures, vapour-pressure deficit, and the oxidative stresses can aggravate the impact of drought under higher light. On the other hand, litter aqueous extracts in the low light had weaker effects on the Picea asperata seedlings than those at high light level, which might be correlative to the water evapotranspiration under high light. Moreover, plantation litter aqueous extracts showed stronger inhibition for seed germination and seedling growth than control and primitive forest treatments.
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大气CO2浓度的增加已经成为不可争议的事实。预计本世纪末大气CO2浓度将增加到约700µmol mol-1。森林年光合产量约占陆地生态系统年光合产量的70%。森林树木是一个巨大的生物碳库,约占全球陆地生物碳库的85%。森林树木对CO2的固定潜力是缓解由大气CO2浓度升高引起的未来全球气候变化问题的决定性因子之一。红桦(Betula albosinensis Burk.)是川西亚高山采伐迹地自然或人工恢复的重要树种。本研究以1a红桦幼苗为模式植物,采用人工模拟的方法,研究CO2浓度升高对不同种内竞争强度(种群水平)下红桦幼苗的生理特征、生长、干物质积累及其分配的影响,探讨在种内竞争生长条件下红桦幼苗的“光合适应机理”与生长特征,为西南亚高山森林生产力对未来全球变化的预测提供重要参考。 本研究的主要结果如下: 1)在种内竞争生长条件下红桦幼苗经过CO2浓度升高熏蒸4个月后,叶片出现“光合适应”现象。与对照相比,低种植密度(28株m-2)和高种植密度(84株m-2)条件下的红桦幼苗净光合速率(A)、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率(E)、表观量子产量(AQY)和羧化速率(CE)显著降低,而水分利用效率(WUE)则显著提高。CO2浓度升高处理的红桦幼苗叶片Rubisco活性、单位叶面积N浓度、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素浓度都显著降低。但CO2浓度对红桦幼苗的叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值没有显著影响。CO2浓度升高显著增加红桦幼苗单位叶面积的非结构性碳水化合物(TNC)浓度,结果是红桦幼苗的比叶面积(SLA,cm2 g-1)显著降低。 2)与对照相比,CO2浓度升高处理的红桦幼苗高、基径、单叶面积和侧枝的相对生长速率(R GR)显著提高,尤其在试验处理的早期。CO2浓度升高既增加单株红桦幼苗总叶片数量又增加单叶面积,结果是单株红桦幼苗的总叶面积比对照显著增加。 3)CO2浓度升高处理显著增加红桦幼苗干物质积累(尤其是细根生物量),改变了红桦幼苗生物量的分配格局。与对照相比,CO2浓度升高处理的红桦幼苗叶重比(LWR)、叶面积比(LAR)、叶根重比(Wl/Wr)和源汇重比(leaf weight to non-leaf weight ratio, Wsource/Wsink)显著下降(高种植密度的LWR除外),而根冠比(R/S)则显著增加。在两种种植密度条件下,CO2浓度升高显著增加红桦幼苗根生物量的分配比率,显著降低叶片的生物量分配比率,对主茎、侧枝以及地上生物量的分配比率不变或约有下降。 总之,长期生长在CO2浓度升高条件下的红桦幼苗光合能力下降,并伴随Rubisco活性、叶N浓度、光合色素浓度的显著降低以及TNC浓度的显著增加。支持树木光合速率下降与Rubisco活性、叶N浓度下降以及TNC浓度增加紧密相关的假设。CO2浓度升高处理红桦幼苗的早期相对生长速率大大高于对照,而后期迅速下降,说明红桦幼苗生物量的显著增加主要归功于CO2浓度升高的早期促进作用和叶面积的显著增加。CO2浓度升高显著增加红桦幼苗根系生物量和根冠比,表明红桦幼苗“额外”固定的C向根系转移。 The steady increae of atmospheric CO2 concentration([CO2])has been inevitable fact. Models predict that the atmospheric [CO2] will increase to about 700µmol mol-1 at the end of the twenty-first century. As trees constitute a majoor carbon reservoir–85% of total plant carbon is found in forest, and their ability to sequester carbon is a key determinant of future global change problems caused by increases in atmospheric CO2. In addition to the role of forests in the global carbon cycle, inceased growth could be of economic benefit, for example, offsetting deleterious effects of climatic changes. Betula albosinensis (Burk.) usually emerges as the pioneer species in initial stage and as constructive species in later stages of forest community succession of mountain forest area, and also is one of important tree species for afforestation in logged area, in southwesten China. In this experinment, Betula albosinensis seedling (one-year-old) was used as the model plant. B. albosinensis seedlings were grown under two all-day [CO2], ambient (about 350 µmol·mol-1) and elevated [CO2] (about 700 µmol·mol-1), and two planting densities of 28 plants per m2 and 84 plants per m2. The objectives were to characterize birch mature leaf photosynthesis, growth, mass