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能量代谢指动物在进行生理活动(如摄食、消化以及动物的活动等)时所消耗能量的总和,一般以动物的呼吸率利排泄率来估计动物的能量代谢。其主要研究内容是闸明生物能量代谢的基木规律以及与环境闪子的关系。菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphil ippmarum)是我国一种重要的养殖贝类,关于其能量代谢的研究却较少,这种状况妨碍了菲律宾蛤仔养殖生态理论的完善和养殖技术的提高。本研究主要对菲律宾蛤仔呼吸率和排泄率的基本规律(能量代谢与体重的关系、能量代谢的昼夜变化)及其与环境因子(饵料浓度、水温、栖息底质环境)的关系进行探讨。研究结果如下:1.不同体重菲律宾蛤仔代谢率小同。实验川菲律宾蛤仔分三种大小:l(干肉重为0.07-0.14g)、ll(干肉重0.27-0.34g)、III(干肉重0.45~0.63g)。温度包括:26℃(八月)、20℃(十月)、1 5℃(十二月)、9℃(一月)。实验共设四个饵料浓度:2.28±0.25,6.454±0.44,10.284±0.82,15.414±1.56mgTPM/L(TPM,总颗粒物),饵料中POM(颗粒有机物)含量都为4.68±1.64 mg/L。常温下菲律宾蛤仔代谢率随着体重的增大而增大。15℃、20~C、26℃时蛤仔呼吸率与干肉重呈明显的幂函数关系R=aW~b,a值变动范围为0.1076-0.3309;b值变动范围为0.239l~0.8381;蛤仔排泄率与干肉重也呈明显的幂函数关系N=aW~b,a值变动范围为14.213~68.362:b值变动范围为0.3673-1.1 532。9℃(饵料浓度为2.28±0.25mgTPM/L)、20℃(饵料浓度为10.284-0.82mgTPM/L)、26℃(饵料浓度为6.454±0.44mgTPM/L)时不同体重蛤仔氧氮比差异显著,其它情况下不同体重蛤仔氧氮比差异不显著。2.常温下菲律宾蛤仔代谢率受饵料浓度的影响,不同大小蛤仔受饵料浓度的影响程度不同。I组蛤仔呼吸率受饵料浓度的显著影响,II组III组蛤仔呼吸率只在9℃(一月)和26~C(八月)时受饵料浓度的显著影响。26℃时影响最显著,26℃时I组蛤仔在饵料浓度为2.28±0.25,6.45±0.44,l0.28±0.82,15.4l±1.56mgTPM/L时呼吸率分别是O.086,0.146,0.073,0.093(mlO_2/h);ll组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中呼吸率分别是0.138,0.214,0.J 26,0.12l(mlO_2/h);III组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中呼吸率分别是0.129,0.266,0.186,0.192(mlO_2/h)。菲律宾蛤仔呼吸率在饵料浓度为6.45±0.44 mgTPM/L时最高,蛤仔呼吸率在其它饵料浓度时都会降低。菲律宾蛤仔排泄率在饵料浓度为10.28±0.82 mgTPM/L和15.4l士1.56mgTPM/L时显著高于其它浓度组,9℃时这种趋势更明显,9℃时饵料浓度为2.28±0.25,6.454±044,lO.284±0.82,15.41±1.56mgTPM/L中I组蛤仔排泄率分别是4.297,2.874,8.003,6.658(μgNH_3-N/h);II组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中排泄率分别是4.011,3.609,10.427,12.732(μgNH_3-N/h);III组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中排泄率分别是2.28 l,6.452,10.283,15.417(μgNH_3-N/h)。3.菲律宾蛤仔代谢率受自然温度的显著影Ⅱ向。I组蛤仔在9℃、15℃、20℃、26℃时呼吸率平均为0.057,0.085,0.039,O.099;II组蛤仔在上述四个温度中呼吸率平均为0.08,O.128,0.089,0.149(mlO_2/h),I组和II组蛤仔在9℃和20~C时呼吸率较低,在26℃时呼吸率最高。III组蛤仔在上述四个温度中呼吸率平均为0.09,O.1 59,O.143,O.193(mlO_2/h),在9℃时llI组蛤仔呼吸率显著低于其它温度组。温度为9℃、15℃、20℃、26℃时l组蛤仔排泄率平均为5.458,13.169,4.946,11.138(μgNH_3-N/h):II组蛤仔在上述温度中排泄率平均为7.695,23.578,8.319,23.90l(μgNH_3-N/h);III组蛤仔在上述温度中排泄率平均为11.738,27.443,15.658,35.407(μgNH_3-N/h),蛤仔排泄率在15℃和26℃时均高于9℃和20℃。4.摄食状态与饥饿状态菲律宾蛤仔代谢率有明显不同。