Personality and personality disorders in urban and rural Africa: results from a field trial in Burkina Faso

When conducting research in different cultural settings, assessing measurement equivalence is of prime importance to determine if constructs and scores can be compared across groups. Structural equivalence implies that constructs have the same meaning across groups, metric equivalence implies that the metric of the scales remains stable across groups, and full scale or scalar equivalence implies that the origin of the scales is the same across groups. Several studies have observed that the structure underlying both normal personality and personality disorders (PDs) is stable across cultures. Most of this cross-cultural research was conducted in Western and Asian cultures. In Africa, the few studies were conducted with well-educated participants using French or English instruments. No research was conducted in Africa with less privileged or preliterate samples. The aim of this research was to study the structure and expression of normal and abnormal personality in an urban and a rural sample in Burkina Faso. The sample included 1,750 participants, with a sub-sample from the urban area of Ouagadougou (n = 1,249) and another sub-sample from a rural village, Soumiaga (n = 501). Most participants answered an interview consisting of a Mooré language adaptation of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and of the International Personality Disorders Examination. Mooré is the language of the Mossi ethnic group, and the most frequently spoken local language in Burkina Faso. A sub-sample completed the same self-report instruments in French. Demographic variables only had a small impact on normal and abnormal personality traits mean levels. The structure underlying normal personality was unstable across regions and languages, illustrating that translating a complex psychological inventory into a native African language is a very difficult task. The structure underlying abnormal personality and the metric of PDs scales were stable across regions. As scalar equivalence was not reached, mean differences cannot be interpreted. Nevertheless, these differences could be due to an exaggerated expression of abnormal traits valued in the two cultural settings. Our results suggest that studies using a different methodology should be conducted to understand what is considered, in different cultures, as deviating from the expectations of the individual's culture, and as a significant impairment in self and interpersonal functioning, as defined by the DSM-5.

Groupe thérapeutique de gestion des émotions: un territoire d'acquisition des compétences chez les patients avec trouble de la personnalité borderline

Dans cet article, nous présenterons le modèle biopsychosocial du trouble de ln personnalité borderline et le mettrons en lien avec les critères développés dans les manuels diagnostiques (DSM-IV-TR, CIM-10). Seront ensuite e:rplicité les principaux cadres de prise en charge de la thérapie comportementale- dialectique (TCD), tels que conçus par Marsha M. Linehan. Le modèle des dimensions de l'ouverture émotionnelle permettra d'enrichir la conceptualisation des émotions de la TCD. Nous insisterons particulièrement sur le groupe thérapeutique de Gestion des Émotions, inspiré des principes constitutifs de la TCD. Les premiers résultats d'une étude pilote et la présentation d'une étude randomisée contrôlée seront discutés, en tenant compte des exigences cliniques et des considérations méthodologiques de l'évaluation des psychothérapies.

