Haematological and biochemical alterations of Catla catla fingerlings following sublethal exposure to Nuvan

The sublethal exposure (0.24 ppm) of Nuvan on some biochemical compositions such as serum protein, blood glucose, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT) and on some hematological parameters such as red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hemoglobin content (Hb), mean corpuscular concentration (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of Catla catla fingerlings were studied. The hematological and biochemical parameters evoked a significant reduction (excepting MCV, ALT and AST which is significantly increased) with increasing days of Nuvan exposure.

Feeding stimulatory effects of Cyperus rotundus tuber on Cirrhinus mrigala

Traditionally tubers of cyperus (Cyperus rotundus) and its extracts have been used for alluring fish during harvesting in India. An experiment was conducted to evaluate its feeding stimulatory activity and effect on the growth of a commercially important freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric formulated diets viz. plant ingredient based control and control supplemented with cyperus tuber (CS) at 1% and 5% levels were fed to the fingerlings of mrigal, C. mrigala (2.68+0.20 g) for a period of 45 days. The growth performance and the activity of metabolic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in liver, gill and muscle tissues of mrigal were studied during every 15 days interval. Highest relative growth (72.28%) was obtained in the mrigal fed with the diet containing 5% cyperus (5% CS), while the relative growths were 66.18% and 43.40% for the fish fed with the 1% CS diet and control respectively. The activities of AST and ALT were significantly higher (p<0.01) in both 1% and 5% CS diets as compared to the control in all the tissues studied. Higher aminotransferase activities were observed in the tissues of 5% CS group than in those of 1% CS group throughout the experimental period. The observed higher enzymatic activity was concomitant with the higher growth rate in fish. The results suggested that cyperus tuber supplementation increased feed palatability and growth.

Effect of dietary inulin as prebiotic on growth, survival and intestinal bacterial density of juvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso)

Use of prebiotics, nondigestible dietary ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of and/or activating the metabolism of healthpromoting bacteria in the intestinal tract, is a novel concept in aquaculture. An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary prebiotic inulin on the growth performance, intestinal bacterial density, body composition and values of blood serum enzymes in the juvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso). Three replicate groups of fish (initially averaging weight 16.14±0.38g) were fed diets containing prebiotic inulin at levels ranging from 1% to 3%. The basal diet was contained 3% cellulose. The results of linear regression showed there was a negative relationship between some performance indices including weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), energy retention (ERE), feed efficincy (FE), protein retention (PR) and supplementation level of inulin. At the end of trial, the 1% inulin treatment insignificantly showed an enhaced survival between the treatment groups. Intestinal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increased in group treated with 1% inulin compare to other groups. No significant difference were observed in body composition and level of serum enzymes (P>0.05). Moreover there was significant correlation between ALT and LDH values (P<0.01). Result obtained in this study shows that the prebiotic inulin didn’t influence the increase of the growth performance of juvenile great sturgeon and it is not appropriate for supplementation in the diet of beluga.

中国株丙型肝炎病毒实验感染3种猕猴的初步结果

选用无各型肝炎病毒感染、体质良好的6只食蟹猴、3只恒河猴和3只熊猴,按人感染HCV的主要途径——输血,经静脉输注含HCV的中国献血员血浆,观察临床一般指标,血清ALT,抗HCV各种抗体和HCV-RNA,肝组织普通病理,超微病理。从肝组织中找病毒颗粒及免疫组化查HCV NS3抗原,观察14周,结果9例猕猴出现不同程度的肝炎症状,12例血清ALT升高,2例出现黄疸;5例抗HCVC22 IgG抗体阳性,4例抗HCV E2-24 IgG抗体阳性,10例抗HCV C33c IgG抗体阳性,2例抗HCVNS4-40 IgG抗体阳性,11例抗HCV NS5-A IgG抗体阳性,无1例抗HCVNS5-B IgG抗体阳性;9例HCV-RNA阳性。6例肝活检或肝小部切除作肝组织普通光镜镜检,5例肝细胞气球样变,点状坏死及少许纤维组织增生。另一例相应损害较重,呈碎片坏死,界板破坏,纤维组织增生明显,汇管区炎性细胞浸润,超微病理除普通炎症所具有的特征外,以滑面内质网大量增生扩张为其主要特征,3例从内质网里看到约30nm的类病毒颗粒。免疫组化显示3只动物肝组织内HCVNS3抗原阳性,以膜型为主少量周边型及散在胞浆内分布,因此我们认为已...