accumulation and allocation responses to long-tern elevated growth [CO2] under the influences of neighbouring plants, and to assess whether elevated [CO2] regulated birch mature leaf photosynthetic capacity, in terms of leaf nitrogen concentration (leaf [N]), activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxygenase (Rubisco), Rubisco photosynthetic efficiency, and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) concentration, and also to provide a strong reference to predict the productivity of subalpine forests under the future global changes. The results are as follows: 1) B.albosinensis seedlings exposed to elevated [CO2] for 120 days, photosynthetic acclimation phenomena occurred. At two planting densities, leaves of birch seedlings grown under elevated [CO2] had lower net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), apparent quantum yield (AQY) and carboxylated efficiency (CE) and higher water use efficiency (WUE), compared to those of B.albosinensis seedlings grown under ambient [CO2]. Based on the leaf area, leaf [N], Rubisco activity and photosynthetic pigments concentrations of B. albosinensis seedlings grown under elevated [CO2] were significantly lower than those grown under ambient [CO2]. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b concentration was not affected by elevated [CO2]. Under elevated [CO2], the TNC concentration per unit leaf area significantly increased, resulting in significant decrease in specific leaf area. Thus leaf photosynthetic capacity of B. albosinensis seedlings would perform worse under rising atmospheric [CO2] and the influences of neighbouring plants. 2) Under elevated [CO2], the relative growth rate (RGR) of B. albosinensis seedlings height, basal diameter, a leaf area and branch length significantly increased, especially at the initial stage of exposure to elevated [CO2], and a leaf area and leaf numbers per B. albosinensis seedling also significantly increased. Thus the total leaf area per B. albosinensis seedling was significantly increased under elevated [CO2]. 3) As the increase of RGR and total leaf area, biomass of B. albosinensis seedling grown elevated [CO2] was higher, compared to that of B.albosinensis seedlings grown at ambient [CO2]. Elevated [CO2] changed the biomass allocation pattern of B. albosinensis seedling. At two planting densities, B. albosinensis seedlings grown elevated [CO2] had lower leaf weight to total weight ratio (LWR), leaf area to total weight ratio (LAR) and leaf weight to non-leaf weight ratio (Wsource/Wsink), but higher root weight to shoot weight ratio (R/S), compared to those of B.albosinensis seedlings grown at ambient [CO2]. Under elevated [CO2], roots biomass to total biomass ratio was signigicantly increased, leaves biomass to total biomass ratio was significantly decreased. The main stem and branch biomass to total biomass ratio were not affected by elevated [CO2]. In conclusion, our results supported the hypothesis that the decline in photosynthetic capacity of C3 plants will appear after long-term exposure to elevated [CO2], accompanying with the significant decrease in Rubisco activity, leaf N concentration, photosynthetic pigments concentration, and significant increase in total non-structural carbohydrates concentration. Our results also have shown that the increase of biomass of B. albosinensis seedlings should be attributed to initial stimulation on RGR and total leaf area resulted from elevated [CO2]. Under elevated [CO2], the extra carbon sequestered by B.albosinensis seedlings transferred into under-ground part because of increase in root biomass and R/S.