26℃时蛤仔静止状态呼吸率平均为0.336(m102/g干重.h),摄食状态呼吸率平均为0.656(ml0_2干重.h),摄食状态呼吸率比静止状态平均升高了0 32(ml0_2/g干重.h);26℃时蛤仔静止状态排泄率平均为39.471(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),摄食状态排泄率平均为88.08(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),摄食状态排泄率比静止状态排泄率平均升高了48.6(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h)。摄食状态代谢率平均是静止状态的2~3倍。根据摄食引起的呼吸率和排泄率升高量得出每氧化产生lμgNH_3-N需0_2量平均为7.05μl。5.人工控制温度对菲律宾蛤仔代谢率有明显影响。不同大小蛤仔受温度的影响程度不同。在温度5℃、10℃、l 5℃、20℃、26℃,I组和II组蛤仔呼吸率都随着温度的升高而升高,在10℃~l5℃和20℃~26℃这二个温度变化范围内呼吸率变化最大,在20℃~26℃时I组蛤仔呼吸率变动范围为O.85~1.04(m10_2/g干重.h)、II组蛤仔变动范围为0.57~0.86(ml0_2/g干重.h)。III组蛤仔呼吸率只在5℃~l0℃时明显增高,变动范围为0.09~0.5l(m10_2/g干重.h),在10℃~26℃范围内变化不大。I组和II组蛤仔排泄率随着温度的升高而升高,变动幅度较大,在5℃~26℃范围内其排泄率变动范围为10.32~81.53(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h);而 III组蛤仔排泄率只在5℃~15℃时随着温度的升高而升高,其排泄率变动范围为6.75~23.77(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),在15℃~26℃范围内几乎不变。III组蛤仔的适温范围比I组和II组蛤仔广。菲律宾蛤仔在5℃和10℃时氧氮比变化明显,变动范围为2.76~11.44,在15~26℃时变化不大。6.菲律宾蛤仔代谢率有明显的日节律性,呈正弦曲线型变化。蛤仔夜问代谢率明显升高。I组蛤仔夜间呼吸率平均为0.867(m10_2/g干重.h),白天呼吸率平均为O.504(m10_2/g干重.h);II组蛤仔夜间呼吸率平均为0.438(m10_2/g干重.h),白天呼吸率平均为0.36l(m102/g干重.h);III组蛤仔夜间呼吸率平均为0.409(m10_2/g干重.h),白天呼吸率平均为0.252(m102/g干重.h)。在22:00-23:00菲律宾蛤仔呼吸率最高。7.底质环境对菲律宾蛤仔的代谢率有明显影响。在饥饿状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中呼吸率平均为l 406(m10_2/g干重h),在无泥沙环境中呼吸率平均为O.963(ml0_2/g干重.h);摄食状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中呼吸率平均为1.59l(m102/g干重.h),在无泥沙环境中呼吸率平均为1.115(m10_2/g干重.h)。在饥饿状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中排泄率平均为78.934(μgNH_3-N/g 干重.h),在无泥沙环境巾排泄率平均为45.043(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h);摄食状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中排泄率平均为87.12l(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),在无泥沙底质中排泄率平均为58.354(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h)。蛤仔在泥沙环境中呼吸率和排泄率都明显升高。

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海湾扇贝Argopecten irradian Lamarck于1982年从美国引种到中国,由于具有较快的生长速度和很高的经济效益,海湾扇贝成为中国最主要的养殖贝类之一。近年来海湾扇贝养殖遇到了死亡率高等问题,深入开展海湾扇贝功能基因的研究,尤其是免疫相关基因及其机制研究并在此基础上寻找扇贝疾病防治的有效方法对海湾扇贝的健康养殖十分重要。 对于贝类免疫系统来说,其血细胞在先天性免疫防御中起着重要的作用。当受到外界病原侵染时,贝类血细胞的一个重要免疫反应就是吞噬作用。在吞噬病原过程中,受到病原侵染的贝类还会产生其他多种免疫反应,这些免疫反应将消耗大量的能量(ATP),产能的呼吸链会加速运转,由此也会引发与呼吸链相耦联的活性氧(ROS)的大量产生。这些活性氧具有极强的反应特性,能破坏病原微生物的结构和功能分子,实现对入侵病原的杀灭。利用活性氧对被吞噬的病原进行杀灭,这是吞噬作用消除病原抵御侵染的重要机制。