Avaliação da percepção da dor no tratamento ortodôntico: ensaio clínico randomizado

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar através de questionários de escalas visuais analógicas a percepção da dor após a inserção do primeiro arco ortodôntico, comparando-se o efeito analgésico de ibuprofeno, acetaminofeno, placebo e goma de mascar. Este trabalho também partiu da hipótese de que ibuprofeno, acetaminofeno e gomas de mascar seriam mais eficazes que placebo no controle da dor de origem ortodôntica e que gomas de mascar poderiam ser uma alternativa ao uso de ibuprofeno e acetaminofeno no manejo da dor dentária de origem ortodôntica. Neste estudo, tomaram parte 41 pacientes da Clínica de Ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os pacientes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em cinco diferentes grupos: placebo, acetaminofeno 500 miligramas, ibuprofeno 400 miligramas, goma de mascar e controle. Todos os indivíduos tiveram bráquetes com slots .022" colados em seus dentes e molares bandados em uma das arcadas. Os grupos placebo, ibuprofeno e acetaminofeno foram orientados a tomar 01 cápsula do respectivo composto logo após a inserção do arco inicial de liga de níquel-titânio de dimensão .014 e, se a dor persistisse, a cada 6 horas por uma semana.O grupo goma de mascar foi orientado a mascar um tablete de goma por 5 minutos imediatamente após a inserção do arco inicial de liga de níquel-titânio de dimensão .014 e a cada 6 horas por 5 minutos durante uma semana, caso a dor persistisse. O grupo controle recebeu nenhum método de controle da dor. Os indivíduos foram orientados a marcar nas escalas visuais analógicas nas primeiras 24 horas, às 09:00, 13:00, 17:00, 21:00 a percepção de dor espontânea e durante a mastigação. Do terceiro até o vigésimo primeiro dia as marcações foram feitas somente em dois tempos às 09:00 e 21:00. Através da análise estatística descritiva, concluiu-se que o placebo foi mais eficiente que ibuprofeno, acetaminofeno e goma de mascar no controle da dor ortodôntica, tanto em dor espontânea quanto em dor durante a mastigação. O grupo goma de mascar foi tão eficiente quanto o acetaminofeno no controle da dor espontânea 24 horas após a inserção do arco inicial. Para alívio da dor durante a mastigação, a goma de mascar pode ser uma alternativa à atuação medicamentosa no controle da dor ortodôntica.