Recherche historique sur les débuts de l'ethnopsychiatrie

Avant même d'entamer ma recherche de sujet pour le travail de maîtrise, j'avais déjà une certitude: je souhaitais choisir un thème qui m'intéressait, certes, mais surtout qui arriverait à me passionner, de façon à pouvoir y mettre toute mon énergie. Le choix initial de m'orienter vers ma future spécialité, la psychiatrie, s'est vite confirmé, et un rayon de l'IUMG en particulier a très rapidement attiré ma curiosité: celui de l'ethnopsychiatrie. Pour le choix du thème de ce travail, mon expérience de vie, suite à un mariage mixte, et mon inté- rêt pour les migrants, ont compté, ainsi que les nombreux stages effectués en milieux multicultu- rels et ma probable future orientation en psychiatrie systémique. Face à l'augmentation de la migration et des déplacements des populations et des individus ainsi qu'aux mélanges interculturels qui en résultent, les recherches transculturelles connaissent, depuis quelques années, un développement important: ceci est valable en psychiatrie, en psychopathologie comme en psychothérapie. Pendant mes stages, j'ai remarqué que l'accueil et la prise en charge des personnes étrangères sont une possibilité, pour les professionnels issus de tous les domaines, que ce soit d'un milieu médico- psychologique, social ou éducatif, de remettre en cause les méthodes théoriques et techniques habi- tuelles. En effet, dès que l'on est amené à s'occuper de personnes d'une culture différente de la nô- tre, une partie de nos théories, de notre manière d'intervention clinique et de nos principes de for- mation se trouve forcément remise en question. Le choix de mieux connaître et proposer cette nouvelle discipline par un travail de master s'est basé également en fonction de l'ampleur du parcours historique que l'ethnopsychiatrie nous permettait d'explorer. Par mon travail, j'ai donc essayé de retracer le parcours socio-historique de l'ethnopsychiatrie de- puis ses origines. Cela n'a pas été facile car, même si théoriquement cette discipline s'est dévelop- pée aux alentours du début du XXe siècle, entre l'Europe et les lieux où l'Occident élargissait son domaine, il n y a pas unanimité sur un fondateur précis. Cependant, à plusieurs reprises, Emil Kraepelin est cité comme le fondateur de cette discipline, et c'est pour cette raison que j'ai décidé de focaliser mon attention sur ce grand psychiatre, pour es- sayer de comprendre pourquoi plusieurs auteurs le considèrent comme le père de l'ethnopsychia- trie. Pour ce faire, dans une première partie, ma recherche a donc consisté en une revue de la littérature médicale spécialisée. 4 Je me suis basée tout d'abord sur des sources primaires, en cherchant des articles écrits par Kraepe- lin lui-même, consultant principalement les revues germanophones et anglo-saxonnes susceptibles d'avoir publié ses articles. J'ai également consulté un choix de traités de psychiatrie qu'il a publié. Dans la deuxième partie de mes recherches, j'ai passé en revue la littérature secondaire, en me ba- sant sur des articles qui ont été écrits sur lui par différents auteurs, psychiatres et historiens. La thè- se du Dr. Christoph Bendick a été utilisée en particulier: «Emil Kraepelin's Forschungsreise nach Java», a été un outil précieux pour retrouver aussi bien des récits primaires inédits du psychiatre que maintes sources de littérature secondaire. En analysant cette littérature, j'ai essayé de dégager les principaux thèmes d'évolution entre le XIXe et le XXe siècle, en cherchant en parallèle d'éventuelles répercussions des travaux de psy- chiatrie comparée du médecin allemand sur la postérité, ainsi que sur la psychiatrie moderne. En progressant dans mon travail, je me suis pertinemment posé la question suivante: Kraepelin était-il vraiment le premier qui se fut intéressé à une psychiatrie « exotique » ou, au contraire, l'ambition de comparer la folie occidentale à des peuples et civilisations étrangers avait-elle déjà commencé bien avant lui ? Aurait-il apporté quelque chose de différent dans sa recherche, qui nous permettrait aujourd'hui de lui attribuer le statut de fondateur de l'ethnopsychiatrie ? Afin d'essayer de répondre à cette réflexion, ma méthodologie a consisté en un dépouillement d'une célèbre revue de psychiatrie française, Les annales médico-psychologiques, depuis le premier numéro paru en 1843 jusqu'à l'aube de la deuxième guerre mondiale, à la recherche d'articles trai- tant de la folie exotique. Pour accomplir cette tâche, un article de R. Collignon, psychologue-anthropologue travaillant sur l'histoire de la psychiatrie en Afrique, m'a été d'une aide très précieuse. Ce texte, paru dans la re- vue Psychopathologie Africaine, qui répertorie tous les articles traitants de la psychiatrie coloniale, m'a évité de devoir analyser personnellement toute la collection des A.M.P., ce qui a permis un gain de temps considérable. Une analyse approfondie de cette littérature m'a permis de me forger une idée sur la question et de dégager en même temps, dans la troisième partie du travail, les principaux thèmes d'évolution en ethnopsychiatrie entre le XIXe et le XXe siècle. Finalement, en disséquant les théories d'un autre auteur qui s'est passionné pour l'ethnopsychiatrie, le psychanalyste Georges Devereux, considéré également comme le fondateur de cette discipline, j'ai essayé de comprendre les changements qui se sont opérés dans ce domaine pendant la période qui les sépare. Un regard particulier a été porté sur les possibles répercussions de l'ancienne eth- nopsychiatrie, de connotation coloniale, sur une ethnopsychiatrie plus «moderne», laquelle, suite aux travaux de Devereux, a évolué depuis quelques années surtout dans les domaines des études de la migration et de l'intégration. 5 Cette ethnopsychiatrie contemporaine inclut aujourd'hui des phénomènes uniques attribués à une origine culturelle qui, depuis 1995, sont regroupés dans le DSM IV sous le nom de Culture-Bound Syndromes. Ce travail de master esquisse donc un double mouvement: Europe-Occident, Occident-Europe. Sur ce chemin, aux alentours de 1900, sont posés les premières grandes lignes et récits d'une ethnopsy- chiatrie, née en un premier temps entre l'Europe et ses colonies et ensuite entre l'Europe et le reste du monde.

