La inseminación artificial y su futuro en Nicaragua

I. Reseña histórica de la Inseminación Artificial II. Anatomía y Fisiología del Aparato Reproductor Masculino III. Anatomía y Fisiología del Aparato Reproductor Femenino IV. Qué es la Inseminación Artificial V. Técnica de la Inseminación Artificial VI. Técnicas de preparación del semen VII. Determinación de la Preñez VIII. Actualidad de la Inseminación Artificial IX. Cooperativas de Inseminación Artificial Bibliografía

Andrología e inseminación artificial

Calificación de la aptitud reproductiva del toro 5; ii. Pubertad del macho bovino 7; iii. Organos reproductivos del toro 9; 3.1 Examen morfológico de los órganos genitales 10; 3.2 Perímetro escrotal 11; iv. Examen biológico del semen 13; v. Patologías testiculares hereditarias 16; vi. Patologías adquiridas de origen inflamatorio 18; vii. Degeneración testicular (basado en roberts) 20; viii. Patologías a nivel de epidídimo 24; ix. Patologías de glándulas vesiculares 28; x. Alteración de la próstata 30; xi. Patologías del prepucio 31; xii. Patologias penianas 32; xiii. Lugar de depósito del semen según especie 35; xiv. Comportamiento sexual del toro 39; xv. Patologías hereditarias 42; xvi. Formulación de un diagnóstico andrológico 46; xvii. Bases de la conservación de semen bovino 48; xviii. Inseminación artificial de la vaca con semen congelado bovino 53; xix. Comparación de la fertilidad de semen bovino con y sin adición de antibióticos 61; xx. Trastornos del ciclo y ovario en la vaca 64; xxi. Criterios genéticos para la selección de toros para lecheria 67; xxii. criterios genéticos para la selección de vacas y vaquillas de lechería 68; xxiii. Biotecnología en reproducción animal 69; xxiv. Manejo reproductivo del rebaño bovino con énfasis en brucelosis bovina 76; xxv. Calificación de la condición corporal en el ganado lechero 84; xxxvi. Análisis de un programa de salud reproductiva en la produccion de vacas lecheras en la provincial de llanquihue 85; conclusiones 88; Bibliografía 89

A new dynamic model for study of dislocation pattern formation

Based on the principle given in nonlinear diffusion-reaction dynamics, a new dynamic model for dislocation patterning is proposed by introducing a relaxation time to the relation between dislocation density and dislocation flux. The so-called chemical potential like quantities, which appear in the model can be derived from variation principle for free energy functional of dislocated media, where the free energy density function is expressed in terms of not only the dislocation density itself but also their spatial gradients. The Linear stability analysis on the governing equations of a simple dislocation density shows that there exists an intrinsic wave number leading to bifurcation of space structure of dislocation density. At the same time, the numerical results also demonstrate the coexistence and transition between different dislocation patterns.

Formation, microstructure and development of the localized shear deformation in low-carbon steels

An investigation has been made into the effect of microstructural parameters on the propensity for forming shear localization produced during high speed torsional testing by split Hopkinson bar with different average rates of 610, 650 and 1500 s(-1) in low carbon steels. These steels received the quenched, quenched and tempered as well as normalized treatments that provide wide microstructural parameters and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the occurrence of the shear localization is susceptible to the strength of the steels. In other words, the tendency of the quenched steel to form a shear band is higher than that of the other two steels. It is also found that there is a critical strain at which the shear localization occurs in the steels. The critical strain value is strongly dependent on the strength of the steels. Before arriving at this point, the material undergoes a slow work-hardening. After this point, the material suffers work-softening, corresponding to a process during which the deformation is gradually localized and eventually becomes spatially correlated to form a macroscopic shear band. Examinations by SEM reveal that the shear localization within the band involves a series of sequential crystallographic and non-crystallographic events including the change in crystal orientation, misorientation, generation and even perhaps damage in microstructures such as the initiation, growth and coalescence of the microcracks. It is expected that the sharp drop in the load-carrying capacity is associated with the growth and coalescence of the microcracks rather than the occurrence of the shear localization, but the shear localization is seen to accelerate the growth and coalescence of the microcracks. The thin foil observations by TEM reveal that the density of dislocations in the band is extremely high and the tangled arrangement and cell structure of dislocations tends to align along the shear direction. The multiplication and interaction of dislocations seems to be responsible for work-hardening of the steels. The avalanche of the dislocation cells corresponds to the sharp drop in shear stress at which the deformed specimen is broken. Double shear bands and kink bands are also observed in the present study. The principal band develops first and its width is narrower than that of the secondary band.

Formation of shear bands in plane sheet

The formation of shear bands in plane sheet is studied, both analytically and experimentally, to enhance the fundamental understanding of this phenomenon and to develop a capability for predicting material failure. The evolution of voids is measured and its interaction with the process of shear banding is examined. The evolving dilatancy in plasticity is shown to have a vital role in analysing the shear-band type of bifurcation, and tremendously reduces the theoretical value of critical stresses. The analyses, referring to both localized and diffuse modes of bifurcation, fairly explain the corresponding observations obtained through testing a dual-phase steer sheet and provide a justification of the constitutive model used.