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植物群落及其环境在干扰后的演替格局和过程的研究,是群落和生态系统动态研究的一个热点。选取青藏高原东缘山原区川西云杉林皆伐后,从草地过渡到灌丛的关键阶段的4 个皆伐迹地(恢复时间为8 a、10 a、16 a 和21 a),研究皆伐及自然恢复过程对林下典型灌木银露梅(Potentilla glabra)和唐古特忍冬(Lonicera tangutica)的生长与繁殖能力的影响以及灌木植物在迹地上的更新情况,分析灌木在不同生境中的适应对策和适应能力的差异,为揭示青藏高原东缘山原区迹地植被从草甸到灌丛演替的过程和特点及促进迹地演替与植被恢复进程提供理论依据和技术支撑。研究主要结论如下:1)皆伐后银露梅生长和繁殖能力显著提高,但对唐古特忍冬的影响不明显。皆伐后银露梅丛基径、高度和各部分生物量都显著增加(P < 0.05),但唐古特忍冬只有叶生物量和地下生物量增加,总生物量和其余构件生物量无显著变化。皆伐后,银露梅的结实数量、结实株数、不结实株数和结实株/不结实株比例显著增加(P < 0.05)。自然恢复过程中,银露梅和唐古特忍冬生长能力以及银露梅的结实量都表现出降低的趋势。随着迹地自然恢复时间的增加,银露梅和唐古特忍冬的基径、高度、丛叶片数和各部分生物量有减少的趋势。银露梅的结实株数增加, 但结实数量减少。2)皆伐对银露梅和唐古特忍冬生物量分配模式影响不一致。原始林和迹地中(除CT85)银露梅的生物量大小关系皆为:地下>茎>侧枝>叶。唐古特忍冬在原始林中的生物量大小关系为:茎>地下部分>侧枝>叶,而皆伐后生物量的分配情况改变,生物量大小关系变为:地下部分>茎>侧枝>叶。随着自然恢复时间的增加,银露梅减少了地下生物量的分配,而唐古特忍冬增加了地下生物量的分配。3)皆伐和恢复时间的增加改变了迹地物种组成,促使阳性乔、灌木在迹地上定居。4 个迹地上共出现了灌木15 种,乔木3 种,没有出现天然云杉和冷杉幼苗。随着恢复时间的增加,迹地上的灌木物种由原始林下的耐阴物种逐步发展为以针刺悬钩子(Rubus pungens)为主的阳性灌木。4)影响灌木幼苗密度和幼树密度的因子不一致。灌木幼苗密度与灌木层盖度显著负相关,与苔藓层盖度显著正相关。幼树密度与草本层盖度正相关,与苔藓层盖度、灌木层盖度和高度负相关。5)研究发现在青藏高原东缘山原区皆伐15~20 a 后,迹地仍以草本植物为主,推测皆伐后至少20 a 以上迹地才可能向灌丛阶段过渡,比高山峡谷地区的演替进程至少推迟了20 a。银露梅和唐古特忍冬在皆伐后自然恢复过程中表现出不同的生长与繁殖策略是由两个物种的生物学特性的差异引起的。银露梅比唐古特忍冬更适应迹地退化环境。促进青藏高原东缘山原林区迹地森林恢复一方面是尽量减少人为活动的破坏,另一方面,可以通过在迹地中播种适当的乡土乔、灌木种子(如白桦、银露梅)等人工措施,以加快演替进程。The succession pattern and process of plant community and their environments is a hot spotin community and ecosystem dynamic study. Four clearcuts were chosen in Rangtang(recovery time of 8 a、10 a、16 a and 21 a), which represented the key stage of thecommunity evolved from grass stage to shrub stage in the eastern margin of theQinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The growth and reproduction of the Potentilla glabra andLonicera tangutica and the natural regeneration of shrub plants in the primary Piceabalfouriana forest and 4 clearcuts were studied to explore how clear cutting andnatural recovery process affected the understory shrub species during the 21 years inthe eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The main results were below.1) The growth and reproduction of P. glabra significantly increased after forestclear cutting.. But it was not so significant as to the L. tangutica. The organismbiomass and total biomass of P. glabra were increased obviously after clear cutting(P< 0.05). But only leaves and underground biomass of L. tangutica increasedsignificantly after clear cutting(P < 0.05). The number of fruit and growth of P. glabraincreased significantly after clear cutting too(P < 0.05). The ramet height, basaldiameter , organism biomass and friut number of P. glabra and L. tangutica reducedas the increase of recovery time.2) The biomass allocation patterns varied between P. glabra and L. tangutica inthe primary forest and clearcuts. The biomass allocation of P. glabra both in primary