Emergency responses for clinical deterioration within and beyond 24 hours of emergency admission: Patient outcomes and ICU implications

Introduction: The National Emergency Access Target was implemented to ensure 90% of patients leave emergency departments (EDs) within 4h. The impact of time driven performance on the number of physiologically unstable ward-based patients is unknown. An increase in clinical deterioration episodes potentially leading to adverse events will have resource implications for intensive care units (ICUs).
Objectives: To compare the characteristics and outcomes of patients who required an emergency response for clinical deterioration (cardiac arrest team or rapid response system activation) within and beyond 24 h of emergency admission to general medical and surgical units.
Methods: A retrospective exploratory design was used. The study site was a 365 bed urban hospital in Melbourne. Emergency responses for clinical deterioration during 2012 were examined.
Results: Of 819 emergency responses for clinical deterioration, 587 patients were admitted via ED. The median time to first responsewas59h, 28.4% of patients required this <24 h after admission. One in eight patients required ICU admission. Comparison of patients requiring a response within and beyond 24h of admission showed no significant differences in age, gender, waiting times, ED length of stay or in-hospital mortality rates. Patients in whom first emergency response occurred <24h after admission were less likely to be admitted to ICU immediately following the emergency response (7.6% vs 13.9%, p-0.039), less likely to have recurrent emergency responses during their hospitalisation (9.7% vs 34.0%, p<0.001), and had shorter median hospital length of stay (7 vs 11 days, p<0.001).
Conclusions: Considerable ICU resources were utilised given one in eight patients required ICU admission following emergency response, and patients admitted via the ED constituted 55% of all rapid response system activations. Exploring potential antecedents to clinical deterioration in this cohort may assist in establishing risk management strategies to reduce utilisation of ICU resources.

Specific role of dietary fat in modifying cardiovascular and locomotor activity 24-h rhythms

Meal-fed conscious rabbits normally exhibit postprandial elevation in blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and locomotor activity, which is abolished by consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD). Here, we assessed whether the cardiovascular changes are attributable to the increased caloric intake due to greater fat content or to hyperphagia. Rabbits were meal-fed during the baseline period then maintained on either an ad libitum normal fat diet (NFD) or ad libitum HFD for 2 weeks. Blood pressure, HR and locomotor activity were measured daily by radio-telemetry alongside food intake and body weight. Caloric intake in rabbits given a NFD ad libitum rose 50% from baseline but there were no changes in cardiovascular parameters. By contrast, HR increased by 10% on the first day of the ad libitum HFD (p<0.001) prior to any change in body weight while blood pressure increased 7% after 4d (p<0.01) and remained elevated. Baseline 24-h patterns of blood pressure and HR were closely associated with mealtime, characterised by afternoon peaks and morning troughs. When the NFD was changed from meal-fed to ad libitum, blood pressure and HR did not change but afternoon activity levels decreased (p<0.05). By contrast, after 13d ad libitum HFD, morning HR, blood pressure and activity increased by 20%, 8% and 71%, respectively. Increased caloric intake specifically from fat, but not as a result of hyperphagia, appears to directly modulate cardiovascular homeostasis and circadian patterns, independent of white adipose tissue accumulation.

Cross-sectional study of 24-hour urinary electrolyte excretion and associated health outcomes in a convenience sample of Australian primary schoolchildren: the salt and other nutrients in children (SONIC) study protocol

BACKGROUND: Dietary sodium and potassium are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Data exploring the cardiovascular outcomes associated with these electrolytes within Australian children is sparse. Furthermore, an objective measure of sodium and potassium intake within this group is lacking. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of the Salt and Other Nutrient Intakes in Children ("SONIC") study was to measure sodium and potassium intakes in a sample of primary schoolchildren located in Victoria, Australia, using 24-hour urine collections. Secondary aims were to identify the dietary sources of sodium and potassium, examine the association between these electrolytes and cardiovascular risk factors, and assess children's taste preferences and saltiness perception of manufactured foods. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample of schoolchildren attending primary schools in Victoria, Australia. Participants completed one 24-hour urine collection, which was analyzed for sodium, potassium, and creatinine. Completeness of collections was assessed using collection time, total volume, and urinary creatinine. One 24-hour dietary recall was completed to assess dietary intake. Other data collected included blood pressure, body weight, height, waist and hip circumference. Children were also presented with high and low sodium variants of food products and asked to discriminate salt level and choose their preferred variant. Parents provided demographic information and information on use of discretionary salt. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe sodium and potassium intakes. Linear and logistic regression models with clustered robust standard errors will be used to assess the association between electrolyte intake and health outcomes (blood pressure and body mass index/BMI z-score and waist circumference) and to assess differences in taste preference and discrimination between high and low sodium foods, and correlations between preference, sodium intake, and covariates. RESULTS: A total of 780 children across 43 schools participated. The results from this study are expected at the end of 2015. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide the first objective measure of sodium and potassium intake in Australian schoolchildren and improve our understanding of the relationship of these electrolytes to cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, this study will provide insight into child taste preferences and explore related factors. Given the cardiovascular implications of consuming too much sodium and too little potassium, monitoring of these nutrients during childhood is an important public health initiative.

