Metal-organic chemical vapor-deposited cobalt oxide films as negative electrodes for thin film Li-ion battery

In this study, thin films of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) have been grown by the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique on stainless steel substrate at two preferred temperatures (450 degrees C and 500 degrees C), using cobalt acetylacetonate dihydrate as precursor. Spherical as well as columnar microstructures of Co3O4 have been observed under controlled growth conditions. Further investigations reveal these films are phase-pure, well crystallized and carbon-free. High-resolution TEM analysis confirms that each columnar structure is a continuous stack of minute crystals. Comparative study between these Co3O4 films grown at 450 degrees C and 500 degrees C has been carried out for their application as negative electrodes in Li-ion batteries. Our method of electrode fabrication leads to a coating of active material directly on current collector without any use of external additives. A high specific capacity of 1168 micro Ah cm(-2) mu m(-1) has been measured reproducibly for the film deposited at 500 degrees C with columnar morphology. Further, high rate capability is observed when cycled at different current densities. The Co3O4 electrode with columnar structure has a specific capacity 38% higher than the electrode with spherical microstructure (grown at 450 degrees C). Impedance measurements on the Co3O4 electrode grown at 500 degrees C also carried out to study the kinetics of the electrode process. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.

On the curvature ODE associated to the Ricci flow

In the vector space of algebraic curvature operators we study the reaction ODE which is associated to the evolution equation of the Riemann curvature operator along the Ricci flow. More precisely, we give a partial classification of the zeros of this ODE up to suitable normalization and analyze the stability of a special class of zeros of the same. In particular, we show that the ODE is unstable near the curvature operators of the Riemannian product spaces where is an Einstein (locally) symmetric space of compact type and not a spherical space form when .

Structural and functional analysis of two universal stress proteins YdaA and YnaF from Salmonella typhimurium: possible roles in microbial stress tolerance

In many organisms ``Universal Stress Proteins'' CUSPS) are induced in response to a variety of environmental stresses. Here we report the structures of two USPs, YnaF and YdaA from Salmonella typhimurium determined at 1.8 angstrom and 2.4 angstrom resolutions, respectively. YnaF consists of a single USP domain and forms a tetrameric organization stabilized by interactions mediated through chloride ions. YdaA is a larger protein consisting of two tandem USP domains. Two protomers of YdaA associate to form a structure similar to the YnaF tetramer. YdaA showed ATPase activity and an ATP binding motif G-2X-G-9X-G(S/T/N) was found in its C-terminal domain. The residues corresponding to this motif were not conserved in YnaF although YnaF could bind ATP. However, unlike YdaA, YnaF did not hydrolyse ATP in vitro. Disruption of interactions mediated through chloride ions by selected mutations converted YnaF into an ATPase. Residues that might be important for ATP hydrolysis could be identified by comparing the active sites of native and mutant structures. Only the C-terminal domain of YdaA appears to be involved in ATP hydrolysis. The structurally similar N-terminal domain was found to bind a zinc ion near the segment equivalent to the phosphate binding loop of the C-terminal domain. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that YdaA might bind a ligand of approximate molecular weight 800 daltons. Structural comparisons suggest that the ligand, probably related to an intermediate in lipid A biosynthesis, might bind at a site close to the zinc ion. Therefore, the N-terminal domain of YdaA binds zinc and might play a role in lipid metabolism. Thus, USPs appear to perform several distinct functions such as ATP hydrolysis, altering membrane properties and chloride sensing. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Gamma oscillations in the midbrain spatial attention network: linking circuits to function

Gamma-band (25-140 Hz) oscillations are ubiquitous in mammalian forebrain structures involved in sensory processing, attention, learning and memory. The optic tectum (01) is the central structure in a midbrain network that participates critically in controlling spatial attention. In this review, we summarize recent advances in characterizing a neural circuit in this midbrain network that generates large amplitude, space-specific, gamma oscillations in the avian OT, both in vivo and in vitro. We describe key physiological and pharmacological mechanisms that produce and regulate the structure of these oscillations. The extensive similarities between midbrain gamma oscillations in birds and those in the neocortex and hippocampus of mammals, offer important insights into the functional significance of a midbrain gamma oscillatory code.