Avaliação de fluxos de calor e evapotranspiração pelo modelo SEBAL com uso de dados do sensor ASTER

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação do modelo SEBAL em estimar os fluxos de energia em superfície e a evapotranspiração diária, numa extensa área de cultivo de arroz irrigado, no município de Paraíso do Sul, RS, tendo como parâmetros dados do sensor ASTER. As variáveis estudadas constituem importantes parâmetros do tempo e do clima em estudos agrometeorológicos e de racionalização no uso da água. As metodologias convencionais de estimativa desses parâmetros são pontuais e geralmente apresentam incertezas, que aumentam quando o interesse é o comportamento espacial desses parâmetros. Aplicou-se o algoritmo "Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land" (SEBAL), em uma imagem do sensor "Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer" (ASTER). As estimativas obtidas foram comparadas com medições em campo, realizadas por uma estação micrometeorológica localizada no interior da área de estudo. As estimativas mais precisas foram as de fluxo de calor sensível e de evapotranspiração diária, e a estimativa que apresentou maior erro foi a do fluxo de calor no solo. A metodologia empregada foi capaz de reproduzir os fluxos de energia em superfície de maneira satisfatória para estudos agrometeorológicos e de rendimento de culturas.

Atributos topográficos e dados do Landsat7 no mapeamento digital de solos com uso de redes neurais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar variáveis discriminantes no mapeamento digital de solos com uso de redes neurais artificiais. Os atributos topográficos elevação, declividade, aspecto, plano de curvatura e índice topográfico, derivados de um modelo digital de elevação, e os índices de minerais de argila, óxido de ferro e vegetação por diferença normalizada, derivados de uma imagem do Landsat7, foram combinados e avaliados quanto à capacidade de discriminação dos solos de uma área no noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizados o simulador de redes neurais Java e o algoritmo de aprendizado "backpropagation". Os mapas gerados por cada um dos seis conjuntos de variáveis testados foram comparados com pontos de referência, para a determinação da exatidão das classificações. Esta comparação mostrou que o mapa produzido com a utilização de todas as variáveis obteve um desempenho superior (73,81% de concordância) ao de mapas produzidos pelos demais conjuntos de variáveis. Possíveis fontes de erro na utilização dessa abordagem estão relacionadas, principalmente, à grande heterogeneidade litológica da área, que dificultou o estabelecimento de um modelo de correlação ambiental mais realista. A abordagem utilizada pode contribuir para tornar o levantamento de solos no Brasil mais rápido e menos subjetivo.

Traitement de la dépression résistante par l'association citalopram-lithium. Méthodologie d'une étude multicentrique en double aveugle et résultats préliminaires [Treatment of resistant depression with the citalopram-lithium combination. Methodology of a double-blind multicenter study and preliminary results].

