高寒地区植食性小哺乳动物的越冬对策

利用多年工作积累的观察资料, 讨论几种植食性小哺乳动物的越冬对策。其中, 高原鼢鼠、甘肃鼠兔和根田鼠均贮存食物, 以减少寒冷条件下的取食暴露。高原鼢鼠以个体为单位贮存和利用贮存食物, 相互之间不协作；而两种地面活动的种类则可能以家庭为单位贮存和分享越冬食物。喜马拉雅旱獭体型较大, 不贮存食物, 它以冬眠方式越冬, 这是一种对食物依赖最小的方式。高原鼠兔, 既不贮存食物, 也不进入冬眠, 而是主要靠增加身体产热能力来保持体温, 抵御严寒。作者认为, 动物自身的生理限制、生活方式、环境条件以及捕食风险等诸多因素的综合作用决定动物的越冬对策。

三种嵩草群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度与重叠分析

本文利用Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｐｉａｎｋａ公式，在多维生态因子梯度上测定了海北地区高寒草甸三种嵩草（Ｋｏｂｒｅｓｉａ）群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明：三种嵩草群落中优势种群的生态位宽度都较大，其中小嵩草（Ｋ．ｐｙｇｍａｅａ）在土壤水势、光照强度和坡向等三维因子上的生态位宽度分别是０．９１８、０．８９６和０．９１０；矮嵩草（Ｋ．ｈｕｍｉｌｉｓ）和藏嵩草（Ｋ．ｔｉｂｅｔｌｃａ）在土壤水势维上的生态位宽度分别是０．８７５和０．８６６；植物种如具有较大的生态位，则种间的生态位重叠亦较高；植物种对间若有相似的生物学一生态学特征, 生态位重叠有降低的趋势小篙草和矮篙草在三维上的重叠值分别是0.671、0.719和0.686某些杂类草与优质牧草之间存有较大的重叠, 这主要与长期过度放牧、优良牧草受到抑制以及生境退化有关。

RAPD profiling in detecting genetic variation in endemic Coelonema (Brassicaceae) of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China

Random amplified polymorphic DNA ( RAPD) markers were used to measure genetic diversity of Coelonema draboides ( Brassicaceae), a genus endemic to the Qilian Mountains of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We sampled 90 individuals in 30 populations of Coelonema draboides from Datong and Huzhu counties of Qinghai Province in P. R. China. A total of 186 amplified bands were scored from the 14 RAPD primers, with a mean of 13.3 amplified bands per primer, and 87% ( 161 bands) polymorphic bands (PPB) was found. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) shows that a large proportion of genetic variation (84.2%) resides among individuals within populations, while only 15.8% resides among populations. The species shows higher genetic diversity between individuals than other endemic and endangered plants. The RAPDs provide a useful tool for assessing genetic diversity of rare, endemic species and for resolving relationships among populations. The results show that the genetic diversity of this species is high, possibly allowing it to adapt more easily to environmental variations. The main factor responsible for the high level of differentiation within populations and the low level of diversity among populations is probably the outcrossing and long-lived nature of this species. Some long-distance dispersal, even among far separated populations, is also a crucial determinant for the pattern of genetic variation in the species. This distributive pattern of genetic variation of C. draboides populations provides important baseline data for conservation and collection strategies for the species. It is suggested that only populations in different habitats should be studied and protected, not all populations, so as to retain as much genetic diversity as possible.