但由于活性氧分子反应的非特异性,它们也会破坏宿主机体细胞内的功能蛋白分子、不饱和脂肪酸分子和核酸等,对细胞造成严重的伤害,进而导致机体生理机能的损伤和免疫系统的破坏。所以,及时消除病原感染机体内过量产生的ROS,维持相关细胞的正常代谢,对提高机体抵抗力和免疫力具有重要的作用。O2-是生物体内产生的第一种活性氧分子,其他的活性氧分子也是由它衍生而来,消除过量O2-是消除过量活性氧危害的第一步也是关键一步。生物体内,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是催化O2-发生歧化反应,消除O2-的关键酶。 首先,本文通过RACE方法获得了海湾扇贝SOD家族全部三种基因的cDNA全长并对其进行了序列的生物信息学分析,海湾扇贝AiCuZnSOD全长cDNA为1047个碱基,其中开放阅读框为459个碱基,编码152个氨基酸,与栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri的CuZnSOD相似度为77.5%,与长牡蛎Crassostrea gigas的相似度为75%,与人的相似度为74.7%。AiMnSOD全长cDNA为1207个碱基,其中开放阅读框为678个碱基,编码226个氨基酸,序列比对结果发现AiMnSOD的氨基酸序列与虾夷扇贝Mizuhopecten yessoensis和皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai的相似度分别为85%和78.4%,与哺乳动物相似度也在68%~72%之间。AiECSOD全长cDNA为893个碱基,其中开放阅读框为657个碱基,编码218个氨基酸。AiECSOD与其它物种ECSOD相似度比较低。与线虫Brugia pahangi的相似度为27.9%,与疟蚊Anopheles gambiae的相似度为31.4%,与斑马鱼Danio rerio的相似度为27.8%,与人的相似度也只有28.6%,与同是贝类的长牡蛎ECSOD也只有28.1%的相似性。主要原因是AiECSOD的信号肽和肝磷脂结合区域在各物种中无同源性。 其次,采用qRT-PCR(quantitative real time PCR)方法分析三种SOD基因在不同组织中的表达情况,结果表明三种SOD基因的组织表达有所差异。AiCuZnSOD基因在鳃中表达水平最高,其次是血细胞和性腺,在外套膜、闭壳肌和肝胰脏表达水平较低。AiMnSOD基因在鳃中表达水平最高,其次是外套膜,在血细胞、性腺,而在肝胰脏和闭壳肌表达较弱。AiECSOD基因在血细胞中表达水平最高,其次是肝胰脏,在鳃、闭壳肌表达水平较低,而性腺和外套膜没有检测到。同时,采用qRT-PCR对鳗弧菌Vibrio angullarum感染后海湾扇贝血细胞中三种SOD基因mRNA表达变化进行了检测。AiCuZnSOD表达量在各个时间段没有显著差异(P > 0.05)。AiMnSOD的表达量在1.5 h时略有下降,在3 h时达到最高表达量,是空白组(0h)的3倍(P < 0.01),从6 h到24 h表达量逐渐下降,24 h时表达量是空白组的1.6倍,24 h到48 h又稍有升高。AiECSOD的表达量在1.5 h时有所下降,是空白组的0.3倍(P < 0.05),随后逐渐升高,在12 h时达到最高表达量,是空白组(0h)的4.5倍(P < 0.01),从24 h到48 h表达量逐渐下降并恢复到空白组的水平。在对照组,各个时间点没有显著差异(P > 0.05)。在鳗弧菌感染后,海湾扇贝三种SOD的表达并不一致,且差异比较显著。AiCuZnSOD被认为是构成性表达基因,其受外界刺激的影响最小,AiMnSOD和AiECSOD受刺激后表达上调比较明显。 第三,采用Genome-walking的方法得到了海湾扇贝三种SOD基因的基因组全长和近端启动子序列并对其进行了相关分析。AiCuZnSOD的基因组序列全长为4279bp,包含有4个外显子和3个内含子。AiMnSOD的基因组序列全长为10692bp,包含有4个外显子和3个内含子。AiECSOD的基因组序列全长为5276bp,包含有5个外显子和4个内含子。三种基因外显子和内含子的结合处序列遵循-AT/GT-原则。我们把海湾扇贝SOD家族的三个基因的近端启动子进行了比较分析。发现三种SOD在靠近起始密码子的位置都有Oct-1结合位点。三种SOD共有的转录位点有:Oct-1、C/EBPalp、Oct2.1、Sp-1和GATA-1。AiCuZnSOD和AiMnSOD共有的转录位点有:ICSBP、Ftz、TATA-box、C/EBPbeta和Antp。AiCuZnSOD和AiECSOD共有的转录位点有:AP-1和NFκB。AiMnSOD和AiECSOD共有的转录位点有:GR和ER。AiCuZnSOD独有的位点有:SRF、YY-1和NF-1。AiMnSOD独有的位点有:HNF-1、Hb、MEB、NF-muE1、Pit-1a和Eve。AiECSOD独有的位点有:CREB、RATA-alph、Kruppel-like和AP-3。 此外,通过构建原核表达载体,本研究对AiCuZnSOD和AiECSOD基因进行了体外重组表达,并对纯化的重组蛋白进行了酶活分析。酶活分析表明,重组AiCuZnSOD蛋白有较高的酶活和稳定性。 最后,我们对海湾扇贝三种SOD基因的部分区域,包括启动子、编码区,部分内含子区域进行了SNP检测,并对SOD基因部分SNP位点多态性和鳗弧菌敏感性进行了相关分析。三种SOD基因中,我们共发现了59个SNP位点,其中AiECSOD的SNP位点最多,特别是在启动子区,AiCuZnSOD和AiMnSOD多态性较低。其中AiCuZnSOD启动子区的-1739 T-C 位点的基因型和等位基因,AiECSOD启动子区的-498 A-T和-267 G-A等位基因频率,AiECSOD的第一个外显子38 Thr-Lys的多态性在敏感和抗菌群体中存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。