Porous Flower-like alpha-Fe2O3 Nanostructure: A High Performance Anode Material for Lithium-ion Batteries

Porous flower-like alpha-Fe2O3 nanostructures have been synthesized by ethylene glycol mediated iron alkoxide as an intermediate and studied as an anode material of Li-ion battery. The iron alkoxide precursor is heated at different temperatures from 300 to 700 degrees C. The alpha-Fe2O3 samples possess porosity and high surface area. There is a decrease in pore volume as well as surface area by increasing the preparation temperature. The reversible cycling properties of the alpha-Fe2O3 nanostructures have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge discharge cycling, and galvanostatic intermittent titration measurements at ambient temperature. The initial discharge capacity values of 1063, 1168,1183, 1152 and 968 mAh g(-1) at a specific current of 50 mA g(-1) are obtained for the samples prepared at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 degrees C, respectively. The samples prepared at 500 and 600 degrees C exhibit good cycling performance with high rate capability. The high rate capacity is attributed to porous nature of the materials. As the iron oxides are inexpensive and environmental friendly, the alpha-Fe2O3 has potential application as anode material for rechargeable Li batteries. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

System reliability of randomly vibrating structures: Computational modeling and laboratory testing

The problem of determination of system reliability of randomly vibrating structures arises in many application areas of engineering. We discuss in this paper approaches based on Monte Carlo simulations and laboratory testing to tackle problems of time variant system reliability estimation. The strategy we adopt is based on the application of Girsanov's transformation to the governing stochastic differential equations which enables estimation of probability of failure with significantly reduced number of samples than what is needed in a direct simulation study. Notably, we show that the ideas from Girsanov's transformation based Monte Carlo simulations can be extended to conduct laboratory testing to assess system reliability of engineering structures with reduced number of samples and hence with reduced testing times. Illustrative examples include computational studies on a 10 degree of freedom nonlinear system model and laboratory/computational investigations on road load response of an automotive system tested on a four post Lest rig. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Biocompatibility property of 100% strontium-substituted SiO2-Al2O3-P2O5-CaO-CaF2 glass ceramics over 26 weeks implantation in rabbit model: Histology and micro-Computed Tomography analysis

One of the desired properties for any new biomaterial composition is its long-term stability in a suitable animal model and such property cannot be appropriately assessed by performing short-term implantation studies. While hydroxyapatite (HA) or bioglass coated metallic biomaterials are being investigated for in vivo biocompatibility properties, such study is not extensively being pursued for bulk glass ceramics. In view of their inherent brittle nature, the implant stability as well as impact of long-term release of metallic ions on bone regeneration have been a major concern. In this perspective, the present article reports the results of the in vivo implantation experiments carried out using 100% strontium (Sr)-substituted glass ceramics with the nominal composition of 4.5 SiO2-3Al(2)O(3)-1.5P(2)O(5)-3SrO-2SrF(2) for 26 weeks in cylindrical bone defects in rabbit model. The combination of histological and micro-computed tomography analysis provided a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the bone regeneration around the glass ceramic implants in comparison to the highly bioactive HA bioglass implants (control). The sequential polychrome labeling of bone during in vivo osseointegration using three fluorochromes followed by fluorescence microscopy observation confirmed homogeneous bone formation around the test implants. The results of the present study unequivocally confirm the long-term implant stability as well as osteoconductive property of 100% Sr-substituted glass ceramics, which is comparable to that of a known bioactive implant, that is, HA-based bioglass. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1168-1179, 2015.