青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统二氧化碳通量研究

本论文以青藏高原东北部海北地区高寒灌丛（Alpine Shrub）生态系统为研究对象，利用微气象观测系统及涡度相关（Eddy Covariance）技术，自2003年1月1日至2005年12月31日对该类广布于青藏高原的典型高寒草地类型进行长期连续观测。在对生态系统CO2净交换（NEE）以及群落叶面积指数（LAI）、生物量等生物学指标和光合有效辐射（PAR）、温度、土壤水分、脉冲性降水事件等主要环境因子进行连续监测的基础上，重点分析和探讨了海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)在时、日、月及年际尺度上的变化模式，生长季与非生长季高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净交换特征，高寒灌丛生态系统大气CO2源/汇年际差异，土壤温度、昼夜温差、光合有效辐射、脉冲性降水事件等主要环境因子影响。从而，揭示了不同时间尺度下的高寒灌丛生态系统NEE变化规律，阐明主要环境因子对生态系统NEE的影响，明确了该生态系统大气CO2源/汇状况及其季节分布模式；同时，也为青藏高原区域尺度的高寒草地生态系统CO2通量研究和碳收支的估算提供科学依据和基础数据，对进一步揭示我国乃至亚洲陆地生态系统的碳收支状况有着重要意义。主要研究结果概括为以下几个方面： 1、海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统净生态系统CO2交换时动态特征存在很大的季节性差异，暖季小时NEE变化振幅大，CO2净吸收的极值一般出现在午间，最大吸收量为1.7 g CO2 m-2 h-1左右。夜间为CO2净释放，净生态系统交换值较为稳定（0.5~ 0.9 g CO2 m-2 h-1）；冷季日变化振幅极小，除14:00~18:00时一定量CO2释放外，其余时段通量均很小。 2、从日平均净生态系统CO2交换来看，6~9月日平均NEE一般为负值（CO2净吸收），2003~2005年6~9 月间日平均NEE分别为-5.65 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-6.08 g CO2 m-2 d-1和-4.81 g CO2 m-2 d-1；而10~12月及翌年1~5月期间日平均NEE通常为正值（CO2净释放），该时段3年高寒灌丛日平均净生态系统CO2交换分别为1.91 g CO2 m-2 d-1、1.90 g CO2 m-2 d-1和2.19 g CO2 m-2 d-1。2003~2004年高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净释放维持天数分别为249 d、 254 d和264 d，2003年净释放维持天数最少，而净吸收维持天数2005年最少（101d）。2003、2004和2005年全年日平均CO2净吸收分别为0.611 g CO2 m-2 d-1、0.759 g CO2 m-2 d-1和0.167 g CO2 m-2 d-1。 3、就季节差异而言，2003、2004和2005年整个生长季节高寒灌丛平均CO2日净生态系统交换分别为-3.99 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-4.59 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-3.27 g CO2 m-2 d-1。7、8月生长季节CO2净吸收的最高，2003、2004、2005年7月和8月份高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收分别为222 g CO2 m-2 和224 g CO2 m-2、355 g CO2 m-2和216 g CO2 m-2、263 g CO2 m-2和186 g CO2 m-2。在相对短暂的生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现出显著的大气CO2净吸收能力，2003、2004和2005年生长季节高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收量分别为610 g CO2 m-2、701 g CO2 m-2和500 g CO2 m-2。相对于温度等环境因子，高寒灌丛生态系统生长季白昼NEE小时变化规律更受光合有效辐射变化的影响。 4、2003～2005年非生长季节日平均NEE分别为1.83 g CO2 m-2、2.01 g CO2 m-2和2.07 g CO2 m-2。4月和10月是非生长季节CO2净释放的最高月份，2003、2004和2005年全月净释放量为105 g CO2 m-2和77 g CO2 m-2、105 g CO2 m-2和117 g CO2 m-2及105 g CO2 m-2和138 g CO2 m-2，2003～2005年整个非生长季CO2净释放分别为CO2为388 g CO2 m-2、425 g CO2 m-2和439 g CO2 m-2。