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本文对真鲷心跳期胚胎对5种常用渗透性抗冻剂(DMSO、甘油、甲醇、丙二醇、乙二醇)和3种非渗透性抗冻剂(PVP、PEG-8000、蔗糖)的耐受性进行了研究。渗透性抗冻剂分6个浓度梯度(5%;10%;15%;20%;25%;30%)和3个时间组(10min;30min;1h)。非渗透性抗冻剂中,PVP、PEG-8000分3个浓度梯度(5%、10%、15%)和2个时间组(10min、30min),蔗糖为4个浓度梯度(5%、10%、15%、20%)和2个时间组(10min、30min)。实验结果表明,在渗透性抗冻剂组中,浓度为5%的处理组的孵化率(>90%)与对照组差异均不显著,随着抗冻剂浓度增大及处理时间的延长,真鲷心跳期胚胎的孵化率显著下降(P<0.05),在最高浓度的最长处理时间中胚胎孵化率均降到了0。总体上,真鲷心跳期胚胎对五种渗透性抗冻剂的耐受性从小到大依次为:甲醇 < 甘油 < 乙二醇 < DMSO < 丙二醇。对影响胚胎孵化率的三个因素(抗冻剂、浓度、时间)进行的因素效应分析结果表明,三种因素对孵化率的影响显著(P<0.05),并且浓度效应 > 时间效应 > 抗冻剂效应。在非渗透性抗冻剂组中,蔗糖组胚胎孵化率未呈显著变化;PVP组随着浓度及时间的增大,孵化率显著下降(P<0.05);PEG-8000组随着浓度增大孵化率显著下降(P<0.05),但在两个时间组间差异不显著。相同处理情况下PEG-8000对真鲷心跳期胚胎的毒性要小于PVP。因素效应分析比较结果表明仅时间效应不显著,且抗冻剂效应 > 浓度效应 > 时间效应。 对所用各种抗冻剂进行了渗透压测量,实验中使用的渗透性抗冻剂(5%-30%)的渗透压值在959-7980mOsm/kg之间,均高于使用海水的渗透压值(919mOsm/kg);使用的非渗透性抗冻剂的渗透压值在316-1040mOsm/kg之间,除20%蔗糖渗透压值(1040mOsm/kg)高于海水外,其他非渗透性抗冻剂的渗透压值均要低于海水。对孵化率与相应的溶液渗透压值进行相关回归分析结果表明,渗透性抗冻剂的渗透压与孵化率呈显著的负相关(P<0.05),而非渗透性抗冻剂的渗透压与孵化率相关不显著。渗透性抗冻剂组的回归分析结果表明,二次方程的曲线拟合度最高,得到的回归方程分别为:Y10min = -2×10-8X2 10min - 6×10-5 X 10min + 1.5635 (R2 = 0.713),Y30min= 5×10-8X2 30min-0.0007 X 30min + 2.097(R2 = 0.681),Y1h = 7×10-8X2 1h-0.0008 X 1h+ 2.0397(R2= 0.725)。 在真鲷胚胎对抗冻剂耐受性实验的基础上,挑选五种抗冻剂--10%DMSO、5%甘油、10%甲醇、20%丙二醇、10%乙二醇,浸泡真鲷心跳期胚胎30min后,分别以超速(130℃/min)、快速(20℃/min)、慢速(3℃/min)的速度降温并使用低温显微镜进行观察,依次记录Toif(油球结冰)、Teif(胚胎外部结冰)、Tiif(胚胎内部结冰)等结冰点,Toif值在-9~-23℃之间;Teif值在-21~-35℃之间;Tiif值在-21~-52℃之间。结冰顺序为先油球结冰,然后胚胎外部结冰随之内部马上瞬间变黑形成内部冰晶。随着降温速度的提高,各结冰温度值显著下降。各抗冻剂之间的Teif及Tiif值不同,Toif值之间没有显著差异。对两种玻璃化冷冻方法进行模拟观察,发现胚胎冰晶形成的顺序与非玻璃化过程不同--先内部结冰然后逐渐蔓延至外部形成外部冰晶,而且模拟玻璃化的内部结冰温度Tiif值(-52.56℃)显著(P<0.05)低于使用低浓度的同种抗冻剂超速降温组的Tiif值(-40.11℃)。在快速及慢速降温组中,20%丙二醇组的Tiif要显著的低于其他组(P<0.05);在超速降温中,甲醇组的Tiif值要显著的低于其他组(P<0.05)。在Tiif小于30℃的实验组中获得形态完整胚胎的比例平均仅有30.77%;在Tiif大于30℃的实验组中获得形态完整胚胎的平均比例高达70.37%,模拟玻璃化组达到100%。各抗冻剂之间,复温后胚胎形态完整率10%甲醇组最高(77.78%);其次依次为10%乙二醇(66.67%)、20%丙二醇(55.56%)和10%DMSO(55.56%);5%甘油组最低(11.11%);推测甲醇的对胚胎的渗透效果要好于其他组。