Late Quaternary deep sea sedimentation off the Niger delta

The oxygen isotopes ratios of benthic foraminifera and detailed radiocarbon ages of the organic matter of an over 15 m long sediment core from the outer Niger delta allow us to date the oxygen isotope stage boundaries 1/2 to 11500 (+/- 650) years BP, 2/3 to approximately 23000 (+/- 2000) years BP. The composition of the predominantly terrigenous clays and accessory pelagic fossils reflects the evolution of the climate over the southwestern Sahel zone and the response of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic to these climatic fluctuations during the Late Quaternary. The dilution of the pelagic fossil concentrations by the terrigenous material and the oxygen isotopes ratios of planktonic foraminifera indicate large fluctuations in the freshwater discharge from the Niger, with high precipitations over the drainage area of this river from 4500 (+/- 300) to 11500 (+/- 650) years BP and from 11800 (+(- 600) to 13000 (+/- 600) years BP while the time intervals in between were as dry as today. Relative increase of kaolinite during wet phases and the association of smectite, chlorite and attapulgite during dry ones characterize the response of the weathering in the Niger drainage basins to the climatic fluctuations. The occurrence of 10-14 A mixed-layers prior to 26000 years BP is correlated with moderate alteration of the crystalline substratum outcrops from the middle-lower part of the Niger Basin. High quartz concentrations are particularly typical for the transition between oxygen isotope stages 1 and 2 at the inception of heavy precipitations in the southern Sahel zone. Sedimentation rates were quite constant, 30-35 cm/1000 years; they became unusually large at the beginning of the Holocene from 10900 (+/- 650) to 11500 (+/- 650) years BP where they reached more than 600 cm/1000 years. Bottom waters around 1100 m depth in the Gulf of Guinea responded to changes in paleo-oceanography of the entire Atlantic Ocean as well as to local influences. Abnormal carbon isotopes ratios and the drastic changes from a highly diversified fauna (during stages 2 and 3. and during the last part of stage 1 after approx. 7000 years BP) to a poorly diversified fauna in the intervenin time span point to the development of a local benthic environment which cannot easily be compared with the corresponding continental and slope environments of the entire Atlantic Ocean.

Organic geochemistry of sediments from sapropel 94 of ODP Hole 161-974C

Analysis of the molecular composition of the organic matter (OM) from whole sediment samples can avoid analytical bias that might result from isolation of components from the sediment matrix, but has its own analytical challenges. We evaluated the use of GC * GC-ToFMS to analyze the pyrolysis products of six whole sediment samples obtained from above, within and below a 1 million year old OM-rich Mediterranean sapropel layer. We found differences in pyrolysis products 22 between the OM-rich sapropel samples and the OM-poor background marls. The presence of alkyl pyrroles, probably derived from chlorophyll, in pyrolysates of the sapropels but not in those of the marls suggests that higher marine productivity and greater OM preservation accompanied deposition of the sapropels. Detection of tetramethyl benzenes considered to be pyrolysis products of isorenieratene in the sapropel samples is evidence that nitrogen-fixing green sulfur bacteria contributed to the high productivity. Greater abundances of shorter chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, pyrroles, furans and alkyl aromatics in the pyrolysates of sapropel samples relative to the marls confirm better preservation of marine OM in the sapropels. In addition, the presence of greater amounts of thiophenes in the sapropels than in the marls is consistent with the existence of euxinic conditions during sapropel deposition. The combination of whole sediment pyrolysis and GC × GC-ToFMS is promising, but the procedure requires careful selection of its multiple analytical variables, particularly the pyrolysis temperature and the operational features of the GC columns.

Geochemical analyses from the Caravaca K/T boundary section, Spain

Thirty-six different geochemical and foraminiferal analyses were conducted on samples collected at closely spaced intervals across the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary exposed at Caravaca, Spain. A rapid reduction in the gradient between d13C values in fine fraction carbonate and benthic foraminiferal calcite and a decrease in the abundance of phosphorus (a proxy for organic carbon) and calcium were recorded in sediments 0-0.5 cm above the K/T boundary. These trends imply that an abrupt mass mortality occurred among pelagic organisms, leading to a significant reduction in the flux of organic carbon to the seafloor. In addition, variations in sulfur isotope ratios, the hydrocarbon-generating potential of kerogen (measured as the hydrogen index), and foraminiferal indices of dissolved oxygen level all imply that a rapid decrease in dissolved oxygen was coincident with the d13C event. Evidence of the low oxygen event has also been recognized in Japan and New Zealand, suggesting that intermediate water oxygen minima were widely developed during earliest Danian time. A threefold increase in the kaolinite/illite ratio and a 1.2 per mill decrease in d18O (carbonate fine fraction) were recorded in the basal 0.1-2 cm of Danian age sediments. These trends suggest that atmospheric warming and an increase in surface water temperature occurred 0-3 kyr after the d13C event. Recovery in the difference between d13C values in the carbonate fine fraction and in benthic foraminiferal calcite as well as increases in phosphorus and calcium contents occur at the base of planktonic foraminiferal Zone Pla, implying that an increase in primary productivity commenced some 13 kyr after the K/T boundary.