鱼肉结合态MCLR的亚慢性毒性研究

为了揭示含有微囊藻毒素水产品的食用安全性,以雄性BALB/C小鼠为模式生物,通过为期13周的灌胃染毒实验,研究了鱼肉结合态MCLR对小鼠的亚慢性毒性作用,并与水溶态MCLR的毒性进行了对比.结果表明,68.75μg/kg(以单位体重计)剂量水溶态MCLR可引起小鼠肝脏显著系数增加(p<0.05),ALT、AST活性增强(p<0.01),引起肝细胞出现有空泡状病变;而肾脏酶学指标BUN、Cr及肾脏组织病理学观察均未发现明显异常;与之相比,同剂量鱼肉结合态MCLR对小鼠各项指标的影响并不明显,仅在实验第1周出

Plasma biochemical responses of the planktivorous filter-feeding silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) to prolonged toxic cyanobacterial blooms in natural waters

The planktivorous filter-feeding silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) are the attractive candidates for bio-control of plankton communities to eliminate odorous populations of cyanobacteria. However, few studies focused on the health of such fishes in natural water body with vigorous toxic blooms. Blood parameters are useful and sensitive for diagnosis of diseases and monitoring of the physiological status of fish exposed to toxicants. To evaluate the impact of toxic cyanobacterial blooms on the planktivorous fish, 12 serum chemistry variables were investigated in silver carp and bighead carp for 9 months, in a large net cage in Meiliang Bay, a hypereutrophic region of Lake Taihu. The results confirmed adverse effects of cyanobacterial blooms on two phytoplanktivorous fish, which mainly characterized with potential toxicogenomic effects and metabolism disorders in liver, and kidney dysfunction. In addition, cholestasis was intensively implied by distinct elevation of all four related biomarkers (ALP, GGT, DBIL, TBIL) in bighead carp. The combination of LDH, AST activities and DBIL, URIC contents for silver carp, and the combination of ALT. ALP activities and TBIL, DBIL. URIC concentrations for bighead carps were found to most strongly indicate toxic effects from cyanobacterial blooms in such fishes by a multivariate discriminant analysis. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mouse Toxicity of Anabaena flos-aquae from Lake Dianchi, China

Some species of the genera Anabaena can produce various kinds of cyanotoxins, which may pose risks to environment and human health. Anabaena has frequently been observed in eutrophic freshwater of China in recent years, but its toxicity has been reported only in a few studies. In the present study, the toxicity of an Anabaena flos-aquae strain isolated from Lake Dianchi was investigated. Acute toxicity testing was performed by mouse bioassay using crude extracts from the lyophilized cultures. The mice exposed to crude extracts showed visible symptoms of toxicity and died within 10-24 h of the injection. Serum biochemical parameters were evaluated by the use of commercial diagnostic kits. Significant alterations were found in the serum biochemical parameters: alkaline phosphatase (AKP), gamma-glutamyl transpepticlase (gamma-GT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), AST/ALT ratio, total protein content, albumin content, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Ssr), and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC). Histopathological observations were carried out with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain under light microscope. Severe lesions were seen in the livers, kidneys, and lungs of the mice injected with crude extracts. The alterations of biochemical parameters were in a dose-dependent manner, and the severities of histological lesions were in the same manner. Based on biochemical and histological studies, this research firstly shows the presence of toxin-producing Anabaena species in Lake Dianchi and the toxic effects of its crude extracts on mammals. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 24: 10-18, 2009.

Plasma biochemical responses of the omnivorous crucian carp (Carassius auratus) to crude cyanobacterial extracts

Healthy crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were treated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of crude cyanobacterial extracts at two doses, 50 and 200 mu g MC-LR equiv kg(-1) BW. High mortality (100%) was observed within 60 h post injection in the high-dose group. In the treated fish, activities of four plasma enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), all showed substantial increases, with both dose and time-dependent effects. These increases of enzyme activity indicate severe impairment occurred in the liver of crucian carp over time. Plasma concentrations of energy-related biomolecules including glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), and total protein (TP) showed marked changes in the high-dose group, possibly a nutritional imbalance correlated with the liver injury caused by intraperitoneal exposure to crude cyanobacterial extracts.

Sequential ultrastructural and biochemical changes induced in vivo by the hepatotoxic microcystins in liver of the phytoplanktivorous silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Up to now, in vivo studies on the toxic effects of microcystins (MCs) on the ultrastructures of fish liver have been very limited. The phytoplanktivorous silver carp was injected i.p. with extracted hepatotoxic microcystins (mainly MC-RR and -LR) at a dose of 1000 mu g MC-LReq. kg(-1) body weight, showing a time-dependent ultrastructural change in liver as well as significant increases in enzyme activity of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). We observed for the first time the occurrence of a large amount of activated secondary lysosomes, which might be an adaptive mechanism to eliminate or lessen cell damage caused by MCs through lysosome activation. Quantitative and qualitative determinations of MCs in the liver were conducted by HPLC and LC-MS2, respectively. MCs concentration in the liver reached the maximum (114.20 mu g g(-1) dry weight) after 3 h post-injection, and then rapidly dropped to 7.57 mu g g(-1) dry weight at 48 h, indicating a deputation of 99% accumulated MC-LReq. On the other hand, a decrease trend in glutathione (GSH) concentration was observed in the liver of silver carp while the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased significantly after injection. The high tolerance of silver carp to MCs might be due to the high basic GSH level in their liver, and/or an increased GSH synthesis. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