综上推测:使用丙二醇、甲醇作为抗冻剂以及玻璃化冷冻保存方法对真鲷心跳期胚胎超低温保存也许较为合适。 我们对低温保存的真鲷精子核DNA损伤进行了研究以期为下一步胚胎遗传物质稳定性研究提供参考依据。研究方法为单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE),针对研究对象,在实验过程中对传统的碱性单细胞凝胶电泳在铺胶方法、电泳条件等进行了改进。对精子细胞进行预处理,在碱性电泳液中使核DNA双链解链变性后电泳,EB染色lOmin后,在荧光显微镜下观察,每次随机观察50个左右的核DNA。结果表明,对荧光显微镜下观察到的精子核按彗尾长度及荧光强度划分等级,出现损伤的精子核DNA的损伤程度主要为轻度损伤和中度损伤,很少见有完全损伤的真鲷精子核。经5%、10%、18%、20%、25%、30%DMSO冷冻保存后的精子彗星率分别为33.47% ± 8.95%; 35.91% ± 19.44%; 48.95% ± 8.90%; 43.33% ± 11.19%; 55.80% ± 38.94%。鲜精彗星率为31.43 % ± 2.68%。对比真鲷冷冻精液与新鲜精液的精子DNA的损伤状况,表明仅用30% DMSO冷冻精子DNA损伤状况与鲜精差异显著(P<0.05)。 综上所述,渗透性抗冻剂对胚胎的毒性与其渗透压值呈显著的负相关关系。丙二醇对真鲷心跳期胚胎毒性最小,甲醇较其他抗冻剂能更好的渗透入胚胎;玻璃化方法能显著降低Tiif值并能更好的保持超低温保存后胚胎的形态完整性,因此,使用丙二醇、甲醇作为抗冻剂以及玻璃化冷冻保存方法对真鲷心跳期胚胎超低温保存也许较为合适。常规使用的用于超低温保存真鲷精子的DMSO(浓度<15%)不会对精子核物质稳定性造成明显影响。由于胚胎较精子结构要复杂许多,对于真鲷胚胎损伤机理的研究还有大量工作可以开展。

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The concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), sedimentation flux, and various forms of phosphorus and silica in turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) in the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary was studied. Based on the budget of P and Si, their mass balances in the TMZ were calculated. Results show that the variation in concentration of dissolved inorganic silicon (DISi) was mainly controlled by seawater dilution, while that of dissolved inorganic phosphor-us (DIP) was considerably affected by the buffering of suspended matter and sediment. Our experiments showed that the sedimentation fluxes of SPM and particulate inorganic phosphorus (PIP), total particulate phosphorus (TPP), particulate inorganic silicon (PISi), and biological silicon (BSi) in the TMZ were 238.4 g m(-2) d(-1) and 28.3, 43.1, 79.0, 63.0 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively. In addition, a simple method to estimate the ratio of resuspension of sediment in the TMZ was established, with which the rate in surface and bottom waters of the TMZ accounted for 55.7 and 66.1% of the total SPM, respectively, indicating that the sediment resuspension in the TMZ influenced significantly the mass balances of P and Si. Particulate adsorbed P (60.8%) and 35.5% of total particulate P discharged from the river were filtered and then deposited in the TMZ. The input flux of PIP from the river mouth was 55.9% of that of DIP, being important as biologically available P, while that of PISi was only 3.5% of DISi, showing that particulate adsorbed Si was much less important than particulate adsorbed P. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Survival, growth and immune response of the scallop, Chlamys farreri, cultured in lantern nets at five different depths (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 m below the sea surface) were studied in Haizhou Bay during the hot season (summer and autumn) of 2007. Survival and growth rates were quantified bimonthly. Immune activities in hemolymph (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acid phosphatase (ACP)) were measured to evaluate the health of scallops at the end of the study. Environmental parameters at the five depths were also monitored during the experiment. Mortalities mainly occurred during summer. Survival of scallops suspended at 15 m (78.0%) and 20 m (86.7%) was significantly higher than at 2 m (62.9%), 5 m (60.8%) or 10 m (66.8%) at the end of the study. Mean shell height grew significantly faster at 10 m (205.0 mu m/d) and 20 m (236.9 mu m/d) than at 2, 5 or 15 m in summer (July 9 to September 1); however, shell growth rate at 20 m was significantly lower than at the other four depths in autumn (September 2 to November 6). In contrast to summer, scallops at 5 m grew faster (262.9 mu m/d) during autumn. The growth of soft tissue at different depths showed a similar trend to the shell. Growth rates of shell height and soft tissue were faster in autumn than in summer, with the exception of shell height at 20 m. SOD activity of scallops increased with depth, and ACP activity was significantly higher at 15 and 20 m than at other depths, which suggests that scallops were healthier near the bottom. Factors explaining the depth-related mortality and growth of scallops are also discussed. We conclude that the mass mortality of scallop, C. farreri, during summer can be prevented by moving the culture area to deeper water and yield can be maximized by suspending the scallops in deep water during summer and then transferring them to shallow water in autumn.

