Composition of the volatile compounds from Aniba canelilla (H. B. K.) Mez. extracted by CO2 in the supercritical state

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ruminal parameters analyzed in remaining digestion residue of roughages in the in vitro/gas system

O desempenho animal é a medida mais direta de se avaliar a qualidade dos alimentos. Entretanto, dados de desempenho são insuficientes para se detectar as possíveis interações que possam ocorrer no ambiente ruminal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos associativos nas concentrações de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGVs), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e pH da fração líquida remanescente da digestão da matéria seca (MS) de volumosos exclusivos (cana-de-açúcar= CN; capim-elefante com 60 dias= CP60 e 180 dias= CP180 de crescimento; e silagem de milho= SIL) e suas combinações (cana-de-açúcar+silagem de milho= CNSIL; cana-de-açúcar+capim-elefante-60d= CNCP60; cana-de-açúcar+capim-elefante-180d= CNCP180; silagem de milho+capim-elefante-60d= SILCP60; silagem de milho+capim-elefante-180d= SILCP180) na proporção de 50% na MS, que levam a resultados de desempenhos positivos ou negativos de bovinos. As concentrações de AGVs, N-NH3 e pH dos tratamentos foram: CN= 56,9 mmol L-1, 50,1 mg dL-1, 5,7; CNSIL= 61,4 mmol L-1, 50,7 mg dL-1, 5,8; CNCP60= 54,7 mmol L-1, 47,6 mg dL-1, 5,8; CNCP180= 45,4 mmol L-1, 49,4 mg dL-1, 6,0; SIL= 57,2 mmol L-1, 54,0 mg dL-1, 5,8; SILCP60= 57,1 mmol L-1, 53,1 mg dL-1, 5,9; SILCP180= 55,9 mmol L-1, 52,3 mg dL-1, 6,0; CP60= 58,1 mmol L-1, 49,4 mg dL-1, 5,9; CP180= 44,0 mmol L-1, 46,4 mg dL-1, 6,1. Os carboidratos não estruturais e amido, aliados à fibra e proteína, contribuíram para que ocorresse o efeito associativo positivo na mistura 50:50 cana/silagem. Isso pode ter propiciado os melhores resultados de desempenho em bovinos devido ao elevado padrão fermentativo.

Associativismo e comportamento eleitoral na eleição de 2002

A autora analisa a participação eleitoral em 2002, relacionando-a às formas de participação associativa. A hipótese testada é de que o eleitor com vínculos associativos tem maior participação eleitoral. Nesse sentido, os resultados sugerem que para os eleitores ativos há um perfil associado à participação em greves e filiação sindical mas, quanto à sua filiação partidária, sugerem que há outros fatores intervenientes na relação. O artigo utiliza os dados do ESEB 2002

Conteúdo de peptídeos e avaliação morfofisiológica dos espermatozóides do epidídimo e ejaculado de bovinos

Objetivou-se com este estudo a identificação de alguns fatores protéicos envolvidos na qualidade funcional dos espermatozóides epididimais (SPZEP) e ejaculados (SPZEJ) de bovinos. Foram avaliadas as características morfofisiológicas e analisado o conteúdo peptídico destas estruturas de 11 animais mestiços Nelore, de 24 a 30 meses de idade. As avaliações morfofisiológicas foram motilidade progressiva (MOT, %), vigor, patologias espermáticas, integridade acrossômica e da cromatina. Foi observado que, os SPZEJ, na média, apresentaram MOT maior do que os SPZEP, 72,3 e 46,4%, respectivamente. Considerando as patologias espermáticas, taxas de defeitos maiores (DEFMAI), menores (DEFMEN) e totais (DEFTOT), houve diferença significativa entre as taxas dos DEFMEN e DEFTOT dos SPZEP e SPZEJ, sendo, em média, 91,1 e 8,5% e 95,4 e 11,8%, respectivamente. As taxas dos DEFMEN e DEFTOT dos SPZEP foram maiores em função da presença de espermatozóides com gotas citoplasmáticas distais. A análise das protéinas dos SPZEP e SPZEJ foi realizada por espectrometria de massa, método MALDI-TOF (matrix -assisted laser desorption/ionization - time of flight), e revelou presença de peptídeos de massa molecular variando de 1,1 a 26,3 kDa nos SPZEJ e de 1,1 a 11,6 kDa nos SPZEP. Foram identificados peptídeos de 10,6 e 13,4 kDa somente nos SPZEJ e de 6,8 kDa somente nos SPZEP. Foi observada relação do peptídeo de massa molecular de 7,4 kDa dos SPZEP e de 4,7 kDa dos SPZEJ, com a MOT Ê 80%, destas estruturas. Os resultados sugerem o envolvimento destes peptídeos nos processos funcionais das células espermáticas do epidídimo e ejaculado. O estudo utilizou o método MALDI/TOF para espectrômetro de massa, para identificar peptídeos em espermatozóides do epidídimo de bovinos, pela primeira vez no País.