计算流体力学教程

der="0" alt="" width="260" height="260" align="left" />本书属于“中科院研究生院教材”系列。本书主要介绍计算流体力学中的有限差分算法和有限体积算法及它们的应用。全书共分上、下两篇：上篇共有8章，主要介绍差分算法理论基础；下篇共有6章，主要介绍差分算法应用研究和网格生成技术。为便于读者学习和应用，配书光盘包含配合各种算法的若干算例和用Fortran77和C语言编写的计算程序。本书强调基础、突出应用、关注最新进展。通过学习本书，读者能对计算流体力学有一个系统和深入的理解，并掌握扎实的理论基础和具备较强的解决实际问题的能力。 本书可作为力学、机械、航空航天、热能等专业及相关专业的研究生教学用书，以及高年级的本科生学习计算流体力学的教材，也可作为从事数值模拟的科研人员和工程技术人员的参考书。

可压缩湍流直接数值模拟

der="0" alt="" width="300" height="300" align="left" />本书是以作者及其研究小组多年来的研究工作为基础撰写的，主要是可压缩湍流的直接数值模拟。全书共分两部分。第一部分为数值模拟方法：针对可压缩湍流的多尺度非定常非稳定流动特征，所构造的高精度差分格式（高于三阶精度），分析了各种高精度差分格式的数值行为特征和模拟小尺度物理结构、分辨非定常间断面的能力，重点分析了正确模拟多尺度物理结构及其非线性干扰对数值方法的要求。第二部分是物理问题的直接数值模拟：根据可压缩湍流的流动物理特征，所建立的求解可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的高精度数值模拟方法，详细描述了不稳定流和可压缩湍流的直接数值模拟，以及在此基础上所发现的一些新的物理现象。直接数值模拟主要针对典型可压缩湍流，包括均匀各向同性湍流、槽道湍流、平面混合流、射流、平板边界层湍流和钝楔、钝锥边界层湍流等，重点是可压缩湍流从层流转捩到湍流的直接数值模拟及其流动机理的研究。书中还介绍了我课组所研制的高精度、高效并行算法的软件。

Synthesis and Properties of Carbazole Main Chain Copolymers with Oxadiazole Pendant toward Bipolar Polymer Host: Tuning the HOMO/LUMO Level and Triplet Energy

Three new carbazole copolymers, poly(9-(2,5-diarene-[1,3,4]oxadiazole)-carbazole-alt-9-(2-ethylhexyl)-carbazole-3,6-diyl)s (P1), poly(9-(2,5-diarene-[1,3,4]oxadiazole)-2, 7-carbazole-alt-9-(2-ethylhexyl)-3, 6-carbazole-diyl)s (P2), and poly(9-(2,5-diarene-[1,3,4]oxadiazole)-carbazole-alt-9-(2-ethylhexyl)-carbazole-2,7-diyl)s (P3), were synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction

Film Morphology and Molecular Orientation in Oligothiophene-fluorene Films

The effects of processing conditions on film morphology and molecular orientation were studied for a novel conjugated fluorene-bithiophene oligomer, oligo(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-bithiophene) (OF8T2). Depending on the method of film preparation, OF8T2 molecules adopt different orientations in the films. X-ray diffraction peak at 4.9 degrees of the OF8T2 film deposited from petroleum ether/dichloromethane mixture is attributed to a layering distance between sheets of OF8T2 chains, which are separated by the octyl side chains. Preferred orientation is clearly inferred through the absence of peaks corresponding to pi-pi stacking.

Phosphonate-Functionalized Polyfluorene as a Highly Water-Soluble Iron(III) Chemosensor

An anionic, phosphonate-functionalized polyfluorene, i.e., poly(9,9-bis(3'-phosphatepropyl)fluorene-alt-1,4-phenylene) sodium salt (PFPNa), has been synthesized by copolymerization of phosphonic acid-substituted 2,7-dibromofluorene and phenyldiboronic ester via direct Suzuki polycondensation reaction in DMF/water. Polymer PFPNa is highly soluble and emissive in water with a solubility of 60 mg/mL and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 75%. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of PFPNa are strongly dependent on pH value owing to the partial protonation of phosphate groups and the aggregation of the polymer chains.

Preparation and photovoltaic property of a new polyfluorene derivative/ZnO nanoparticles hybrid composites

A new kind of polyfluorene copolymers, poly(2,7-(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene)-alt-5,5 -(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3',-benzothiadiazole) (PFDTBT), was prepared. The introduction of ZnO nanoparticles with perfect wurtzite crystal character into PFDTBT makes the resulted single-layer photovoltaic device to perform a significant photovoltaic response. Among the tested devices, the best performance is observed for that containing 60 wt% of ZnO nanoparticles, which has a photocurrent density of 1.17 mu A/cm(2), an open circuit voltage of 0.81 V. a fill factor of 0.09 and a power conversion efficiency of 0.009%. The results show that the polyfluorene derivatives/ZnO nanoparticles hybrid composites are excellent fluorescence and photovoltaic materials. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.