Synchronization by low-amplitude light-dark cycles of 24-hour pineal and plasma melatonin rhythms of hatchling European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)

In young European starlings, as in other avian species, high-amplitude 24-hr rhythms in plasma and pineal melatonin are already present around the time of hatching. In chickens this rhythmicity results at least partly from the light sensitivity of the melatonin-producing and -secreting system. In contrast to the chicken, the starling is a hole-nesting bird, and it seemed questionable whether the low light intensities in the nest are sufficient to synchronize perinatal melatonin rhythms. We therefore exposed starling eggs to light cycles roughly simulating those measured in nest-boxes, i.e., an 11-hr phase of complete darkness and a 13-hr phase consisting of 15 min of dim light (10 lux) alternating with 30 min of darkness. For one group the photophase lasted from 0600 to 1900 hr; for the other group the photophase lasted from 1800 to 0700 hr. In approximately 10-hr-old hatchlings of both groups, plasma and pineal melatonin concentrations were high during the dark phase and low during the light phase. We conclude that perinatal low-amplitude light intensity changes of the kind experienced by hatching starlings in the field are sufficient for synchronizing the melatonin-producing and -secreting system in the pineal and possibly other organs.

Intensifying insulin regimen after basal insulin optimization in adults with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, open-label trial comparing insulin glargine plus insulin glulisine with biphasic insulin aspart (LanScape)

AIM: To test the hypothesis that a 'basal plus' regimenadding once-daily main-meal fast-acting insulin to basal insulin once dailywould be non-inferior to biphasic insulin twice daily as assessed by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration (predefined as ≤0.4%), but would provide superior treatment satisfaction. METHODS: This open-label trial enrolled adults to an 8- or 12-week run-in period, during which oral therapies except metformin were stopped and insulin glargine dose was titrated. Those with fasting glucose <7 mmol/l but HbA1c >7% (53 mmol/mol) were randomized to insulin glargine/glulisine once daily (n = 170) or insulin aspart/aspart protamine 30/70 twice daily (n = 165) for 24 weeks, with dose titration to glucose targets using standardized algorithms. RESULTS: For HbA1c, the basal plus regimen was non-inferior to biphasic insulin (least squares mean difference, 0.21%, upper 97.5% confidence limit 0.38%) meeting the predefined non-inferiority margin of 0.4%. Treatment satisfaction (Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire change version and Insulin Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire total scores) significantly favoured basal plus. No difference was observed between the basal plus and the biphasic insulin groups in responders (HbA1c <7%, 20.6 vs 27.9%; p = 0.12), weight gain (2.06 vs 2.50 kg; p = 0.2), diabetes-specific quality of life (Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life average weighted impact (AWI) score) and generic health status (five-dimension European Quality of Life questionnaire). Overall hypoglycaemia rates were similar between groups (15.3 vs 18.2 events/patient-year; p = 0.22); nocturnal hypoglycaemia was higher with the basal plus regimen (5.7 vs 3.6 events/patient-year; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: In long-standing type 2 diabetes with suboptimal glycaemia despite oral therapies and basal insulin, the basal plus regimen was non-inferior to biphasic insulin for biomedical outcomes, with a similar overall hypoglycaemia rate but more nocturnal events.

24-h urinary sodium excretion is associated with obesity in a cross-sectional sample of Australian schoolchildren

Emerging evidence indicates that dietary Na may be linked to obesity; however it is unclear whether this relationship is independent of energy intake (EI). The aim of this study was to assess the association between Na intake and measures of adiposity, including BMI z score, weight category and waist:height ratio (WHtR), in a sample of Australian schoolchildren. This was a cross-sectional study of schoolchildren aged 4-12 years. Na intake was assessed via one 24-h urine collection. BMI was converted to age- and sex-specific z scores, and WHtR was used to define abdominal obesity. In children aged ≥8 years, EI was determined via one 24-h dietary recall. Of the 666 children with valid urine samples 55 % were male (average age 9·3 (sd 1·8) years). In adjusted models an additional 17 mmol/d of Na was associated with a 0·10 higher BMI z score (95 % CI 0·07, 0·13), a 23 % (OR 1·23; 95 % CI 1·16, 1·31) greater risk of being overweight/obese and a 15 % (OR 1·15; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·23) greater risk of being centrally obese. In the subsample of 8-12-year-old children (n 458), adjustment for EI did not markedly alter the associations between Na and adiposity outcomes. Using a robust measure of daily Na intake we found a positive association between Na intake and obesity risk in Australian schoolchildren, which could not be explained by total energy consumption. To determine whether this is a causal relationship, longitudinal studies, with high-quality measures of Na and EI, are required.