Table 1: Potassium-argon dates on whole rock lavas from Mt. Giluwe

A series of K-Ar dates from Mt Giluwe volcano is reported and its relevance to the Quaternary history of the volcano is discussed. The period between about 380 000 and 220 000 years BP seems to have been one of major volcanic activity. During the volcanic activity there were periods of ice cover probably of short duration. The oldest evidence of glacial action predates a lava flow dated at between 340 000 and 380 000 years. At about 290 000 years an ice cap of a thickness of at least 100 m covered the summit area and one or a series of subglacial eruption(s) led to the formation of palagonitic breccia. This event was probably associated with a complete melting of the ice since it was followed almost immediately by the eruption of a thick sequence of normal lava flows which range in age from about 289 000 years to about 220 000 years. Subsequent volcanic activity was less significant and no dates are available on this.

Geochemistry and sedimentology of IODP Hole 307-U1317E

The Plio-Pleistocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere continental ice-sheet development is known to have profoundly affected the global climate system. Evidence for early continental glaciation is preserved in sediments throughout the North Atlantic Ocean, where ice-rafted detritus (IRD) layers attest to the calving of sediment-loaded icebergs from circum-Atlantic ice sheets. So far, Early-Pleistocene IRD deposition has been attributed to the presence of high-latitudinal ice sheets, whereas the existence and extent of ice accumulation in more temperate, mid-latitudinal regions remains enigmatic. Here we present results from the multiproxy provenance analysis of a unique, Pleistocene-Holocene IRD sequence from the Irish NE Atlantic continental margin. There, the Challenger coral carbonate mound (IODP Expedition 307 site U1317) preserved an Early-Pleistocene record of 16 distinctive IRD events, deposited between ca 2.6 and 1.7 Ma. Strong and complex IRD signals are also identified during the mid-Pleistocene climate transition (ca 1.2 to 0.65 Ma) and throughout the Middle-Late Pleistocene interval. Radiogenic isotope source-fingerprinting, in combination with coarse lithic component analysis, indicates a dominant sediment source in the nearby British-Irish Isles, even for the oldest, Early-Pleistocene IRD deposits. Hence, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, repeated and substantial (i.e. marine-terminating) ice accumulation on the British-Irish Isles since the beginning of the Pleistocene. Contemporaneous expansion of both high- and mid-latitudinal ice sheets in the North Atlantic region is therefore implied at the onset of the Pleistocene. Moreover, it suggests the recurrent establishment of (climatically) favourable conditions for ice sheet inception, growth and instability in mid-latitudinal regions, even in the earliest stages of Northern Hemisphere glacial expansion and in an obliquity-driven climate system.

Elemental composition and petroleum-generating potential of the methylene chloride extracts from DSDP Leg 66 Holes

Organic geochemical studies on samples from Holes 487, 488, and 490 in the southern Mexico Middle America Trench provided an opportunity to characterize the organic fraction of the sedimentary section in an active trench environment and to project the petroleum-producing potential of the extracted lipid fractions. The samples were geologically young and of shallow burial history. Samples from Hole 487, located on the oceanic plate, range in age from late Miocene to middlelate Pleistocene. Samples from Hole 488, representing undifferentiated Quaternary sediment, were collected on the landward side of the lower trench slope. Miocene(?) to Quaternary sediments from Hole 490 were obtained from the upper slope immediately seaward of the inferred location of the continental crust.

Nd- and Sr- isotope ratios of oceanic basalts

143Nd/144Nd ratios have been determined on 37 samples of oceanic basalt, with a typical precision of +/- 2-3 * 10**-5 (2 sigma). Ocean island and dredged and cored submarine basalts are included for which reliable measurements of 87Sr/86Sr ratios exist in the literature or have been measured as part of this study. A strong negative correlation exists between 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in basalts from Iceland and the Reykjanes Ridge, but such a clear correlation does not exist for samples from the Hawaiian Islands. However, when other ocean island basalts from the Atlantic are included there is an overall correlation between these two parameters. Increases and decreases in Rb/Sr in oceanic basalt source regions have in general been accompanied by decreases and increases respectively in Sm/Nd ratios. The compatibility of the data with single-stage models is assessed and it is concluded that enrichment and depletion events, which are consistent with transfer of silicate melts, are responsible for the observed variation.