Investigation of schemes for incorporating generator Q limits in the fast decoupled load flow method

Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) is a very popular and widely used power flow analysis method because of its simplicity and efficiency. Even though the basic FDLF algorithm is well investigated, the same is not true in the case of additional schemes/modifications required to obtain adjusted load flow solutions using the FDLF method. Handling generator Q limits is one such important feature needed in any practical load flow method. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of two classes of schemes intended to handle this aspect i.e. the bus type switching scheme and the sensitivity scheme. We propose two new sensitivity based schemes and assess their performance in comparison with the existing schemes. In addition, a new scheme to avoid the possibility of anomalous solutions encountered while using the conventional schemes is also proposed and evaluated. Results from extensive simulation studies are provided to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these existing and proposed schemes, especially from the point of view of reliability.

Analysis of five glucometers available in India

In this study, we report on the accuracy, precision and clinical acceptability of the five blood glucose meters available in India. Glucose levels of 100 blood samples were measured with each meter, at IISc health centre laboratory under same conditions and the results were compared with laboratory reference standard. In order to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV), each sample was tested three times. None of the glucometer showed 100 % compliance on CV measure. In terms of accuracy, none of the glucometer satisfied the most stringent ADA-1994 standard. In general all the glucometers showed improved accuracy with respect to the most relaxed ISO 1597:2003 standard. The Clarke error grid analysis was performed to assess the clinical acceptability of the glucometers. All five glucometers had more than 90 % of test results in Zone A and B. Bland-Altman analysis indicates that all glucometers show a positive bias, indicating that the measured values tend to be higher than the laboratory reference standard.

Three-dimensional plotted hydroxyapatite scaffolds with predefined architecture: comparison of stabilization by alginate cross-linking versus sintering

Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering are essentially characterized by porous three-dimensional structures with interconnected pores to facilitate the exchange of nutrients and removal of waste products from cells, thereby promoting cell proliferation in such engineered scaffolds. Although hydroxyapatite is widely being considered for bone tissue engineering applications due to its occurrence in the natural extracellular matrix of this tissue, limited reports are available on additive manufacturing of hydroxyapatite-based materials. In this perspective, hydroxyapatite-based three-dimensional porous scaffolds with two different binders (maltodextrin and sodium alginate) were fabricated using the extrusion method of three-dimensional plotting and the results were compared in reference to the structural properties of scaffolds processed via chemical stabilization and sintering routes, respectively. With the optimal processing conditions regarding to pH and viscosity of binder-loaded hydroxyapatite pastes, scaffolds with parallelepiped porous architecture having up to 74% porosity were fabricated. Interestingly, sintering of the as-plotted hydroxyapatite-sodium alginate (cross-linked with CaCl2 solution) scaffolds led to the formation of chlorapatite (Ca9.54P5.98O23.8Cl1.60(OH)(2.74)). Both the sintered scaffolds displayed progressive deformation and delayed fracture under compressive loading, with hydroxyapatite-alginate scaffolds exhibiting a higher compressive strength (9.5 +/- 0.5MPa) than hydroxyapatite-maltodextrin scaffolds (7.0 +/- 0.6MPa). The difference in properties is explained in terms of the phase assemblage and microstructure.

Deformation Defects in Nanocrystalline Nickel

Defects induced by plastic deformation in electrodeposited, fully dense nanocrystalline (nc) Ni with an average grain size of 25 nm have been characterized by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The nc Ni was deformed under uniaxial tension at liquid-nitrogen temperature. Trapped full dislocations were observed in the grain interior and near the grain boundaries. In particular, these dislocations preferred to exist in the form of dipoles. Deformation twinning was confirmed in nc grains and the most proficient mechanism is the heterogeneous nucleation via emission of partial dislocations from the grain boundaries.