Rapid determination of furanocoumarins in creams and pomades using SPE and GC

A solid-phase extraction and chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method has been developed for the routine analysis of psoralen, bergapten, isopimpinellin and pimpinellin in creams and pomades employed in Brazil for the treatment of vitiligo. The calibration curve for psoralen was linear in the range 10-100 mu g ml(-1), for bergapten 5-90 mu g ml(-1), for pimpinellin 10-90 mu g ml(-1) and for isopimpinellin 5-100 mu g ml(-1). The best recoveries of the furanocoumarins in the creams analysed were 94-97%, whereas in the pomades, recoveries were 94-96%. The R.S.D. of the quantitative analysis of the furanocoumarins in the products analyses were within 5%. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical simulation of magnetic-field-enhanced plasma immersion ion implantation in cylindrical geometry

Recent studies have demonstrated that the sheath dynamics in plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is significantly affected by an external magnetic field. In this paper, a two-dimensional computer simulation of a magnetic-field-enhanced PHI system is described. Negative bias voltage is applied to a cylindrical target located on the axis of a grounded vacuum chamber filled with uniform molecular nitrogen plasma. A static magnetic field is created by a small coil installed inside the target holder. The vacuum chamber is filled with background nitrogen gas to form a plasma in which collisions of electrons and neutrals are simulated by the Monte Carlo algorithm. It is found that a high-density plasma is formed around the target due to the intense background gas ionization by the magnetized electrons drifting in the crossed E x B fields. The effect of the magnetic field intensity, the target bias, and the gas pressure on the sheath dynamics and implantation current of the PHI system is investigated.

Poole-Frenkel effect in amorphous poly(p-phenylene sulfide)

The conductivity of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) amorphous samples sandwiched between metallic electrodes has been studied as a function of applied voltage, temperature, and electrode material. The voltage (U) dependence of the currents for electric fields within the range 10(3)-10(6) V/cm exhibits exp beta U-1/2 behavior with beta = beta(Schottky) below the glass transition temperature (T-g congruent to 90 degrees C), and beta = beta(Poole-Frenkel) above T-g. Coordinated temperature measurements of de currents with different metallic contacts and thermally stimulated currents (TSC) indicate, however, that the conductivity at T < T-g is consistent with the so-called ''anomalous'' Poole-Frenkel effect rather than the Schottky effect. Consequently, the p-type conductivity in amorphous PPS is proposed to be a bulk-limited process due to ionization of two different types of acceptor centers in the presence of neutral hole traps. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Qualitative determination of indole alkaloids, triterpenoids and steroid of Tabernaemontana hilariana

This paper reports the separation and identification of indole alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids from the ethanolic extracts of Tabernaemontana hilariana (Apocynaceae). The alkaloidal fractions from the ethanolic extracts obtained (root barks, green fruits, ripe fruits and seeds) were fractionated and analysed by thin-layer chromatography, capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (cGC-FID) as well as by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS). 3-Hydroxycoronaridine, ibogamine, coronaridine pseudoindoxyl, coronaridine, catharanthine, voacangine hydroxyindolenine, voacangine pseudoindoxyl, tabernanthine, tetraphyllicine, 3-hydroxyvoacangine, voacangine, isovoacangine and 3-oxocoronaridine were identified. The insoluble fraction of ethanolic extracts obtained from the root barks and green fruits were analysed and ten aliphatic constituents were also identified by cGC-FID and HRGC-MS. (C) 1998 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Rapid degradation of propanil in rice crop fields