Citalopram, a new bicyclic antidepressant, is the most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. In a number of double-blind controlled studies, citalopram was compared to placebo and to known tricyclic antidepressants. These studies have shown their efficacy and good safety. The inefficacy of a psychotropic treatment in at least 20% of depressives has led a number of authors to propose original drug combinations and associations, like antidepressant/lithium (Li), antidepressant/sleep deprivation (agrypnia), antidepressant/ECT, or antidepressant/LT3. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of a combined citalopram/lithium treatment in therapy-resistant patients, taking account of serotonergic functions, as tested by the fenfluramine/prolactin test, and of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of metabolism. DESIGN OF THE STUDY: A washout period of 3 days before initiating the treatment is included. After an open treatment phase of 28 days (D) with citalopram (20 mg D1-D3; 40 mg D4-D14; 40 or 60 mg D15-D28; concomitant medication allowed: chloral, chlorazepate), the nonresponding patients [less than 50% improvement in the total score on the 21 item-Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)] are selected and treated with or without Li (randomized in double-blind conditions: citalopram/Li or citalopram/placebo) during the treatment (D29-D35). Thereafter, all patients included in the double-blind phase subsequently receive an open treatment with citalopram/Li for 7 days (D36-D42). The hypothesis of a relationship between serotoninergic functions in patients using the fenfluramine/prolactin test (D1) and the clinical response to citalopram (and Li) is assessed. Moreover, it is evaluated whether the pharmacogenetic status of the patients, as determined by the mephenytoin/dextromethorphan test (D0-D28), is related to the metabolism of fenfluramine and citalopram, and also to the clinical response. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT: Patients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorders according to DSM III are submitted to a clinical assessment of D1, D7, D14, D28, D35, D42: HDRS, CGI (clinical global impression), VAS (visual analog scales for self-rating of depression), HDRS (Hamilton depression rating scale, 21 items), UKU (side effects scale), and to clinical laboratory examens, as well as ECG, control of weight, pulse, blood pressure at D1, D28, D35. Fenfluramine/prolactin test: A butterfly needle is inserted in a forearm vein at 7 h 45 and is kept patent with liquemine. Samples for plasma prolactin, and d- and l-fenfluramine determinations are drawn at 8 h 15 (base line). Patients are given 60 mg fenfluramine (as a racemate) at 8 h 30. Kinetic points are determined at 9 h 30, 10 h 30, 11 h 30, 12 h 30, 13 h 30. Plasma levels of d- and l-fenfluramine are determined by gas chromatography and prolactin by IRNA. Mephenytoin/dextromethorphan test: Patients empty their bladders before the test; they are then given 25 mg dextropethorphan and 100 mg mephenytoin (as a racemate) at 8 h 00. They collect all urines during the following 8 hours. The metabolic ratio is determined by gas chromatography (metabolic ratio dextromethorphan/dextrorphan greater than 0.3 = PM (poor metabolizer); mephenytoin/4-OH-mephenytoin greater than 5.6, or mephenytoin S/R greater than 0.8 = PM). Citalopram plasma levels: Plasma levels of citalopram, desmethylcitalopram and didesmethylcitalopram are determined by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. RESULTS OF THE PILOT STUDY. The investigation has been preceded by a pilot study including 14 patients, using the abovementioned protocol, except that all nonresponders were medicated with citalopram/Li on D28 to D42. The mean total score (n = 14) on the 21 item Hamilton scale was significantly reduced after the treatment, ie from 26.93 +/- 5.80 on D1 to 8.57 +/- 6.90 on D35 (p less than 0.001). A similar patCitalopram, a new bicyclic antidepressant, is the most selective serotonin reu

Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis.

Randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy for second-generation antipsychotics in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar disorder. Despite depression being considered the hallmark of bipolar disorder, there are no published systematic reviews or meta-analyses to evaluate the efficacy of modern atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression. We systematically reviewed published or registered randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of modern antipsychotics in adult bipolar I and/or II depressive patients (DSM-IV criteria). Efficacy outcomes were assessed based on changes in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) during an 8-wk period. Data were combined through meta-analysis using risk ratio as an effect size with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and with a level of statistical significance of 5% (p<0.05). We identified five RCTs; four involved antipsychotic monotherapy and one addressed both monotherapy and combination with an antidepressant. The two quetiapine trials analysed the safety and efficacy of two doses: 300 and 600 mg/d. The only olanzapine trial assessed olanzapine monotherapy within a range of 5-20 mg/d and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination within a range of 5-20 mg/d and 6-12 mg/d, respectively. The two aripiprazole placebo-controlled trials assessed doses of 5-30 mg/d. Quetiapine and olanzapine trials (3/5, 60%) demonstrated superiority over placebo (p<0.001). Only 2/5 (40%) (both aripiprazole trials) failed in the primary efficacy measure after the first 6 wk. Some modern antipsychotics (quetiapine and olanzapine) have demonstrated efficacy in bipolar depressive patients from week 1 onwards. Rapid onset of action seems to be a common feature of atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression. Comment in The following popper user interface control may not be accessible. Tab to the next button to revert the control to an accessible version.Destroy user interface controlEfficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis--results to be interpreted with caution.

Persistence of cognitive impairment and its negative impact on psychosocial functioning in lithium-treated, euthymic bipolar patients: a 6-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Previous cross-sectional studies report that cognitive impairment is associated with poor psychosocial functioning in euthymic bipolar patients. There is a lack of long-term studies to determine the course of cognitive impairment and its impact on functional outcome. Method A total of 54 subjects were assessed at baseline and 6 years later; 28 had DSM-IV TR bipolar I or II disorder (recruited, at baseline, from a Lithium Clinic Program) and 26 were healthy matched controls. They were all assessed with a cognitive battery tapping into the main cognitive domains (executive function, attention, processing speed, verbal memory and visual memory) twice over a 6-year follow-up period. All patients were euthymic (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score lower than 8 and Young mania rating scale score lower than 6) for at least 3 months before both evaluations. At the end of follow-up, psychosocial functioning was also evaluated by means of the Functioning Assessment Short Test. RESULTS: Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there were main effects of group in the executive domain, in the inhibition domain, in the processing speed domain, and in the verbal memory domain (p<0.04). Among the clinical factors, only longer illness duration was significantly related to slow processing (p=0.01), whereas strong relationships were observed between impoverished cognition along time and poorer psychosocial functioning (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Executive functioning, inhibition, processing speed and verbal memory were impaired in euthymic bipolar out-patients. Although cognitive deficits remained stable on average throughout the follow-up, they had enduring negative effects on psychosocial adaptation of patients.