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Effects of stocking density on seston dynamics and filtering and biodeposition by the suspension-cultured Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston in a eutrophic bay (Sishili Bay, northern China), were determined in a 3-month semi-field experiment with continuous flow-through seawater from the bay. Results showed that the presence of the scallops could strongly decrease seston and chlorophyll a concentrations in the water column. Moreover, in a limited water column, increasing scallop density could cause seston depletion due to scallop's filtering and biodeposition process, and impair scallop growth. Both filtration rate and biodeposition rate of C. farreri showed significant negative correlation with their density and positive relationship with seston concentration. Calculation predicts that the daily removal of suspended matter from water column by the scallops in Sishili Bay ecosystem can be as high as 45% of the total suspended matter; and the daily production of biodeposits by the scallops in early summer in farming zone may amount to 7.78 g m(-2), with daily C, N and P biodeposition rates of 3.06 x 10(-1), 3.86 x 10(-2) and 9.80 x 10(-3) g m(-2), respectively. The filtering and biodeposition by suspension-cultured scallops could substantially enhance the deposition of total suspended particulate material, suppress accumulation of particulate organic matter in water column, and increase the flux of C, N and P to benthos, strongly enhancing pelagic-benthic coupling. It was suggested that the filtering-biodeposition process by intensively suspension-cultured bivalve filter-feeders could exert strong top-down control on phytoplankton biomass and other suspended particulate material in coastal ecosystems. This study also indicated that commercially suspension-cultured bivalves may simultaneously and potentially aid in mitigating eutrophication pressures on coastal ecosystems subject to anthropogenic N and P loadings, serving as a eutrophic-environment bioremediator. The ecological services (e.g. filtering capacity, top-down control, and benthic-pelagic coupling) functioned by extractive bivalve aquaculture should be emphasized in coastal ecosystems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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A base population of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck, was produced by crossing two cultured bay scallop populations. After 1 year of rearing, the top 10% truncation selection of the top 10% (i=1.755) was carried out in the base population of about 1300 adults. A control parental group with a an identical number to the select parental group was randomly selected from the entire population before isolation of the select parental group. The result showed that, at the larval stage, the growth rate of larvae in the selected line was significantly higher than that of the control (P < 0.05), and that the genetic gain was 6.78%. Owing to the lower density of control at the spat stage, the mean shell length of the control line was larger than that of the select line at day 100. When the same density was adjusted between two lines in the grow-out stage (from day 100 to 160), the daily growth rate of the selected line was significantly higher than that of the control line (P < 0.05). Survival of the select line was significantly larger than that of the control line in the grow-out stage. In conclusion, the results obtained from this experiment indicate that selective breeding from a base population with a high genetic diversity established by mass spawning between different populations appears to be a promising method of genetic improvement in bay scallop, A. irradians irradians Lamarck.

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为对比青海高原境内不同生境歧穗大黄中9种无机元素含量特征,用原子吸收光谱法分析了其宏量元素K、Na、Ca、Mg、P及微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量.结果表明,青海歧穗大黄植物与其土壤环境呈现出不同的无机元素含量特征,但一致表现为Ca和P在植物的富集,且植物中P含量随海拔升高而明显增加,Zn含量随海拔升高而增加.

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合成了新的荧光衍生试剂1-[2-(对甲苯磺酸酯)乙基]-2-苯基咪唑[4,5-f]9,10-菲(TsEPIP),并将其作为柱前衍生化试剂,在Eclipse XDB-C:色谱柱上采用梯度洗脱实现了11种长链(C_(20)~C_(30))游离脂肪酸(FFA)衍生物的基线分离。利用柱后在线的串联质谱并以大气压化学电离源(APCI)的正离子模式实现了各组分的质谱定性。对土壤及3种苔醉(东亚毛灰鲜、锦丝鲜、羽平鲜)中FFA组分的定量结果表明,苔鲜植物从土壤中富集了大量的长链游离脂肪酸。荧光检测的激发波长和发射波长分别为260 nm和380 nm。线性回归系数大于0.9996,检测限为26.19~76.67 fmol。所建立的方法具有良好的重现性,对实际样品的测定结果令人满意。

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目的 研究藏药市场上9种“藏茵陈”植物中有效化学成分,根据所含成分的差异及其生理活性,确定这些植物的药用价值。方法 采用HPLC法测定7种成分的量。结果 9种植物的有效成分差异很大。结论 针对不同的化学成分用途,选择不同的植物,有效利用资源。[著者文摘]

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采用涡度相关观测技术系统, 于2003年7月1日~2004年6月30日对青藏高原高寒草甸3种植被类型(矮嵩草草甸、金露梅灌丛草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸)生态系统CO2通量进行观测和分析. 结果表明, 嵩草草甸、灌丛草甸和沼泽化草甸CO2最大吸收率分别为16.78, 10.42和16.57 mmol/m2•s; 最大CO2排放率分别为8.22, 7.73和18.67 mmol/m2•s; 嵩草草甸和灌丛草甸一年从大气中分别吸收CO2 282和53 g/m2, 而沼泽草甸一年向大气排放CO2 478 g/m2. 证明青藏高原嵩草草甸和灌丛草甸比C4草原和一些低海拔草原和森林具有一个较低CO2吸收和排放量潜能, 而沼泽化草甸具有一个较高的排放潜能, 揭示了青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统不同植被类型的碳源/汇的明显差异, 主要是由植物光合能力不同和土壤呼吸差异引起的.