稻属A基因组的分子系统发育--兼论亚洲栽培稻的起源

稻属Oryza隶属禾本科Poaceae，包括20多个野生种和2个栽培种(亚洲栽培稻O. sativa L和非洲栽培稻O. glaberrima Steud) ，广泛分布于全球热带和亚热带。稻属物种可划分为10个基因组(又称染色体组)类型：A, B, C, BC, CD, E, F, G, HJ 和 HK。栽培稻所属的A基因组是稻属中物种数目最多、地理分布最广的基因组类型，由8个种组成。由于栽培稻属于A基因组，故A基因组物种是栽培稻遗传改良的巨大基因源。数十年来，国际上许多学者对A基因组类群开展了大量涉及形态、细胞、同工酶和分子标记方面的研究，但由于A基因组物种间遗传关系十分接近，形态上差异小且地理分布重叠，使得A基因组物种的系统发育、物种起源和生物地理学等方面存在诸多悬而未决的问题，是稻属中分类和鉴定困难较多的类群。本文利用核基因内含子序列，结合转座子插入分析，重建了A基因组的系统发育，估测了各类群的分化时间;与此同时，基于多克隆测序和基因谱系分析，探讨了O. rufipogon和O. nivara遗传关系以及亚洲栽培稻起源。主要研究结果如下： 1. A基因组的系统发育 在水稻全基因组数据库搜索的基础上，测定了4个单拷贝核基因（Adh1 及3个未注释基因）的内含子序列，构建了稻属A基因组8个种的系统发育关系。基于最大简约法和贝叶斯法的系统发育分析表明：1）澳大利亚的O. meridionalis为A基因组的基部类群;2）亚洲栽培稻两个亚种O. sativa ssp. japonica 和 O. sativa ssp. indica分别和不同的野生类群聚为独立的两个分支，支持japonica 和 indica为多次起源;3）O. rufipogon和O. nivara在系统发育树上完全混在一起，显示出二者间不存在遗传分化;4）非洲一年生野生种O. barthii是非洲栽培稻O. glaberrima的祖先，而非洲多年生野生种O. longistaminata与O. glaberrima/O. barthii.亲缘关系较远;5）分子钟方法估测A基因组类群约在2百万年前（2.0MYA）开始分化，亚洲栽培稻和非洲栽培稻，以及亚洲栽培稻的两个亚种则分别在0.7和 0.4 MYA左右开始分化。此外，通过核基因内含子序列与其它常用片段如ITS，matK等对比分析表明，进化速率相对较快的核基因内含子序列可以有效地用于近缘类群的系统发育研究。 2. Oryza rufipogon 和O. nivara群体遗传研究及亚洲栽培稻起源 对于亚洲野生类群O. rufipogon和O. nivara是合并为一个种还是处理为两个独立的种一直存在争议。在系统发育研究基础上，我们选取4个核基因内含子或5’-UTR区（Waxy, LHS，CatA和1个未注释基因），对采自整个分布区的群体样品进行了多克隆测序，结果表明：1）检测到O. rufipogon和O. nivara均有较高的核苷酸多态性，4个位点上π值和θw值平均分别为0.011和0.014;2）且二者在遗传上没有明显分化，两个类群在4个核基因位点上均检测到大量共享多态（shared polymorphism），未发现固有差异(fixed difference)，表明它们历史上可能属于一个大群体，支持将二者作为种内不同生态型或亚种处理;3）基因谱系树表明亚洲栽培稻的两个亚种indica和japonica分别和不同的O. rufipogon (包括O. nivara)群体聚在一起，进一步从基因谱系角度支持亚洲栽培稻多次起源假说。 3．转座子在群体遗传与系统发育研究中的应用 鉴于目前植物谱系地理学研究中缺乏具有足够信息量的分子标记用于检测种内遗传变异，我们选取3个核基因中的转座子，通过对取自O. rufipogon和O. nivara整个分布区的37份样品的克隆测序，探讨了进化速率快、信息含量丰富的转座子序列在群体遗传上的应用。结果表明：1）无论在物种水平还是群体水平，转座子能检测到比包括内含子在内的其它DNA区域高得多的遗传变异;2）在物种水平上，异交多年生的O. rufipogon和自交一年生的O. nivara多样性均较高，且2个种间相差很小，二者在3个位点上平均核苷酸多样性π值均为0.013，差别主要表现在O. rufipogon杂合位点比例（46.1%）明显高于O. nivara（9.1%），说明交配系统不同并不一定和物种多样性水平相关;3）是否发生转座子序列插入是有价值的系统发育信息，发生在不同染色体上3个基因中的转座子插入进一步证实A基因组基部类群是O. meridionalis;通过叶绿体中3个转座子的插入现象推断了稻族一些四倍体物种，如稻属BC基因组的一些类群的母本来源。

158-microJ pulses from a single-transverse-mode, large-mode-area erbium-doped fiber amplifier.

We report the amplification of 10-100-pJ semiconductor diode pulses to an energy of 158 microJ and peak powers >100 kW in a multistage fiber amplifier chain based on a single-mode, large-mode-area erbium-doped amplifier design. To our knowledge these results represent the highest single-mode pulse energy extracted from any doped-fiber system.