Imagens mono e multitemporais Modis para estimativa da área com soja no estado de Mato Grosso

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma nova metodologia para mapeamento da cultura da soja no Estado de Mato Grosso, por meio de imagens Modis e de diferentes abordagens de classificação de imagens. Foram utilizadas imagens diárias e imagens de 16 dias. As imagens diárias foram diretamente classificadas pelo algoritmo Isoseg. As duas séries de imagens de 16 dias, referentes ao ciclo total e à metade do ciclo da cultura da soja, foram transformadas pela análise de componentes principais (ACP), antes de serem classificadas. Dados de referência, obtidos por interpretação visual de imagens do sensor TM/Landsat-5, foram utilizados para a avaliação da exatidão das classificações. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos pela classificação das imagens do ciclo total da soja, transformadas pela ACP: índice global de 0,83 e Kappa de 0,63. A melhor classificação de imagens diárias mostrou índice global de 0,80 e Kappa de 0,55. AACP aplicada às imagens do ciclo total da soja permitiu o mapeamento das áreas de soja com índices de exatidão melhores do que os obtidos pela classificação derivada das imagens de data única.

Brain dysfunctions, psychopathologies, and body image distortions

The major features in eating disorders are a preoccupation with food and its consumption and body dissatisfaction. Diagnostic manuals provide clusters of criteria according to which affected individuals can be categorized into one or other group of eating disorder. Yet, when considering the high proportion of comorbidities and ignoring the content of the symptoms (food, body), the major features seem to yield obsessional-compulsive, addictive, and impulsive qualities. In the present article, we review studies from the neuroscientific literature (mainly lesion studies) on eating disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse control disorder, and addiction to investigate the possibility of a wider phenotype that can be related to a common brain network. The literature localizes this network to the right frontal lobe and its connectivities. This network, when dysfunctional, might result in a behavior that favors the preoccupation with particular thoughts, behaviors, anxieties, and uncontrollable urges that are accompanied by little scope for ongoing behavioral adjustments (e.g., impulse control). We reason that this network may turn out to be equally involved in understudied mental conditions of dysfunctional body processing such as muscle dysmorphia, body dysmorphic disorder (including esthetic surgery), and xelomelia. We finally consider previous notions of a wider phenotype approach to current diagnostic practice (using DSM), such as the possibility of a model with a reduced number of diagnostic categories and primary and secondary factors, and to etiological models of mental health conditions.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) as a screening tool for excessive drinking in primary care: reliability and validity of a French version.

BACKGROUND: Excessive drinking is a major problem in Western countries. AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) is a 10-item questionnaire developed as a transcultural screening tool to detect excessive alcohol consumption and dependence in primary health care settings. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to validate a French version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). METHODS: We conducted a validation cross-sectional study in three French-speaking areas (Paris, Geneva and Lausanne). We examined psychometric properties of AUDIT as its internal consistency, and its capacity to correctly diagnose alcohol abuse or dependence as defined by DSM-IV and to detect hazardous drinking (defined as alcohol intake >30 g pure ethanol per day for men and >20 g of pure ethanol per day for women). We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and Receiver Operator Characteristic curves. Finally, we compared the ability of AUDIT to accurately detect "alcohol abuse/dependence" with that of CAGE and MAST. RESULTS: 1207 patients presenting to outpatient clinics (Switzerland, n = 580) or general practitioners' (France, n = 627) successively completed CAGE, MAST and AUDIT self-administered questionnaires, and were independently interviewed by a trained addiction specialist. AUDIT showed a good capacity to discriminate dependent patients (with AUDIT > or =13 for males, sensitivity 70.1%, specificity 95.2%, PPV 85.7%, NPV 94.7% and for females sensitivity 94.7%, specificity 98.2%, PPV 100%, NPV 99.8%); and hazardous drinkers (with AUDIT > or =7, for males sensitivity 83.5%, specificity 79.9%, PPV 55.0%, NPV 82.7% and with AUDIT > or =6 for females, sensitivity 81.2%, specificity 93.7%, PPV 64.0%, NPV 72.0%). AUDIT gives better results than MAST and CAGE for detecting "Alcohol abuse/dependence" as showed on the comparative ROC curves. CONCLUSIONS: The AUDIT questionnaire remains a good screening instrument for French-speaking primary care.