Propanil and its major degradation product, 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), were monitored in surface water and soil samples from two rice fields of the Ebre Delta area (Tarragona, Spain) following agricultural application. On-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) (water) and Soxhlet extraction (soil) followed by liquid chromatography/diode array detection (LC/DAD) were used for the trace determination of both compounds. Unequivocal confirmation/identification was conducted by using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry, LC/APCI/MS (using negative and positive ionization modes). Concentrations of the herbicide propanil in water samples varied from 1.9 to 55.9 mu g/L. Propanil degraded very rapidly to DCA, and high concentrations of this product were found, varying from 16.5 to 470 mu g/L in water and 119 +/- 22 mu g/kg in soil samples. No detectable DCA (<0.001%) was found in the applied pesticide formulation, indicating that DCA formation took place after propanil application. These field results compared favorably with laboratory experiments showing that humic interactions had a strong influence on the pesticide degradation. The half-lifes under real conditions for propanil and DCA, calculated using a first-order decay, were 1.2 and 1.6 days, respectively.

Unusual early morning development of the equatorial anomaly in the Brazilian sector during the Halloween magnetic storm

The solar events that occurred at the end of October 2003 gave rise to very strong geomagnetic disturbances that peaked twice with Dst values reaching -345 nT around 0000 UT on 30 October and -400 nT around 2300 UT, on the same day. Disturbances in several ionospheric parameters were observed over Brazil. This work will focus on the ionospheric response to the initial westward prompt penetration electric field and on the strong intensification of the equatorial ionization anomaly that occurred because of the electric field polarity reversal that followed in the early morning hours of 29 October. The F layer peak height over the equator first decreased under the strong prompt penetration westward electric field, which was followed by significant height increase under eastward electric field. We have used Sheffield University Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model (SUPIM) with an intensified westward disturbed electric field in the presunrise hours, presumably due to prompt penetration from the magnetosphere, in order to study the effect of such a field in the ionosphere. The simulation results showed that prompt penetration of magnetospheric electric fields of westward polarity to the nightside equatorial region seems to be the most probable cause of the initial F layer height decreases. The intensification of the equatorial ionization anomaly and the unusual enhancement on F layer peak density, which was not modeled by the SUPIM, are explained as caused by the strong eastward electric field that followed the initial phase in combination with a highly variable disturbed meridional/transequatorial wind system as inferred from the F2 layer peak height variations. The highly dynamic wind pattern, with a short-term response (2-4 hours), is compatible with the predictions of some previous theoretical model calculations reported in the literature.

Global yields, chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction

Clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum) extracts were obtained with supercritical CO2. Clove basil was cultivated using 0, 4, 8 and 12 kg/m(2) of organic fertilizer and was harvested in four seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn, in the Southern Hemisphere. The extracts' global yields were determined at 40C and 150 bar for samples from all cultivation conditions and harvesting seasons. For selected samples, the extracts' global yields at 40C were determined for pressures of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 bar. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Antioxidant activity (AA) was assessed using the coupled reaction of beta-caroteneand linolenic acid. The extracts' global yields varied from 0.91 to 1.79% (dry basis), and the AAs varied from 62 to 84% compared with the control beta-carotene. Eugenol and beta-selinene were the major compounds. The relative proportion of eugenol varied from 35 to 60%, while the content of beta-selinene remained approximately constant (11.5-14.1%, area). The other substances quantified in the extracts were 1,8 cineole, trans-caryophyllene and alpha-selinene.

Poole-Frenkel effect in Er doped SnO2 thin films deposited by sol-gel-dip-coating

Electrical properties of Er-doped SnO2 thin films obtained by sol-gel-dip-coating technique were measured. When compared to undoped tin dioxide, rare-earth doped films present much higher resistivity, indicating that Er3+ presents an acceptor-like character into the matrix, which leads to a high degree of electric charge compensation. Current-voltage characteristics, measured above room temperature for Er-doped films, lead to non-linear behavior and two conduction regimes. In the lower electric field range the conduction is dominated by Schottky emission over the grain boundary potential barrier, which presents an average value of 0.85 eV. Increasing the applied bias, a second regime of conduction is observed, since the Poole-Frenkel coulombic barrier lowering becomes a significant effect. The obtained activation energy for ionization is 0.67 eV. (C) 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Phentolamine bioequivalence study