Supernova 2013fc in a circumnuclear ring of a luminous infrared galaxy: The big brother of SN 1998S

We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2013fc, a bright type II supernova (SN) in a circumnuclear star-forming ring in the luminous infrared galaxy ESO 154-G010, observed as part of the Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey of Transient Objects. SN 2013fc is both photometrically and spectroscopically similar to the well-studied type IIn SN 1998S and to the bright type II-L SN 1979C. It exhibits an initial linear decline, followed by a short plateau phase and a tail phase with a decline too fast for ⁵⁶Co decay with full γ -ray trapping. Initially, the spectrum was blue and featureless. Later on, a strong broad (~8000 km s^-1) H α emission profile became prominent. We apply a STARLIGHT stellar population model fit to the SN location (observed when the SN had faded) to estimate a high extinction of A_V = 2.9 ± 0.2 mag and an age of 10⁺³ _-2 Myr for the underlying cluster.We compare the SN to SNe 1998S and 1979C and discuss its possible progenitor star considering the similarities to these events. With a peak brightness of B = -20.46 ± 0.21 mag, SN 2013fc is 0.9 mag brighter than SN 1998S and of comparable brightness to SN 1979C.We suggest that SN 2013fc was consistent with a massive red supergiant (RSG) progenitor. Recent mass loss probably due to a strong RSG wind created the circumstellar matter illuminated through its interaction with the SN ejecta. We also observe a near-infrared excess, possibly due to newly condensed dust.

Réactions des bébés au chant et à la parole : impacts sur l’attention et l’affect

Les parents à travers le monde chantent et parlent à leurs bébés. Ces deux types de vocalisations aux enfants préverbaux partagent plusieurs similarités de même que des différences, mais leurs conséquences sur les bébés demeurent méconnues. L’objectif de cette thèse était de documenter l’efficacité relative du chant et de la parole à capter l’attention des bébés sur de courtes périodes de temps (Étude 1) ainsi qu’à réguler l’affect des bébés en maintenant un état de satisfaction sur une période de temps prolongée (Étude 2). La première étude a exploré les réactions attentionnelles des bébés exposés à des enregistrements audio non familiers de chant et de parole. Lors de l’expérience 1, des bébés de 4 à 13 mois ont été exposés à de la parole joyeuse s’adressant au bébé (séquences de syllabes) et des berceuses fredonnées par la même femme. Ils ont écouté significativement plus longtemps la parole, qui contenait beaucoup plus de variabilité acoustique et d’expressivité que les berceuses. Dans l’expérience 2, des bébés d’âges comparables n’ont montré aucune écoute différentielle face à une version parlée ou chantée d’une chanson pour enfant turque, les deux versions étant exprimées de façon joyeuse / heureuse. Les bébés de l’expérience 3, ayant entendu la version chantée de la chanson turque ainsi qu’une version parlée de façon affectivement neutre ou s’adressant à l’adulte, ont écouté significativement plus longtemps la version chantée. Dans l’ensemble, la caractéristique vocale joyeuse plutôt que le mode vocal (chanté versus parlé) était le principal déterminant de l’attention du bébé, indépendamment de son âge. Dans la seconde étude, la régulation affective des bébés a été explorée selon l’exposition à des enregistrements audio non familiers de chant ou de parole. Les bébés ont été exposés à du chant ou de la parole jusqu’à ce qu’ils rencontrent un critère d’insatisfaction exprimée dans le visage. Lors de l’expérience 1, des bébés de 7 à 10 mois ont écouté des enregistrements de paroles s’adressant au bébé, de paroles s’adressant à l’adulte ou du chant dans une langue non familière (turque). Les bébés ont écouté le chant près de deux fois plus longtemps que les paroles avant de manifester de l’insatisfaction. Lors de l’expérience 2, des bébés ont été exposés à des enregistrements de paroles ou de chants issus d’interactions naturelles entre la mère et son bébé, dans une langue familière. Comme dans l’expérience 1, le chant s’adressant au bébé était considérablement plus efficace que les paroles pour retarder l’apparition du mécontentement. La construction temporelle du chant, avec notamment son rythme régulier, son tempo stable et ses répétitions, pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la régulation affective, afin de soutenir l’attention, rehausser la familiarité ou promouvoir l’écoute prédictive et l’entraînement. En somme, les études présentées dans cette thèse révèlent, pour la première fois, que le chant est un outil parental puissant, tout aussi efficace que la parole pour capter l’attention et plus efficace que la parole pour maintenir les bébés dans un état paisible. Ces découvertes soulignent l’utilité du chant dans la vie quotidienne et l’utilité potentielle du chant dans des contextes thérapeutiques variés impliquant des bébés.