Influencia de la cobertura del dosel en los daños por herbivorismo en una plantacion de enriquecimiento en el bosque seco secundario de Nandaime, Granada

El objetivo fue evaluar el establecimiento de tres especies forestales de valor comercial, Swietenia humilis, Cedrela odorata y Pachira quinata, como medida de enriquecimiento del bosque seco secundario de Nandaime, como medida de enriquecimiento del bosque seco. Se establecieron tres parcelas cuadradas con área de 625 m² (25 m x 25 m) y un espaciamiento de 3 m x 3 m entre plantas y líneas. Se plantaron 15 plantas por especie para un total de 45 individuos por parcelas, cada parcela con un porcentaje de cobertura de dosel correspondiente a: 0 a 20%, 20 a 50% y 50% a más. Las variables medidas fueron sobrevivencia, daños por insectos. Se obtuvo un porcentaje general de sobrevivencia de 53%, C. odorata es la especie que presentó valores más bajos (0%) en la cobertura0 a 20% y mayor de 50, los principales daños causados fueron notorios en los meses secos al final del período evaluado, principalmente en la cobertura mayor a 50%. Con los resultados obtenidos de las tres especies evaluadas se concluye que las especies P. quinata y Swietenia humilis, pueden utilizarse en plantaciones de enriquecimiento forestal con cobertura inferior al a 50% mientras C. odorata siempre y cuando se establezca un sistema de monitoreo y control de agentes de agentes que incrementan el riesgo de mortalidad de la especie.

Evaluación de la inclusión de yuca (Manihot esculenta cranz) y suero en la alimentación de cerdos en las etapas de desarrollo y engorde

Se realizó un experimento con 30 cerdos comerciales en las etapas de desarrollo y engorde, con una duración de 120 días (60 días por etapa) con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de yuca y suero en la alimentación. Sobre consumo, ganancia medía diaria (GMD), conversión alimenticia y utilidad económica. Los cerdos fueron asignados aleatoriamente en 3 grupos de 10 cerdos cada uno, de pesos similares con 60 días de edad, utilizándose un Diseño Completo al Azar (D.C.A. ). Se encontró diferencias significativas (P<0.05) en las categorías de desarrollo y engorde en cuanto a ganancia medía diaria del tratamiento T 1 respecto a los tratamientos T2 y T3. Las raciones experimentales estaban constituidas por: T1 (testigo) concentrado comercial, T2 base (50% maíz., 50% semolina y sal) y suero y el T3 la misma base, suero y yuca. En la etapa de desarrollo los consumos de alimento, ganancia media diaria y conversión alimenticia promedio por cerdo fueron de: 63.48, 189.57 y 218.45 kg; 384.33, 174.33 y 158.33 gramos/día; 2.75, 19.95 y 20.88 para T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente. En la etapa de engorde, los consumos de alimento, ganancia media diaria y conversión alimenticia promedia por cerdo fueron de: 164.98, 343.44 y 355.87 kg; 822.03, 398.65 y 328.80 gramos/día; 3.34, 14.36 y 18.03. El análisis económico evidencia que las mejores utilidades se obtuvieron con el T2 en la etapa de engorde con C$90.61/cerdo. Se concluye que se puede suministrar raciones para la alimentación de cerdos en engorde con subproductos lácteos y agrícolas con el fin de disminuir los costos por alimento.

Evaluación de los anabólicos de crecimiento implix, ganamax, ralgro en novillos (finalización) en el trópico seco de Nicaragua