forest and clearcuts was followed as: underground part > stem > branch > leaves.However, the biomass allocation of L. tangutica had changed after the clear cutting.The biomass allocation of L. tangutica in the primary forest was followed as: stem >underground part > branch > leaves and it was underground part > stem > branch >leave in clearcuts. The biomass allocation of P. glabra and L. tangutica varied amongclearcuts. Aboveground biomass was increased while underground biomass decreasedfor P. glabra with the increase of recovery period. However, the L. tangutica showedthe reverse changing pattern.3) Clear cutting and recovery time had changed the species composition of theclearcuts. There were 15.shruby species and 3 tree species in the four clearcuts. Nospruce and fir seedlings were found. In the early stage after clear cutting, there wereonly understory shrub species from the primary Picea balfouriana forest. The sunnyspecies, especieally Rubus pungens invaded intensly as the increase of recovery time.4) There was a significant negative relationship between density of seedlingswith shrub layer coverage and positive correlation with moss coverage. The saplingshad significantly positive correlation with herb layer coverage and negativecorrelation with moss coverage, shrub layer coverage and height.5)Comparing to studies in Miyalou, a nearby high mountain and canyon area,the secondary sucession in this subalpine plateau areas lagged at least 20 years.P. glabra and L. tangutica showed different growth and reproduction strategies toclear cutting and natural recovery , which may associated with the difference of theirbiological characters. P. glabra was more adaptive to the clear cutting than the L.tangutica. Two suggestions were probably recommended to promote the recoveryprogress in the subalpine plateau areas based on the results of this study. Limitanthropogenic disturbance, and meanwhile sow native tree and shrub seeds inclearcuts.
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臭氧层损耗导致的地球表面UV-B辐射增强以及温室气体增多引起的气候变暖是当今两大全球环境问题。UV-B辐射增强和气候变暖对陆地植物和生态系统产生深远影响,并已成为全球变化研究的重要议题。作为世界第三极的青藏高原,UV-B 辐射增强以及气候变暖现象尤为突出。本试验所在林区是青藏高原东缘的主要林区,具有大面积的亚高山人工针叶成熟林,在全球变化背景下该森林的天然更新潜力如何是急待回答的重要问题。基于此,本研究围绕森林树种的种子和幼苗这一更新的重要阶段,开展了气候变暖、UV-B辐射增强和联合胁迫对云杉种子萌发及幼苗定居影响的研究,旨在全球变化背景下,探讨全球变暖、UV-B 辐射增强和联合胁迫是否对西南地区大面积人工亚高山针叶林更新的种子萌发和幼苗定居阶段产生影响。 本文以青藏高原东缘亚高山针叶林主要树种云杉为研究对象,研究云杉种子萌发及幼苗的生长和生理对UV-B辐射增强与气候变暖的响应。采用UV-B荧光灯(UV-lamp)来模拟增强的UV-B 辐射,此外,采用开顶式有机玻璃罩(OTCs)来模拟气候变暖。本试验包括四个处理:(1)大气UV-B 辐射+大气温度(C);(2)大气UV-B 辐射+模拟气候变暖(W);(3)增强的UV-B辐射+大气温度(U);(4)增强的UV-B辐射+模拟气候变暖(U+W)。 根据本试验结果,UV-B辐射增强对云杉种子萌发没有显著影响,它对萌发云杉幼苗的影响主要体现在幼叶展开以后。根据两年的试验结果,增强的UV-B辐射降低了云杉幼苗抗氧化酶活性,降低了抗氧化物质的含量,此外,造成了膜质的过氧化,表现为MDA在针叶中的积累。增强的UV-B照射处理萌发云杉幼苗两年后,幼苗的生长受到显著抑制。我们的结果显示,OTCs分别提高了空气(10 cm)和土壤(5 cm)温度1.74℃和0.94 ℃。增温显著地促进了云杉种子提前萌发,提高了萌发速率和萌发比率,而且,明显地促进了幼苗的生长,表现为株高和生物量累积的显著增长。此外增温还有利于云杉幼苗根的伸长生长以及生物量的累积,这可以使云杉幼苗更好地利用土壤中的水分和营养元素。 根据本试验结果,温度升高显著地促进了增强UV-B辐射下云杉萌发幼苗的生长,这说明,温度升高缓解了UV-B辐射增强对云杉萌发幼苗的负面影响。这种缓解作用可能是温度升高对UV-B辐射增强处理下幼苗的抗氧化系统活性改善的结果。温度升高还缓解了高UV-B辐射对云杉幼苗根生长的抑制作用,这也可能是增温缓解伤害的原因之一。此外,根据我们的试验结果,增温与UV-B辐射增强联合作用(U+W)下云杉萌发幼苗的生长状况好于大气温度与大气UV-B辐射联合(C)处理,表现为株高、地径、根长和生物量积累均高于C处理,因此可以推断,UV-B辐射增强与气候变暖同时存在对萌发幼苗在两年之内的生长没有产生抑制作用,也就是说,气候变暖的缓解作用完全弥补了UV-B辐射增强的有害作用。 