长白山阔叶红松林生长季热量平衡变化特征

根据长白山阔叶红松林 2 0 0 1年 5月下旬至 10月上旬微气象梯度观测资料和辐射、土壤热通量资料 ,用波文比 -能量平衡方法 (BREB方法 )计算了森林的显热通量和感热通量 ,并计算了森林大气和植被体的储热量 ,分析了阔叶红松林热量平衡各项的日变化和季节变化 ,结果发现 ,热量平衡 (净辐射 )与太阳总辐射呈线性关系 ;热量平衡各项都与净辐射有相同的日变化特征 ,为昼正夜负的曲线 .各项的绝对值一般表现为净辐射 >潜热通量 >感热通量 >储热变化 .受日照时间的影响 ,6～ 10月各分量正值的日持续时间逐渐缩短 .月平均结果 ,白天净辐射 6月份最大 ,10月上旬最小 ,变化于 0～ 5 2 7W·m-2 ,夜间的净辐射在 0～ - 12 1W·m-2 .潜热通量白天和夜间分别在 0～ 4 4 1、0～ - 81W·m-2 ,感热通量昼夜分别在 0～80、0～ - 2 6W·m-2 .储热变化则为 0～ 4 4、0～ - 2 6W·m-2 .白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例 8～ 10月逐渐下降 ,而感热通量和储热变化的比例 9～ 10月明显上升 ,特别在严霜后 2～ 3d ,出现潜热通量比例突减、感热通量比例突增的现象 .文中还对通量观测仪器、方法进行了简要分析 .

基于MODIS数据的草地生物量估算模型比较

准确估算草地生物量对合理规划区域畜牧业、评估草地植被的生态效益有重要意义。目前,在常用的遥感估算模型中,采用的植被指数和模型函数形式多样。本文根据野外生物量调查结果和MODIS数据,分别采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强植被指数(EVI)和修正的土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI)建立了内蒙古科尔沁左翼后旗草地地上生物量和地上地下总生物量估测的3种(线性、乘幂和指数)模型,并进行了比较。结果表明:3种模型能够对草地生物量进行较好的模拟,其中指数模型效果最佳;3个植被指数(NDVI,EVI和MSAVI)与草地生物量均有较高的相关性,可用于该草地产量估测,其中MSAVI对地上生物量拟合效果最好(R2=0.900);NDVI和EVI的线性模型对总生物量的模拟明显好于对地上生物量的模拟。

鱇白鱼的人工受精及孵化方法

本发明涉及一种鱇白鱼的人工受精及孵化方法，属鱼产品养殖技术领域。该方法中的人工受精采用湿法受精，即分别将性成熟的雌、雄鱇白鱼的卵和精子从其腹部轻轻挤压出后加入少量清水，用手轻轻搅拌均匀后静置3分钟，让精卵充分接触受精后，用预先准备好的洗净蕨草使卵粒均匀粘附在上面，开始进行人工孵化；人工孵化为先将粘附着受精卵的蕨草放入4ppm浓度的孔雀石绿水溶液中浸泡10分钟进行鱼卵消毒，然后彻底更换新水，并用湖水在水温为13-18.5℃，pH值为8.5的条件下进行微流水孵化，经140小时后完成孵化。本发明具有成本低、操作简便、受精率及孵化率高等优点。

The investigation of exfoliation process of organic modified montmorillonite in thermoplastic polyurethane with different molecular weights

Cloisite 30B (30B) was melt-mixed with two kinds of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with different molecular weights to discern the roles of molecular diffusion and shear in the exfoliation process. The higher level of exfoliation was achieved in TPU matrix with higher molecular weight due to the appropriate viscosity. In order to have an insight into the mechanism of exfoliation, the degree of dispersion and exfoliation of 30B was characterized by wide angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The layers of 30B were exfoliated via a slippage process, which was also observed in polyamide 12 nanocomposites recently.

A method to construct polyelectrolyte multilayers film containing gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles in polyelectrolyte multilayers film can be easily prepared by repeating immersion of a substrate in poly(diallyl dimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA)-AuCl4- complexes solution followed by reduction Au3+ through heating. UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to confirm the successful construction of the polyelectrolyte multilayers film and the formation of gold nanoparticles. The multilayers film shows electrocatalytic activity to dioxygen reduction.