Objective: To assess the bioequivalence of 2 tablet formulations of phentolamine (Regitine phentolamine 40 mg tablet formulation by Novartis, Brazil, as test formulation, and Vasomax, phentolamine 40 mg tablet formulation by Schering Plough S.A., Brazil, as reference formulation). Methods: A single 40 mg oral dose of each formulation was administered to 36 male healthy volunteers. The study was conducted after screening, using an open, randomized, 2-period crossover design, a 7-day interval between doses, and wash-out period of at least 4 weeks. Plasma samples for determination of phentolarnine were obtained predose and at intervals over 720 min postdose. Plasma concentrations were quantified by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with positive ion electrospray ionization using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) method. Precision of the method was evaluated using calibration curves and plasma quality control samples. The subjects were monitored throughout the study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate measurement were taken predose and at intervals up to 720 min. Tolerance of both products was good. No serious adverse reactions were reported. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for both compounds included: AUC((0-720 min)), AUC((0-infinity)), C-max,C- C-max/AUC((0-720 min),) t(max), t(1/2) and k(c). Results: the maximum concentrations reached (Cmax) were compared. Regitine 40 mg formulation C-max geometric mean ratio was 108.29% (90% Cl = 98.58 - 118.96) of Vasomax 40 mg formulation. The areas under the curve (AUC((0-720 min))) were compared. Regitine 40 formulation (AUC((0-720 min)) geometric mean ratio was 102.33% (90% Cl = 97.21 - 107.72) of Vasomax 40 mg formulation. Conclusion: Since the 90% Cl for both Cmax and AUC ratio where inside the 80 to 125% interval proposed by the Food and Drug Administration, it is concluded that Regitine 40 mg tablet is bioequivalent to Vasomax for the rate and extent of absorption.

Bioavailability of synthetic and biosynthetic deuterated lycopene in humans

Current knowledge of the bioavailability of lycopene in humans is limited due to the inability to distinguish newly administered lycopene from the body reserves of lycopene. A quantitative method to assess the absorption and relative bioavailability of newly absorbed synthetic or natural lycopene was developed using two deuterated lycopene sources, in conjunction with an advanced LC/APCI-MS (liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry) to analyze newly absorbed lycopene in blood samples of study subjects. Two subjects (1 male and 1 female) consumed hydroponically grown tomatoes containing deuterium-enriched lycopene (8084 g wet weight tomato containing 16.3 and 17.4 mu mol lycopene, respectively) and two subjects (1 male, and 1 female) consumed 11 mu mol synthetic H-2(10) lycopene in 6 g of corn oil. Tomatoes were steamed and pureed. The doses were given together with a liquid formulated drink with 25% energy from fat. Our results showed that up to 34 days after taking an oral 2 1110 lycopene dose (synthetic or from tomato) with a liquid formula drink, the area under the curve of the average serum percent enrichment response of synthetic lycopene reached 33.9 (+/- 1.7) nmol-day/mu mol lycopene in the dose, whereas that of lycopene from the tomato dose was 11.8 (+/- 0.3) nmol-day/mu mol lycopene in the dose. Our study provides evidence that the absorption of physiological levels of lycopene in intrinsically labeled tomatoes can be studied in humans. From these preliminary investigations, we find that the bioavailability of synthetic lycopene in oil appears to be about three times higher than that of lycopene from steamed and pureed tomatoes. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Resíduos de fentoato em tomate

The objective of the present research was to study the degradation and the persistence of phenthoate (Elsan 50 CE) residues in tomato fruits. The experiment was set in a tomato field located in Mombuca, State of São Paulo, Brazil, after 45 days from seedlings transplantation. Dosages of 600 (A), 800 (B), 1200 (C) and 1600 g a.i./ha (D) were sprayed at the beginning of the ripening period of fruits. Samples of 15 fruits each were collected 1, 4, 10, 20 and 40 days after products spraying. The utilized procedure consisted of extraction with acetone and purification by partition with dichloromethane. The purified extract was concentrated and injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with alkaly flame ionization detector (AFID). The limits of detection were of 0,01 ppm for this product. The recovery percentage from fortified samples varied from 60 to 81%. The degradation and the persistence half-lives were 1 to 2 and 3 to 6 days for phenthoate, respectively.