Continuing declines in cancer mortality in the European Union

BACKGROUND: From 1988 to 1997 age-standardised total cancer mortality rates in the European Union (EU) fell by around 9% in both sexes. Available cancer mortality data in Europe up to 2002 allow a first check of the forecast of further declines in cancer mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We considered trends in age-standardised mortality from major cancer sites in the EU during the period 1980-2002. RESULTS: For men, total cancer mortality, after a peak of 191.1/100,000 in 1987 declined to 177.8 in 1997 (-7%), and to 166.5 in 2002. Corresponding figures for females were 107.9/100,000, 100.5 and 95.2, corresponding to falls of 7% from 1987 to 1997, and to 5% from 1997 to 2002. Over the last 5 years, lung cancer declined by 1.9% per year in men, to reach 44.4/100,000, but increased by 1.7% in women, to reach 11.4. In 2002, for the first year, lung cancer mortality in women was higher than that for intestinal cancer (11.1/100,000), and lung cancer became the second site of cancer deaths in women after breast (17.9/100,000). From 1997 to 2002, appreciable declines were observed in mortality from intestinal cancer in men (-1.6% per year, to reach 18.8/100,000), and in women (-2.5%), as well as for breast (-1.7% per year) and prostate cancer (-1.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the persisting rises in female lung cancer, the recent trends in cancer mortality in the EU are encouraging and indicate that an 11% reduction in total cancer mortality from 2000 to 2015 is realistic and possible.

EPI Update, January 6, 2006

Weekly newsletter for Center For Acute Disease Epidemiology of Iowa Department of Public Health.

Lead acetate toxicity in vitro: Dependence on the cell composition of the cultures.

It is well known that exposure to low doses of lead causes long-lasting neurobehavioural deficits, but the cellular changes underlying these behavioural changes remain to be elucidated. A protective role of glial cells on neurons through lead sequestration by astrocytes has been proposed. The possible modulation of lead neurotoxicity by neuron-glia interactions was examined in three-dimensional cultures of foetal rat telencephalon. Mixed-brain cell cultures or cultures enriched in either neurons or glial cells were treated for 10 days with lead acetate (10(-6) m), a concentration below the limit of cytotoxicity. Intracellular lead content and cell type-specific enzyme activities were determined. It was found that in enriched cultures neurons stored more lead than glial cells, and each cell type alone stored more lead than in co-culture. Moreover, glial cells but not neurons were more affected by lead in enriched culture than in co-culture. These results show that neuron-glia interactions attenuate the cellular lead uptake and the glial susceptibility to lead, but they do not support the idea of a protective role of astrocytes.

Iowa Lottery Action, February 6-9, 2006, Vol. 13, no. 3

Iowa Lottery newsletter for retailers

6,5 · 10-9

Segons l’Institut Nacional d’Estadística, cada espanyol es gasta una mitjana de208 euros a l’any en loteries. L’objectiu principal és guanyar el primer premi, peròsaben realment quina probabilitat tenen d’aconseguir-ho?L’objectiu principal del treball és estudiar el funcionament, les probabilitats i lespreferències dels individus pel que fa a les loteries. Donat que és un sector molt ampli icomplex hem decidit centrar-nos en aquelles que tenen una major acceptació.Les loteries no només son un tema d’interès general sinó que ens han permès aprofundiren els coneixements estadístics adquirits a les assignatures de Probabilitat, Estadística iDecisió i Competència Estratègica.L’anàlisi del treball es centrarà en el càlcul de les probabilitats. Els ingressos de l’Estatprovinents dels impostos sobre la comercialització i sobre els beneficis generats per laloteria també es veuran reflectits en l’estudi. A més analitzarem les preferències de lapoblació a l’hora de jugar a la loteria mitjançant la realització d’enquestes. Després decomparar els resultats obtinguts en les enquestes amb les probabilitats calculadesinicialment, realitzarem una simulació que ens permetrà aprofundir més en el tema.El càlcul de les probabilitats de guanyar en cada joc no estan reflectits en cap documentoficial. Aquest fet resulta paradoxal ja que els càlculs no tenen una gran complicació,aleshores, per què no son públics? Segurament perquè el coneixement d’aquestes dadesfaria que la gent deixes de jugar, amb el que els extensos ingressos procedents de lacomercialització de loteries, disminuiria considerablement.

Iowa Department of Elder Affairs Legislative Update, February 11, 2005, Vol. 1, no. 6

Iowa Department of Elder Affairs provides a brief summation of a Departmental program or other important Departmental information in each Legislative Update. The Legislative Update is produced for informational and educational purposes only.

Iowa Department of Elder Affairs Legislative Update with Attachments, February 17, 2006, Vol. 2, no. 6

Iowa Department of Elder Affairs provides a brief summation of a Departmental program or other important Departmental information in each Legislative Update. The Legislative Update is produced for informational and educational purposes only.

A non-interventional phase IV Belgian survey to assess the antiviral effectiveness of pegylated interferon-alpha-2b and ribavirin treatment according to the stage of liver fibrosis in previously untreated patients with genotype 1/4/5/6 chronic hepatitis C (PRACTICE).

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: This was an observational, non-interventional, multicenter, phase IV study, in patients with genotype 1/4/5/6 chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The primary objectives were to evaluate SVR in patients with no or minimal fibrosis (METAVIR F0-F1) versus well established fibrosis (F2-F4), and to estimate response on Weeks 12, 24 and 48 on treatment in previously untreated patients with genotypes 1/4/5/6 CHC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 538 patients treated with pegylated interferon alfa 2b 1.5 mcg/kg in combination with ribavirin 800-1200 mg/day were enrolled in 55 sites in Belgium and Luxembourg, 505 being considered for the analysis. 40% of the patients were female and 60% male, the average age was 47.5 years, 10.5% were 65 or older. RESULTS: SVR was observed in 35% of the patients, EVR in 68%, of which pEVR in 33% and cEVR in 35%. SVR was observed in 43% of the low fibrosis group (F0, F1) and 30% of the high fibrosis group (F2, F3, F4) (p = 0.005). SVR rates were 34% for genotype 1, 37% for genotype 4, and 47% for genotype 5 (NS). Multivariate analysis showed that EVR and baseline METAVIR score are independent prognostic factors for SVR. CONCLUSIONS: This trial confirms that fibrosis stage and early viral response are the most important key-factors to predict sustained response, suggesting that the earlier patients are treated, the better the outcome. Non-invasive techniques enable us to closely monitor progression of fibrosis, allowing a better selection of patients for antiviral treatment in the DAA-era.