Perspective: LaGuardia Community College Newsletter (24 January 1977)

A newsletter published periodically to keep the faculty, students, staff, and community informed about the activities taking place on the campus of LaGuardia Community College. Information for PERSPECTIVE should be sent to Bob McVeigh In Room 341, Main Bldg., ext. 248, 249.

Desempenho reprodutivo de novilhas de corte acasaladas aos 18 ou 24 meses de idade

O objetivo foi avaliar a antecipação da idade ao primeiro acasalamento de novilhas de corte dos 24 para os 18 meses de idade, nas condições de campo nativo. O trabalho consistiu de dois experimentos. No experimento 1, formou-se dois grupos experimentais: novilhas acasaladas no outono aos 18 meses de idade (18M-1) e outro na primavera aos 24 meses (24M-1). No experimento 2, foram acasalados quatro grupos experimentais: dois grupos no outono aos 18 meses de idade, separados em “leves” e “pesadas” (18ML-2 e 18MP-2), e os outros dois grupos na primavera, utilizando a mesma separação (24ML-2 e 24MP-2). As temporadas de acasalamento para ambos os experimentos foram: 18M: 05/04 – 17/05 (outono) e 24M: 04/11 – 16/12 (primavera). Foram analisados os efeitos do peso, condição corporal no início do acasalamento e ganho diário médio, sobre a taxa de prenhez, ajustados para a categoria de peso e idade da novilha. No experimento 1, os animais que conceberam no primeiro acasalamento, dos três grupos, foram novamente acasalados aos 36 meses. As variáveis mensuradas foram: taxa de repetição de prenhez, produtividade e eficiência. As taxas de prenhez no experimento 1 foram as seguintes: 18M-1: 52,2% e 24M-1: 86,4%, havendo diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre os dois grupos No experimento 2, as taxas de prenhez foram de: 18ML-2: 26,%; 18MP-2: 73,3%; 24ML-2: 72,4% e 24MP-2: 83,3%. Neste experimento houve efeito de interação entre idade e faixa de peso, sugerindo a maior importância do peso no início do acasalamento em idades mais precoces. As taxas de repetição de prenhez no experimento 1 foram: 18M-1: 100% e 24M-1: 84%, havendo diferença entre as idades ao primeiro acasalamento (P<0,05). A produtividade no primeiro acasalamento foi de 76,2 kg e 135,2 kg para os 18 e 24 meses (P<0,05), respectivamente. A eficiência também foi maior para o grupo acasalado aos 24 meses (P<0,05), sendo de 26,6 kg e 38,6 kg para o 18M- 1 e 24M-1, respectivamente. A antecipação da idade ao primeiro acasalamento dos 24 para os 18 meses de idade é viável biologicamente, porém necessita maiores pesos no início do acasalamento.

Gestão transdisciplinar das ações de transformação: um olhar sobre a implantação das UPAS 24 horas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

This research emerged from the contemporary need of a public management focused on results, in which the State must reach the effectiveness of public policies implemented, put these into practice through transformation actions. However, these actions should not be seen in isolation, cause, when implemented in a certain environment, interact with actions of various actors, generating social dynamics that will be fundamentals to achieving the expected results. The transdisciplinarity approach may enable an object be seen in its essence, considering all environmental aspects around it as well as various social dynamics that might emerge, in order to facilitate the State reach the effectiveness of their actions, providing the transformation wanted to society. For this reason, are presented in this study the basis of a management model with focus on transdisciplinarity, considering the various challenges, searched the literature on the management of public policies. To verify the adequacy of the basis of the proposed model, was done a case study of the government project called "Implantação das UPAS 24 horas" in Rio de Janeiro. In applying the basis of the model in that project, we find that the transdisciplinarity management can maximize the effectiveness of State intervention.

Viabilidade do uso de benzoato de estradiol 24 horas após a sincronização de cios de novilhas de 14 e 24 meses com pessários contendo acetato de medroxi-progesterona.