Gas transport property of homo- and copolyimides from isomeric thiaphthalic dianhydride and oxydianiline

Gas transport properties of home- and copolyimides prepared from 3,3',4,4'- and 2,2',3,3'-thiaphthalic dianhydride (p-TDPA and m-TDPA, respectively) with 4,4-oxydianiline (ODA) were investigated. The fractional free volume of m-TDPA-ODA is larger than that of p-TDPA-ODA, and the chain segmental mobility of the former is lower than that of the latter. The permeability coefficients of m-TDPA-ODA to H-2, CO2, and O-2 are more increased by 48, 69 and 75%, at 30 degrees C and 10 atm, respectively, than those of p-TDPA-ODA; but the permselectivities of m-TDPA-ODA for H-2, CO2, and O-2 toward N-2 are more decreased by 33, 77, and 26%, respectively, than those of p-TDPA-ODA. The permeability coefficients and the diffusion coefficients of the copolyimides can be described by the following equations: log P = Phi(p) log P-p + Phi(m), log P-m and log D-a = D-a = Phi(p) log(D-alpha)(p) + Phi(m) log(D-a)(m), respectively. The variation of the permselectivity is controlled predominantly by diffusivity selectivity. These observations are interpreted in terms of variations in the fractional free volume of polyimides. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF WAVELENGTH POSITIONING ERRORS ON KALMAN FILTERING RESULTS IN INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY

This work evaluates the effect of wavelength positioning errors in spectral scans on analytical results when the Kalman filtering technique is used for the correction of line interferences in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results show that a positioning accuracy of 0.1 pm is required in order to obtain accurate and precise estimates for analyte concentrations. The positioning error in sample scans is more crucial than that in model scans. The relative bias in measured analyte concentration originating from a positioning error in a sample scan increases linearly with an increase in the magnitude of the error and the peak distance of the overlapping lines, but is inversely proportional to the signal-to-background ratio. By the use of an optimization procedure for the positions of scans with the innovations number as the criterion, the wavelength positioning error can be reduced and, correspondingly, the accuracy and precision of analytical results improved.

Genome-wide analysis of restriction-modification system in unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are an ancient group of gram-negative bacteria with strong genome size variation ranging from 1.6 to 9.1 Mb. Here, we first retrieved all the putative restriction-modification (RM) genes in the draft genome of Spirulina and then performed a range of comparative and bioinformatic analyses on RM genes from unicellular and filamentous cyanobacterial genomes. We have identified 6 gene clusters containing putative Type I RMs and 11 putative Type II RMs or the solitary methyltransferases (MTases). RT-PCR analysis reveals that 6 of 18 MTases are not expressed in Spirulina, whereas one hsdM gene, with a mutated cognate hsdS, was detected to be expressed. Our results indicate that the number of RM genes in filamentous cyanobacteria is significantly higher than in unicellular species, and this expansion of RM systems in filamentous cyanobacteria may be related to their wide range of ecological tolerance. Furthermore, a coevolutionary pattern is found between hsdM and hsdR, with a large number of site pairs positively or negatively correlated, indicating the functional importance of these pairing interactions between their tertiary structures. No evidence for positive selection is found for the majority of RMs, e. g., hsdM, hsdS, hsdR, and Type II restriction endonuclease gene families, while a group of MTases exhibit a remarkable signature of adaptive evolution. Sites and genes identified here to have been under positive selection would provide targets for further research on their structural and functional evaluations.

The responsive expression of heat shock protein 22 gene in zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri against a bacterial challenge

HSP22 is a member of a small HSP subfamily contributing to the growth, transformation and apoptosis of the cell as well as acting as a molecular chaperone. In the present study, CfHSP22 cDNA was cloned from Chlamys farreri by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. The full-length cDNA of CfHSP22 was of 1279 bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (5'UTR) of 122 bp, a 3'UTR of 581 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly( A) tail, and an open reading frame of 576 bp encoding a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 22.21 kDa and a predicted isoelectric point of 9.69. There was an alpha-crystallin domain, a hallmark of the sHSP subfamily, in the C-terminus, and the deduced amino acid sequence of CfHSP22 showed high similarity to previously identified HSP22s. CfHSP22 was constitutively expressed in the haemocyte, muscle, kidney, gonad, gill, heart and hepatopancreas, and the expression level in the hepatopancreas was higher than that in the other tissues. CfHSP22 transcription was up-regulated and reached a maximal level at 12 h after the bacterial challenge, and then declined progressively to the original level at 48 h. These results suggested that CfHSP22 perhaps play a critical role in response to the bacterial challenge in haemocytes of scallop C. farreri.

Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks

The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Crystal structure of (5R,10R)-2,7-dibromo-3,8-dihydroxy-5,10-dimethoxy-5,10-dihydrochromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene sesquihydrate, C16H12Br2O6 center dot 1.5H(2)O

C16H15Br2O7.5, orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2 (no. 18), a = 18.483(2) angstrom, b = 9.413(1) angstrom, c = 10.072(1) angstrom, V = 1752.3 angstrom(3), Z = 4, R-gt(F) = 0.083, wR(ref)(F-2) = 0.202, T= 293 K.

0-1背包问题的近似算法

本文将给出 0-1 背包(Knapsack)问题的几个近似算法,它们都是对 Greedy 算法的改进.对100个例子进行了计算和分析,结果令人满意.