非生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统NEE小时变化与5 cm土壤温度存在极显著的正相关关联，表明在非生长季节土壤温度是影响青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统NEE的重要环境因子。 5、从生态系统CO2源/汇特征来看，海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统2003、2004和2005年全年净CO2固定总量分别为223 g CO2 m-2 a-1、277 g CO2 m-2 a-1和61 g CO2 m-2 a-1，3年平均CO2值为187 g CO2 m-2 a-1。在为期3年的研究时段海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现为弱的大气二氧化碳的汇。 6、高寒灌丛群落表观光合量子产额（a）和表观最大光合速率（Pmax）受叶面积指数的影响。在6～9月份期间，由于LAI的不同，a和Pmax值差异明显，7、8月份较高而6月和9月明显较低。海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统a和Pmax值高于西藏当雄地区高寒草甸生态系统，但低于平原地区相关生态系统。 维持天数2005年最少（101d）。2003、2004和2005年全年日平均CO2净吸收分别为0.611 g CO2 m-2 d-1、0.759 g CO2 m-2 d-1和0.167 g CO2 m-2 d-1。 3、就季节差异而言，2003、2004和2005年整个生长季节高寒灌丛平均CO2日净生态系统交换分别为-3.99 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-4.59 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-3.27 g CO2 m-2 d-1。7、8月生长季节CO2净吸收的最高，2003、2004、2005年7月和8月份高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收分别为222 g CO2 m-2 和224 g CO2 m-2、355 g CO2 m-2和216 g CO2 m-2、263 g CO2 m-2和186 g CO2 m-2。在相对短暂的生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现出显著的大气CO2净吸收能力，2003、2004和2005年生长季节高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收量分别为610 g CO2 m-2、701 g CO2 m-2和500 g CO2 m-2。相对于温度等环境因子，高寒灌丛生态系统生长季白昼NEE小时变化规律更受光合有效辐射变化的影响。 4、2003～2005年非生长季节日平均NEE分别为1.83 g CO2 m-2、2.01 g CO2 m-2和2.07 g CO2 m-2。4月和10月是非生长季节CO2净释放的最高月份，2003、2004和2005年全月净释放量为105 g CO2 m-2和77 g CO2 m-2、105 g CO2 m-2和117 g CO2 m-2及105 g CO2 m-2和138 g CO2 m-2，2003～2005年整个非生长季CO2净释放分别为CO2为388 g CO2 m-2、425 g CO2 m-2和439 g CO2 m-2。非生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统NEE小时变化与5 cm土壤温度存在极显著的正相关关联，表明在非生长季节土壤温度是影响青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统NEE的重要环境因子。 5、从生态系统CO2源/汇特征来看，海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统2003、2004和2005年全年净CO2固定总量分别为223 g CO2 m-2 a-1、277 g CO2 m-2 a-1和61 g CO2 m-2 a-1，3年平均CO2值为187 g CO2 m-2 a-1。在为期3年的研究时段海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现为弱的大气二氧化碳的汇。 6、高寒灌丛群落表观光合量子产额（a）和表观最大光合速率（Pmax）受叶面积指数的影响。在6～9月份期间，由于LAI的不同，a和Pmax值差异明显，7、8月份较高而6月和9月明显较低。海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统a和Pmax值高于西藏当雄地区高寒草甸生态系统，但低于平原地区相关生态系统。