同域分布两种兰科植物的传粉生物学及其防止同株异花授粉机制

兰科植物是被子植物中物种最丰富和最进化的类群之一，具有精巧、多样化的花部结构以及独特的吸引传粉者方式。开展兰科植物传粉生物学的研究对理解自然选择机制和异花授粉优势学说具有重要的理论意义。广西雅长兰科植物自然保护区是我国第一个以兰科植物命名的保护区，本文通过对保护区内同域分布的流苏贝母兰（Coelogyne fimbriata）和兔耳兰(Cymbidium lancifolium )传粉过程观察和繁殖成功等方面的研究，探讨兰科植物传粉机制和防止同株异花授粉的机制。同时结合传粉生物学研究的结果，对兰科植物多样性保护提出相关建议。主要研究结果如下： 1．流苏贝母兰的传粉生物学 在保护区2 个居群内对流苏贝母兰花期物候、传粉者种类和行为进行了连续3 年（2005-2007）的观察，对花和传粉者形态学指标进行了测量，对两个居群内所选取实验样地的花粉移走率、花粉接收率和结实率进行了详细的统计，通过动物行为学实验检测了花香对传粉者吸引方面的影响。并通过人工繁育系统实验检测流苏贝母兰的繁殖特征。结果显示，流苏贝母兰为具有特殊气味且无花蜜的兰科植物，由一种黄胡蜂属（Vespula）昆虫的雌性个体专性传粉，此为第二例由胡蜂专性传粉的具有食源性欺骗机制的兰科植物，且在传粉者行为和吸引机制与第一例存在很大差异。行为学实验显示花香对传粉者具有吸引作用。流苏贝母兰的花期与实验地黄胡蜂的繁殖季节和种群扩张期相吻合，在此期间，为了满足自身和幼虫的需求，黄胡蜂对碳水化合物需求大大增加。推测流苏贝母兰利用了黄胡蜂在繁殖和种群扩张期间需要大量摄取碳水化合物类物质，通过模拟碳水化合物来源（如果实或有花蜜、汁液分泌的植物）的气味，吸引传粉者。居群内花粉移走率、花粉接收率和结实率分别为0.069-0.918，0.025-0.695和0.014-0.069。结实率较低的原因可能与流苏贝母兰的自交不亲和特性和传粉者连续访问造成的同克隆授粉有关。其自交不亲和特性能有效地阻止自交，促进异交，同时蕊喙在接收花粉24 h 内与柱头愈合也能够减少花粉浪费，提高雄性适合度。 2．兔耳兰的传粉生物学 在保护区1 个居群内对兔耳兰进行了连续2 年（2005-2006）的观察和实验。观察发现兔耳兰唯一的传粉者为膜翅目蜜蜂科的中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)。中华蜜蜂在花内的停留时间为8-71 s。根据观察我们推测兔耳兰可能是通过其唇瓣上无规则的紫栗色小斑点(假蜜导)来吸引中华蜜蜂为其传粉, 属于食源性欺骗方式。在传粉过程中兔耳兰的药帽与花粉团和粘盘一起粘在中华蜜蜂胸背部。药帽的存在能够阻止下一朵被拜访的花实现雌性功能。兔耳兰药帽高度加上传粉昆虫胸高大于传粉通道入口的高度, 支持兔耳兰可能通过药帽来减少同株异花授粉现象的推测。蕊喙会在花粉接受72 h 内逐渐下弯并与柱头愈合，将接受的花粉包裹，且有些花的花萼片和侧面的两个花瓣会环抱住唇瓣侧裂片及蕊柱形成的入口，即传粉通道，避免继续接收花粉，增加花粉输出，提高雄性适合度。2005 和2006 年该兔耳兰居群的自然繁殖成功率分别为0.211 和0.213。繁育系统实验证明兔耳兰是高度自交亲和物种，不存在无融合生殖和自动自花授粉的现象, 其结实依赖传粉者。TTC 法检测结果显示兔耳兰种子活力达85.78%因此推断种子活力不是制约兔耳兰种子萌发的主要原因。而传粉者的密度和访问频率可能是影响兔耳兰结实的重要因素, 并最终影响兔耳兰种群的维持和扩张。 3．兰科植物促进繁殖成功的机制 植物通过各种方式吸引传粉者的最终目的是实现繁殖成功，是植物生活史的重要环节。兰科植物具有雌雄同体的合蕊柱的特殊结构，为了避免花粉-柱头间的干扰，其进化出一系列特殊的花部结构和适应机制，如欺骗性吸引机制、花粉块柄弯曲、花粉干缩等等。流苏贝母兰作为大量开花的克隆植物，其自交不亲和特性是促进异交的重要机制，另外蕊喙在花粉接收24 h 内与柱头发生愈合也是减少同株异花授粉机率的重要花部适应特征。兔耳兰为聚丛状生长的兰科植物，总状花序具多朵花，在传粉过程中通过药帽的阻挡和机械隔离，使携带于昆虫背部的花粉不能进入花内与柱头发生接触，避免同株异花授粉的发生。另外兔耳兰也存在花部适应的机制，蕊喙在花粉接收72 h 内逐渐下弯与柱头愈合，同时有些花的花萼片和侧面的两个花瓣环抱传粉通道入口，避免继续接收花粉，提高雄性适合度。 4. 兰科植物传粉系统和多样性保护 传粉生物学的研究为兰科植物的保护生物学提供了坚固的理论基础和重要的科学依据。绝大部分的兰科植物繁殖成功受到传粉者数量的限制。由于其精巧的花部结构，约67%已知传粉系统的兰科植物仅由唯一的传粉者专性传粉。另外，在某些区域内，还存在着较高程度的传粉者共享。传粉者数量的减少已经威胁到兰科植物的繁殖生存。因此，对兰科植物的保护应不仅仅关注于植物的保护，同时还应致力于传粉系统的保护。