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目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定獐牙菜及其近缘植物中番木鳖酸、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、芒果苷的含量。方法:采用ZORBAX SB—C18(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,以流动相甲醇和水(含0.04%磷酸)的比例在0-24 min内由22:78至38:62线性梯度洗脱,流速1 mL•min~1,检测波长254 nm,柱温30℃。结果:4种成分均达到基线分离,番木鳖酸、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、芒果苷的线性范围分别为0.05—6.25μg(r=0.9999),0.0095—2.9 μg(r=0.9998),0.0486—2.56μg(r=0.9999),0.0056—2.8μg(r=0.9998);回收率为102%(RSD=4.4%),97.7%(RSD=4.3%),99.5%(RSD=3.5%),103%(RSD=1.1%)。结论:方法测定快速,结果准确、可靠。

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本文研究了青海葱属青甘韭 9个居群的染色体数目和核型。其中分布于湟源、西宁和共和海拔相对较低的地区的居群为 2倍体 ,核型公式为 2n =2x =16 =14m +2st (2SAT) (湟源居群和西宁居群 ) ,2n =2x =16 =12m +2sm +2st (2SAT) (共和居群 ) ;分布于玛沁、玉树、囊谦等高海拔地区的居群为 4倍体 ,核型公式为 2n =4x =32 =2 8m +4st (2SAT) (玉树居群 1和囊谦居群 1) ,2n =4x =32 =2 4m +4sm +4st (玛沁居群和玉树居群 3)和 2n =4x =32 =2 6m +2sm+4st (玉树居群 2 ) ;囊谦一个生长在林下的居群为8倍体,2n =8x =64 =54m +2sm +8st.讨论了居群间的核型分化和倍性与分布的关系。

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The seed bank of Kobresia humilis meadow in Qing- Zang Plateau was preliminaryly studied and the relationships among seed bank , seed rain and above-ground vegetation were compared and analysed.The results showed that there were 23 species in the seed bank in both of green up and withering stage. In species composition of the seed bank ,Ranunculaceae and Leguminosae were dominant ,while the percentage of Cyperaceae and Gramineae were lower. The percentage of K. humilis seeds was relatively lower with 0. 97 % in green up stage and 1. 97 % in withering stage. The species composition of the seed bank correlated with that of the seed rain ( r = 0. 7505 , P < 0. 01) ,and there were 18 common species which was 78. 3 %of species of the seed bank. Only 41. 81 %of above-ground vegetation species presented in the seed bank. The seed numbers of the dominant plant species in vegetation were smaller , with lower percentage in the seed bank. Therefore , the dominant vegetation of K. humilis et al. mainly depended on vegetative reproduction to maintain and strengthen. From vegetation to the seed bank in green up stage ,the species diversity decreased by 9. 94 %. It implied that the seed bank was the source of vegetation regeneration , but also a mechanism of preserving species diversity of the plants.

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A pre-column derivatization method for sensitive determination of oligopeptides, using the tagging reagent 2-(9-carbazole)ethyl chloroformate (CEOC-Cl) followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with diode-array detection, has been developed. Maximum yield close to 100% were observed when a three to fourfold molar excess of reagent was used at pH 9.0-10.0. Excess reagent was extracted with n-hexane-ethyl acetate 9:1-10:1 (v/v); this enabled direct analysis using CE with no significant disturbance from the major fluorescent reagent degradation by-products. The effects on the results of buffer pH and of SDS and organic modifier concentrations were examined. Good baseline resolution in the separation of five CEOC-peptides was achieved with a 48.5-cm total length (effective length 40 cm) 50-mu m inner diameter capillary column.