同样,增强的UV-B辐射显著影响了云杉幼苗的光合作用,表现为净光合速率(Pn)和表观量子效率(Φ)的提高,此外,根据我们的试验结果,它还造成了PSII的光抑制。增强的UV-B辐射显著抑制了云杉幼苗对营养元素的吸收,表现为大量营养元素、碳、钙、镁和锌含量的降低,但是,它却显著促进了铁在植株体内的积累。增温显著地提高了净光合速率,但是,它对光系统II(PSII)的光化学效率影响不大。温度升高缓解了UV-B增强对云杉幼苗光合作用的伤害,表现为净光合速率、表观量子效率以及PSII光化学效率的提高。此外,温度升高还缓解了UV-B辐射增强对离子吸收的抑制作用。 Enhanced UV-B radiation due to the reduction of O3 layer and global warming induced by increased greenhouse gases in the air have become the two pressing aspects of global climate changes. Moreover, enhanced UV-B radiation and warming have profound and long-term impacts on terrestrial plants and ecosystems, and the studies focusing on the two factors have attracted many attentions. Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is the third in elevation in the world, and enhanced UV-B radiation and climate warming are especially prominent in this region. Our research located in the main forest belt in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau where large areas of subalpine coniferous forests distributed. Based on that, we carried out a research to study the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and climate warming on seed germination and seedlings growth of seedlings which are the important basic stage in forest regeneration. This research was arranged by a complete factorial design and included two factors (UV-B radiation and temperature) with two levels. The UV-lamps were used to manipulate the supplemental UV-B radiation and open-top chambers (OTCs) were adopted to increase temperature. The four treatments were: (1) C, ambient UV-B without warming; (2) U, enhanced UV-B without warming; (3) W, ambient UV-B with OTCs warming; (4) U+W, enhanced UV-B with OTCs warming. The main results were exhibited as follows: 1. Based on our results in this research, OTCs increased temperature on average 1.74℃ in air (10 cm above ground) and 0.92 ℃ in soil (5 cm beneath ground). Furthermore, OTCs also slightly reduced soil moisture and relative air humidity, however, the differences was not statistically significant. 2. Our results showed that enhanced UV-B had no significant effects on the seeds germination of P. asperata. Enhanced UV-B affected sprouts of P. asperata until the needles unfolded. During two years, enhanced UV-B inhibited the efficiency of the antioxidant defense systems, and as a result, it induced oxidant stress and the accumulation of MDA in needles. After two years of exposure to enhanced UV-B, the growth of P. asperata sprouts was markedly restrained compared with those under ambient UV-B radiation and temperature (C). Warming significantly stimulated the germination speed and increased the germination rate of P. asperata seeds. In the next place, it prominently facilitated the growth of P. asperata sprouts, represented as improvements in stem elongation and biomass accumulation. Furthermore, warming also increased root growth of P. asperata sprouts, which could made sprouts more efficient to use water and nutrient elements in soil. In this research, warming alleviated the deleterious effects of enhanced UV-B on P. asperata sprouts. It markedly stimulated the growth of P. asperata sprouts exposed to enhanced UV-B. The ease effects of warming on the abilities of the antioxidant defense systems might account for its amending effects on growth. After two years of exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation and warming, the growth of P. asperata sprouts was better than those under ambient UV-B radiation without warming (C), which could be seen from the higher plant height, basal diameter, root length and total biomass accumulation compared with C. 3. Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly influenced the photosynthesis processes of two-year old P. asperata seedlings. Our results showed that enhanced UV-B reduced the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and the apparent quantum efficiency (Φ), and induced photoinhibition of photosynthetic system II (PSII). Enhanced UV-B significantly decreased the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn), however, it increased the accumulation of iron (Fe) in the whole plant of P. asperata seedlings. Warming significantly stimulated Pn of P. asperata seedlings but it had no prominent impacts on the photochemical efficiency of PSII. In our research, warming also alleviated the harmful effects of enhanced UV-B on photosynthesis and absorption of ions of P. asperata seedlings. It increased Pn, Φ and the photochemical efficiency of PSII in seedlings exposed to enhanced UV-B. Moreover, warming also increased the absorption of ions of the seedlings exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation.
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川西北高寒草甸位于青藏高原东部地区,是我国四大牧区之一,也是长江和黄河等江河源区的重要水源涵养功能区。近几十年来,大量牦牛粪便被牧民作为生物能源、肥料或者食用菌产业的原料而利用,为草原生态系统的养分平衡增加了生态风险。鉴于在青藏高原地区针对牦牛粪便的相关研究尚未见报道,本文从粪便和土壤养分相互变化趋势的角度出发,研究了粪便在夏秋两季的分解状况和粪便其下及其周围土壤的养分变化。通过此研究,将有助于了解牦牛粪便在自然状态下的分解速率以及粪便对土壤养分及土壤微生物生物量的影响,为粪便对草地土壤生态系统的贡献提供概念性认识,同时也为高寒草甸草地这种脆弱生态系统的可持续管理提供理论依据。 针对牦牛粪便自身养分释放及其对土壤在时间和空间尺度上的影响,本文通过模拟牛粪堆积,在不同时间和固定区域内对牛粪和土壤进行了夏秋两季的采样测定,分析了牛粪及土壤NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K、无机P、有机C、全N 和全P 含量随时间的变化趋势。得到如下结果: 1. 在研究区域内,牛粪对草地生态系统具有较强的养分(N、P)贡献能力。据初步统计,其估值大致为氮素699~932 kg ha-1,P 素为110~147 kg ha-1。牛粪(湿重、干重)在夏秋季节的分解速率具有较大差异,夏季显著快于秋季。夏季牛粪湿重、干重在2 个月左右之后分别降为初期的14%和24%,而秋季同期分别降为35%和52%。牛粪养分(NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K、无机P、有机C、全N 和全P)的分解速率在夏季也要显著快于秋季。秋季经过2 个月左右的分解之后,牛粪以上含量分别降至初始态的32%、60%、36%、64%、58%、63%和43%,远高于夏季的同期水平。 2. 在不同季节,牛粪周围的土壤养分(NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K 和无机P)含量变化随时间改变呈现相同的趋势。但是,牛粪周围不同远近下土壤养分随时间的动态变化幅度略有不同。粪下土壤养分含量随时间变化波动较大,距粪便越远,随时间变化的变幅越为平缓。总体来说,在夏季由于粪便分解较快,对土壤养分的持续作用时间不及秋季,秋季粪便分解变慢,表现出养分的缓释特征。其次,牛粪对粪下土壤影响的持续时间也长于对周围土壤的作用时间。 3. 粪便对土壤养分(NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K、无机P)影响的范围在不同季节具有差异。夏季要高于秋季,但对周围土壤养分影响的持续时间低于秋季。在夏季短期内,牛粪对土壤NO3--N 和速效K 含量的影响范围能够超过30cm,而对NH4+-N 和无机P 的影响范围则介于10cm 和30cm 之间。在2 个月左右之后,牛粪对周围土壤养分的影响能力基本消失。在秋季,牛粪对周围土壤养分影响范围难以达到30cm 处。粪便在夏季对其下土壤和周围土壤的有机C、全N 和全P 含量并无显著影响,但在秋季能显著增加其下土壤有机C、全N 和全P 含量。 4. 牛粪在秋季对土壤SMB-C、SMB-N 和SMB-P 含量的影响能够持续2 个月以上,由于秋冬季节牛粪分解缓慢,因此推断这种效应持续时间至少能够1 年左右。另一方面,牛粪在秋季对土壤SMB-C、SMB-N 和SMB-P 含量的影响范围主要集中在其下土壤,而周围的影响效应并不明显。 