Geotecnologias aplicadas à avaliação de parâmetros biofísicos do Pantanal

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar parâmetros biofísicos de superfície do Bioma Pantanal com a aplicação de geotecnologias. Foram utilizados o algoritmo Sebal ("surface energy balance algorithm for land"), imagens do sensor Modis ("moderate‑resolution imaging spectroradiometer") e o mapa de classes de uso e cobertura da terra. Os resultados obtidos para NDVI, temperatura da superfície, albedo, fluxo de calor sensível diário, saldo de radiação diário e evapotranspiração real diária foram consistentes com dados de literatura para os diferentes usos e cobertura da terra, e corroboram a eficiência da capacidade analítica e sinóptica das estimativas do Sebal. Tais resultados mostram o potencial de geotecnologias na implementação de modelos ou algoritmos voltados para a compreensão da dinâmica de processos biofísicos de interação solo‑planta‑atmosfera do Pantanal.

Obstrução do horizonte calculada a partir de modelo digital de elevação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a exatidão do cálculo da obstrução do horizonte, a partir de um modelo digital de elevação (MDE), em diferentes situações topográficas. O material utilizado incluiu um MDE disponível para a região da Serra Gaúcha, RS, receptores GPS, câmera digital, lente grande‑angular e os programas Idrisi, Arcview/ArcGIS e Solar Analyst. Foram adquiridas fotografias hemisféricas, e coletadas as coordenadas de 16 locais na área de estudo. As coordenadas e o MDE foram utilizados para calcular a obstrução do horizonte com uso do algoritmo Solar Analyst. Foram comparadas a fração aberta do céu calculada e a obtida pelas fotografias hemisféricas. O coeficiente de determinação foi de 0,8428, tendo-se observado superestimativa média de 5,53% da fração aberta do céu. Os erros são atribuídos principalmente à obstrução pela vegetação, que não pode ser identificada pelo MDE. A obstrução do horizonte, causada pelo relevo na Serra Gaúcha, pode ser calculada satisfatoriamente pelo Solar Analyst, a partir de um MDE interpolado de cartas topográficas na escala 1:50.000.

Differences between first episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

BACKGROUND: The diagnostic and clinical overlap between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder is an important nosological issue in psychiatry that is yet to be resolved. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and functional characteristics of an epidemiological treated cohort of first episode patients with an 18-month discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia (FES) or schizoaffective disorder (FESA). METHODS: This study was part of the larger First Episode Psychosis Outcome Study (FEPOS) which involved a medical file audit study of all 786 patients treated at the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre between 1998 and 2000. Of this cohort, 283 patients had an 18-month discharge diagnosis of FES and 64 had a diagnosis of FESA. DSM-IV diagnoses and clinical and functional ratings were derived and validated by two consultant psychiatrists. RESULTS: Compared to FES patients, those with FESA were significantly more likely to have a later age of onset (p=.004), longer prodrome (p=.020), and a longer duration of untreated psychosis (p<.001). At service entry, FESA patients presented with a higher illness severity (p=.020), largely due to the presence of more severe manic symptoms (p<.001). FESA patients also had a greater number of subsequent inpatient admissions (p=.017), had more severe depressive symptoms (p=.011), and higher levels of functioning at discharge. DISCUSSION: The findings support the notion that these might be considered two discernable disorders; however, further research is required to ascertain the ways and extent to which these disorders are discriminable at presentation and over time.

Efficient self-synchronised blind audio watermarking system based on time domain and FFT amplitude modification

Many audio watermarking schemes divide the audio signal into several blocks such that part of the watermark is embedded into each of them. One of the key issues in these block-oriented watermarking schemes is to preserve the synchronisation, i.e. to recover the exact position of each block in the mark recovery process. In this paper, a novel time domain synchronisation technique is presented together with a new blind watermarking scheme which works in the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT or FFT) domain. The combined scheme provides excellent imperceptibility results whilst achieving robustness against typical attacks. Furthermore, the execution of the scheme is fast enough to be used in real-time applications. The excellent transparency of the embedding algorithm makes it particularly useful for professional applications, such as the embedding of monitoring information in broadcast signals. The scheme is also compared with some recent results of the literature.