Con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de tres promotores de crecimiento Implix, Ralqro, Ganamax y un qrupo Testiqo (4 tratamientos), sobre variables de rendimiento en novillos de repasto Criollos x Brahaman con niveles de encaste desconocido, en el trópico seco de Nicaragua (Nandaime) 20 novillos fueron distribuidos al azar, 5 novillos por tratamiento. El estudio tuvo una duración de 3 meses, tiempo en el cual los animales fueron Implantados con los anabólicos antes mencionados. Las variables estudiadas fueron ganancia media diaria (GMD), peso de la canal (PCC), peso a los 90 días (P90d). Los datos obtenidos para determinar estas variables fueron peso inicial, peso a los 15 días, peso final. Los datos obtenidos para determinar estas variables se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y luego a una separación de medios a través de la prueba de DUNCAN. Los tratamientos no tuvieron efecto (P>0.05) sobre la características física de la canal; sin embargo se obtuvo mayor porcentaje de carne maqra y menos grasa en los animales implantados. Los resultados de las variables en estudio presentaron los siguientes valores: Ganamax (T1)tuvo una GMD de 380 grs, peso a los 90 días 392 kq y rendimiento en canal caliente de 194 kq, sequido de Implix (T2l con GMD 360 grs, peso 90 días de 380 kq y rendimiento en canal caliente 189 kg, el tratamiento Ralqro (T3) tuvo un peso a los 90 días de 375 kq obteniendo un peso final igual que el tratamiento Testigo, GMD 260 grs para Ralgro y 300 grs para el tratamiento Testigo, un rendimiento en canal caliente 186 kq para e1 tratamiento Ralqro Y 185 kq para el tratamiento Testigo.

Efecto de tres niveles de proteína sobre los rendimientos productivos en conejos de engorde

El presente trabajo experimental se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de la variación proteica sobre los rendimientos productivos en conejos de engorde y la evaluación económica de los Tratamientos. Se utilizarán 27 gazapos de 40 días de edad, de la raza Neozelandés Blanco (NB), con un peso vivo inicial promedio de 0.612 Kg. Se realizó sexaje de los animales resultando 12 hembras y 15 machos. Se utilizaron tres tratamientos. A los animales del grupo uno (T1) se les suministró pellet con 13% PB. En el segundo grupo (T2) o testigo se suministró pellet con 15% PB y el tercer tratamiento se suministró pellet con 17% PB. Para las evaluaciones estadísticas se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorio (DCA), con tres tratamientos y tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Cada repetición estaba constituida por tres gazapos distribuidos aleatoriamente a los que se le registraron diariamente consumo de alimento y semanalmente aumento de peso vivo, ganancia media diaria e índice de conversión alimenticia. Las variables analizadas estadísticamente por medio del análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) fueron la Consumo Promedio de Alimento (Kg/día), Ganancia Media Diaria (Gr/día) y el índice de conversión por cada tratamiento, Duración del período de Ceba y los Costos Totales por Tratamiento. Para las variables dependientes se obtuvieron los siguientes valores : %P T1. 13%; T2. 15%; T3. 17% CA(Kg) T1: 0.0757 %; T2: 0.0785; T3: 0.0945 GMD (Gr/Dia) T1: 18.874; T2:17.990; T3: 17.902 ICA (Kg A/Kg PV)T1: 4.01; T2: 4.36; T3: 5.28 lnc. Peso (Kg) T1: 1.189; T2: 1.134; T3: 1.128 Durante el ensayo los animales del tratamiento T1 (13 16 PB) fueron los primeros en alcanzar el peso comercial (1.872 Kg) a los 63 días del engorde. En tanto en los tratamientos T2 (15 % PB) y T3 (17 % PB) los pesos finales registrados fueron 1.850 y 1.833 Kg de PV respectivamente. En el ANDEVA realizado para las diferentes variables, se observó que el efecto de los tratamientos sobre Consumo alimenticio, Ganancia Media Diaria e índice de Conversión Alimenticia resultó no significativo concluyendo que no existe diferencia entre los tratamientos. Sin embargo el Tratamiento con13% de PB (T1) fue el que presentó menor consumo, mayor ganancia de peso y mejor conversión Con la realización del análisis de los costos totales para un gazapo en engorde se determinaron valores de $20.01(T1),20.45 (T2) y 21.55 (T3). Al determinar los costos de alimentación por tratamiento se obtuvieron valores de C$ 27.91 para el13% de PB (T1), C$ 30.86 para el15% de PB (T2) y C$ 43.53 para el 17% de PB (T3). Pudiendo concluir que el tratamiento con 13% de PB (T1) fue el que presentó menores costos de alimentación y por lo tanto se obtuvo mayor utilidad.