The grassland on the eastern fringe of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was one of the four greatest pasture zones in our country and the main water conservation function zones in the hesastream of Yangtse River and Huanghe river. Rencent years, lots of dung in this area was used as biological energy, fertilizer or material of fungoid growing, leading to high risk of nutrient banlance in grassland ecosystem. In view of the researches on the impact of yak dung in this area are relatively rare, the present study focused on the relationship of dung and soil nutrient transformation in sunmer and autumn, which could profoundly illuminate the mechanism of dung decomposition and the effect of dung on soil chemical properties and soil microbe biomass. The present study also contributed to a basic understand and provided scientific management in the high-frigid ecosystem. Decomposition of yak dung and its effect on soil chemical properties in eastern grassland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were determined. The study simulated the real dung pats, took dung and soil samples at different time and fixed-point in summer and autumn. The samples were analysed for NO3--N, NH4+-N, available K, inorganic P, total organic C (TOC), total N (TN), total P (TP). It was concluded that: 1. In study area, the yak dung supplied to ecosystem substantial nutrient. It is estimated that the N contribution of dung was approximately 699~932 kg ha-1, P contribution was approximately 110~147 kg ha-1. The rate of yak decomposition was more rapid in summer than autumn, the wet and dry weight of yak decreased to 14% and 24% respectively after 2 months when dung excreted in summer, with 35% and 52% in autumn. The content of NO3--N、NH4+-N、available K、inorganic P、TOC、TN and TP in dung decomposed more rapid in summer too. After 2 months when dung excreted in autumn, the content of above nutrient decreased to 32%、60%、36%、64%、58%、63% and 43% respectively,which were significantly higher than summer. 2. The content of NO3--N、NH4+-N、available K and inorganic P in soil around dung had the same transformation trend in each season, whereas it was distinguishing at different gradient of distance from dung, the nutrient in soil below dung had the most significant change while the more far from dung, the less change in soil. It was concluded that the yak dung had prolong impacts on soil in autumn compared with summer, besides, it aslo showed that the yak dung had protract effect on soil below dung compared with soil around dung. 3. The yak dung had expansive impact on soil around dung in summer whereas had relatively short effect compared with autumn. In short-term at summer, there was a significant increase about the content of NO3--N and available K around 30cm radius from dung pat while the content of NH4+-N and inorganic P between 10cm to 30cm. After 2 months, the impact almost disappeared. In autumn, the effect was hard to reach 30cm. The yak dung had no significant effects on the content of TOC、TN and TP in soil below or around dung in summer whereas there was a obvious increase in soil below dung pat in autumn. 4. The duration of effect of yak dung on soil microbial biomass(SMB) C、N and P was at least 2 months, maybe even more than 1 year. On the other hand, the impact of dung on SMB-C、SMB-N and SMB-P mainly acted on soil below dung while no obious effect on soil around dung.