O objetivo deste ensaio foi de verificar a viabilidade do uso do benzoato de estradiol (ODB) em novilhas de corte de 14 meses e 24 meses, 24 horas após a suplementação com progestágeno, considerando manifestação de cio e fertilidade. No total foram sincronizadas e inseminadas 375 novilhas de corte, predominantemente da raça Angus, de duas propriedades (122 na A, e 253 na B), no município de Cachoeira do Sul, RS. Na propriedade B, foram sincronizadas 195 novilhas de 24 meses e 58 de 14 meses. As variáveis medidas foram manifestação de estro, percentual de 2º serviço e prenhez ao diagnóstico de gestação efetuado 40 dias após o encerramento do período de acasalamento de primavera-verão com duração de 85 dias. As novilhas foram tratadas com esponjas vaginais impregnadas com 250 mg de acetato de medroxi-progesterona durante sete dias, na colocação dos pessários receberam 5,0 mg i.m. de benzoato de estradiol. Na retirada das esponjas as novilhas foram distribuidas em três tratamentos (O ODB; 0,5 ODB, que receberam 0,5 mg de benzoato de estradiol i.m. 24 h após; 1,0 ODB, que receberam 1,0 mg de benzoato de estradiol i.m.) considerando o peso e a condição corporal (CC). O sistema para classificação da CC foi de 1 ( caquética) a 5 ( gorda). No grupo de novilhas de 24 meses, (317 animais ), foram considerados os fatores tratamento, propriedade e CC.A manifestação de cio foi afetada significativamente pelo tratamento, sendo respectivamente de 83%, 96% para O ODB, 0,5 ODB e 1,0 ODB. O percentual de 2º serviço de IA foi afetado pelo tratamento e propriedade. Quanto a tratamento as taxas de retorno foram respectivamente de 15% e 42% para O ODB, 0,5 ODB e 1,0 ODB, sendo de 24% na propriedade A e de 35% na B. Os tratamentos utilizados não mostraram diferença quanto a prenhez. No entanto, o percentual de novilhas gestantes foi distinto entre propriedades ( A 56% e B 83%) e entre CC (cc2 49% e CC 3,4 e 5 em média de 76%). Na propriedade B foi possível investigar os fatores tratamento, idade e CC. No que diz respeito a manifestação de cio, foi significativa a interação entre tratamento e idade, onde as novilhas de 14 meses apresentaram incidência menor de cios quando não receberam ODB 24 horas depois. A semelhança do que foi constatado para as novilhas de 24 meses, a taxa de retorno foi superior nas tratadas com ODB ( O ODB 20%, 0,5 ODB 35% E 1,0 ODB 49%). Na taxa de prenhez apenas o fator idade foi importante, tendo ficado gestantes 80% das novilhas de 14 meses e 91% das de 24 meses. Os resultados são indicativos que o uso de ODB 24 h após a retirada dos pessários embora aumente a taxa de inseminação coexiste com menor índice de prenhez ao primeiro serviço, não sendo, portanto, um procedimento útil para a indução/sincronização do estro em novilhas de 14 e 24 meses.

Excreção urinária de albumina e pressão arterial nas 24 horas em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 normoalbuminúricos

A nefropatia diabética (ND) é uma complicação freqüente do diabete melito (DM) e acarreta grande morbi-mortalidade. A prevenção desta complicação será mais efetiva se os indivíduos de maior risco, que se beneficiariam de tratamento intensivo dos fatores risco modificáveis, fossem precocemente identificados. A microalbuminúria, definida por valores de excreção urinária de albumina (EUA) de 20-199 g/min, ainda é o melhor marcador da instalação e progressão da ND, além de ser um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças macrovasculares. Estas associações podem ser explicadas pela teoria de que a microalbuminúria representa, na verdade, dano endotelial generalizado. A albuminúria nos limites superiores da normalidade também está associada ao desenvolvimento futuro de micro- e macroalbuminúria. Além disso, existe uma associação entre albuminúria normal-alta, doença cardiovascular e mortalidade geral em indivíduos com e sem DM. A EUA tem correlação direta e contínua com o desenvolvimento de doença renal e cardiovascular, sem um ponto determinado a partir do qual ocorreria um aumento mais importante do risco. No entanto, na prática clínica se faz necessário o estabelecimento de um valor crítico para guiar o tratamento dos pacientes. Algumas evidências apontam para valores de EUA em torno de 10 g/min como um novo ponto de corte para o diagnóstico de microalbuminúria.Concluindo, a associação entre a EUA e os desfechos renais e cardiovasculares parece ser contínua e já está presente até mesmo com níveis de EUA considerados normais. A adoção do valor de 10 g/min como de risco poderá identificar os pacientes que deveriam receber tratamento mais precoce e agressivo dos fatores de risco modificáveis.

Rastreamento da insuficiência placentária através do Doppler das artérias uterinas por via transvaginal entre 22 e 24 semanas de gestação

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