Patient Characteristics Associated with Differences in Admission Frequency for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in U.S. Children’s Hospitals

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Potencial de malignização do líquen plano oral

Ao Médico Dentista cabe o diagnóstico e o tratamento de todas as perturbações que afetem a cavidade oral e estruturas anexas e, embora a cavidade oral seja uma zona de fácil visualização e acesso, as alterações que vão acontecendo passam muitas vezes despercebidas, ou não lhes é dado o devido valor fazendo com que, as patologias malignas sejam na maior parte das vezes, reconhecidas tardiamente não permitindo outro tipo de atuação senão paliativa. Uma das desordens que acontecem com recorrência é o Líquen Plano (LP). Tratando-se de uma patologia crónica, mucocutânea e autoimune, relativamente comum, que afeta maioritariamente as mulheres numa proporção de 3:2 para os homens, em idades compreendidas entre os 50 e 70 anos de vida. É uma dermatose caracterizada por ter potencial de recorrência, não sendo, contudo, contagiosa. O Líquen Plano poderá atingir a pele, couro cabeludo, unhas, mucosa genital e a cavidade oral. Na cavidade oral, designa-se como Líquen Plano Oral (LPO) e afeta a mucosa oral em 70% dos casos, sendo descrita pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), como sendo uma lesão prémaligna. Tendo em conta estes fatores, o objetivo deste trabalho é a análise da potencialidade de malignidade do LPO, uma vez que, existem distintas vertentes de entendimento e caracterização do mesmo. Para tal foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa de natureza bibliográfica com a aplicação de um conjunto de dados de pesquisa em websites, artigos de revistas e obras de índole cientifica, permitindo assim a realização de uma revisão bibliográfica.

Factors affecting gut metabolism and bioavailabilty of orange juice flavanones in humans

Several studies have supported a beneficial role of dietary flavonoids in reducing the risk/progression of chronic diseases (including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, type-2-diabetes, cognitive dysfunction, age-related bone disease). Their beneficial properties are likely to be affected by their structure, distribution in foods, food matrix, life habits (physical activity). Most dietary polyphenols reach the colon where they are metabolized to phenolic acids by gut bacteria. Lack of knowledge of the factors affecting flavonoid metabolism and bioavailability hinders understanding of their health effects. Therefore, this thesis aimed to investigate the effect of factors on bioavailability and metabolism of dietary polyphenols from orange juices (OJ) in in vitro and in vivo studies. In chapter 3, the variability of orange juice polyphenolic content was assessed using in vitro models of the human gastrointestinal tract. Chapter 4 investigated the reduced urinary phenolic acids after OJ and yoghurt (Y) in humans compared to OJ alone using in vitro models of the human gut. In chapter 5, raftiline and glucose were tested for effects on metabolism of hesperidin (flavanone not OJ). In chapter 6, an intervention study of 4 weeks moderate intensity exercise determined whether exercise affected bioavailability and metabolism of OJ flavanones in healthy sedentary females. The studies in this thesis showed that food sources, food matrix and physical exercise may determine the significant variations in bioavailability and metabolism of flavonoids, seen in a number of studies. These factors could result in differences in bioactivity and bioefficacy of polyphenols, and need to be taken into account in further studies of the effects of flavanones on disease risk.

Prevalence, severity and risk factors of allergic disorders among people in south India.

Background: Allergic disorders are not usually life-threatening conditions but they impair the person’s ability to function. It thus adversely affects the psychological wellbeing and quality of life. These implications of allergic disorders can be minimized if strategies are planned for its early identification followed by appropriate interventions. Objectives: To find out the prevalence and risk factors of allergic disorders. Methods: Data was collected by house to house survey among participants aged 18 years and above using a standardized allergy assessment questionnaire. Results: Mean age of the 400 participants was 42.8±14.7 years. Majority 105(26.2%) were in the age group 36 to 45 years. Majority were females 287(71.7%) and were house wives 217(54.2%). Majority of participants were of upper socio economic class 98(44.7%) out of 219 and majority were from urban areas 326(81.5%). The prevalence of allergy among participants was found to be 115(28.7%). Out of these 115, 37(32.2%) had possibility of allergy, 60(52.2%) had probability of allergy and the rest 18(15.6%) had very high likelihood for allergy. People residing in semi urban areas had increased risk of allergy (p=0.024) than those from urban areas. The prevalence of asthma was 30(7.5%) and skin allergy was 23(5.8%). Most common precipitating factors for allergy were dust exposure 103(25.8%) followed by seasonal changes 71(17.8%). Family history of allergy was associated with allergy among participants (p<0.001). Usage of firewood was associated with symptoms of respiratory allergy among participants (p=0.01). Conclusion: The study revealed some important determinants of allergic disorders which have important implications to frame appropriate prevention and health educational strategies.