The effect of timing of tagging on streamer-tag recapture rates for American lobster (Homarus americanus)

Streamer tags are commonly used to study the ecology and population biology of the American lobster (Homarus americanus). Aquarium observations suggest that streamer tag loss, either through tag-induced mortality or tag shedding, is related to the molt stage of the lobster at the time of tagging, and the molting event itself. Tag-induced mortality, where lobsters did not molt, occurred within eleven and sixteen days following tagging for lobsters tagged in postmolt (4%) and late premolt (10%) stages, respectively; whereas no lobsters tagged in early premolt or intermolt stages died. Taginduced mortality at time of molting was observed for lobsters tagged in late premolt stage (11%), and tag shedding was observed for lobsters tagged both in early (25%) and late premolt (11%) stages, but was significantly higher (P=0.014) for lobsters tagged in early premolt stages. Autopsies revealed that lobsters died mainly of organ perforations (hepato-pancreas and pericardial sac) following the tagging process, and rupture of the dorsal thoraco-abdominal membrane during the molting process. The total tag loss was estimated at 4% for lobsters tagged after molting, and 27% and 31% for lobsters tagged in early and late premolt stages, respectively. There was no tag loss for lobsters tagged in the intermolt stage during four months of laboratory observations (July−October). To minimize streamer tag loss, lobsters should be tagged during the intermolt or postmolt stage. Based on field studies, recapture rates for lobsters tagged in premolt stage are always lower than those of lobsters tagged in postmolt stage. Furthermore, recapture rates during the second year, for lobsters that molt in the year following tagging, were drastically reduced, and no lobster was recaptured after four years at large. Finally, to account for tag loss during the first year at large, a minimal adjustment of 24.9% (SD 2.9%) and 4.4% (SD 1.6%) for the recapture rate of lobsters tagged immediately before and after the molting season, respectively, is recommended. Adjustments beyond one year at large are not recommended for the American lobster at this time.

Food habits and consumption rates of common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in the eastern Pacific Ocean

An ecosystem approach to fisheries management requires an understanding of the impact of predatory fishes on the underlying prey resources. Defining trophic connections and measuring rates of food consumption by apex predators lays the groundwork for gaining insight into the role of predators and commercial fisheries in influencing food web structure and ecosystem dynamics.We analyzed the stomach contents of 545 common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) sampled from 74 sets of tuna purse-seine vessels fishing in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) over a 22-month period. Stomach fullness of these dolphinfish and digestion state of the prey indicated that diel feeding periodicity varied by area and may be related to the digestibility and energy content of the prey. Common dolphinfish in the EPO appear to feed at night, as well as during the daytime. We analyzed prey importance by weight, numbers, and frequency of occurrence for five regions of the EPO. Prey importance varied by area. Flyingfishes, epipelagic cephalopods, tetraodontiform fishes, several mesopelagic fishes, Auxis spp., and gempylid fishes predominated in the diet. Ratios of prey length to predator length ranged from 0.014 to 0.720. Consumption-rate estimates averaged 5.6% of body weight per day. Stratified by sex, area, and length class, daily rations ranged up to 9.6% for large males and up to 19.8% for small dolphinfish in the east area (0–15°N, 111°W–coastline). Because common dolphinfish exert substantial predation pressure on several important prey groups, we concluded that their feeding ecology provides important clues to the pelagic food web and ecosystem structure in the EPO.