C~3I系统对象化模型分析

本文以面向对象的观点,结合Petri网的模型化方法与信息论的理论成果,提出了C3I 系统的对象化模型,并以此模型为基础对C3I系统进行分析,从而为C3I系统的设计与改善提供了一种可行的校验工具。

基于显式分形插值的高保真地震数据重建方法研究

Based on the fractal theories, contractive mapping principles as well as the fixed point theory, by means of affine transform, this dissertation develops a novel Explicit Fractal Interpolation Function（EFIF）which can be used to reconstruct the seismic data with high fidelity and precision. Spatial trace interpolation is one of the important issues in seismic data processing. Under the ideal circumstances, seismic data should be sampled with a uniform spatial coverage. However, practical constraints such as the complex surface conditions indicate that the sampling density may be sparse or for other reasons some traces may be lost. The wide spacing between receivers can result in sparse sampling along traverse lines, thus result in a spatial aliasing of short-wavelength features. Hence, the method of interpolation is of very importance. It not only needs to make the amplitude information obvious but the phase information, especially that of the point that the phase changes acutely. Many people put forward several interpolation methods, yet this dissertation focuses attention on a special class of fractal interpolation function, referred to as explicit fractal interpolation function to improve the accuracy of the interpolation reconstruction and to make the local information obvious. The traditional fractal interpolation method mainly based on the randomly Fractional Brown Motion (FBM) model, furthermore, the vertical scaling factor which plays a critical role in the implementation of fractal interpolation is assigned the same value during the whole interpolating process, so it can not make the local information obvious. In addition, the maximal defect of the traditional fractal interpolation method is that it cannot obtain the function values on each interpolating nodes, thereby it cannot analyze the node error quantitatively and cannot evaluate the feasibility of this method. Detailed discussions about the applications of fractal interpolation in seismology have not been given by the pioneers, let alone the interpolating processing of the single trace seismogram. On the basis of the previous work and fractal theory this dissertation discusses the fractal interpolation thoroughly and the stability of this special kind of interpolating function is discussed, at the same time the explicit presentation of the vertical scaling factor which controls the precision of the interpolation has been proposed. This novel method develops the traditional fractal interpolation method and converts the fractal interpolation with random algorithms into the interpolation with determined algorithms. The data structure of binary tree method has been applied during the process of interpolation, and it avoids the process of iteration that is inevitable in traditional fractal interpolation and improves the computation efficiency. To illustrate the validity of the novel method, this dissertation develops several theoretical models and synthesizes the common shot gathers and seismograms and reconstructs the traces that were erased from the initial section using the explicit fractal interpolation method. In order to compare the differences between the theoretical traces that were erased in the initial section and the resulting traces after reconstruction on waveform and amplitudes quantitatively, each missing traces are reconstructed and the residuals are analyzed. The numerical experiments demonstrate that the novel fractal interpolation method is not only applicable to reconstruct the seismograms with small offset but to the seismograms with large offset. The seismograms reconstructed by explicit fractal interpolation method resemble the original ones well. The waveform of the missing traces could be estimated very well and also the amplitudes of the interpolated traces are a good approximation of the original ones. The high precision and computational efficiency of the explicit fractal interpolation make it a useful tool to reconstruct the seismic data; it can not only make the local information obvious but preserve the overall characteristics of the object investigated. To illustrate the influence of the explicit fractal interpolation method to the accuracy of the imaging of the structure in the earth’s interior, this dissertation applies the method mentioned above to the reverse-time migration. The imaging sections obtained by using the fractal interpolated reflected data resemble the original ones very well. The numerical experiments demonstrate that even with the sparse sampling we can still obtain the high accurate imaging of the earth’s interior’s structure by means of the explicit fractal interpolation method. So we can obtain the imaging results of the earth’s interior with fine quality by using relatively small number of seismic stations. With the fractal interpolation method we will improve the efficiency and the accuracy of the reverse-time migration under economic conditions. To verify the application effect to real data of the method presented in this paper, we tested the method by using the real data provided by the Broadband Seismic Array Laboratory, IGGCAS. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of explicit fractal interpolation is still very high even with the real data with large epicenter and large offset. The amplitudes and the phase of the reconstructed station data resemble the original ones that were erased in the initial section very well. Altogether, the novel fractal interpolation function provides a new and useful tool to reconstruct the seismic data with high precision and efficiency, and presents an alternative to image the deep structure of the earth accurately.

柴达木盆地北缘地区油气成藏过程模拟与含油气系统评价

As an important part of petroleum exploration areas in the west of China, the north part of Qaidam basin is very promising in making great progress for petroleum discovery. But there are still many obstacles to overcome in understanding the process of petroleum formation and evaluation of oil & gas potential because of the complexity of geological evolution in the study area. Based upon the petroleum system theory, the process of petroleum formation is analyzed and the potential of oil & gas is evaluated in different petroleum systems by means of the modeling approach. The geological background for the formation of petroleum systems and the consisting elements of petroleum systems are described in detail. The thickness of strata eroded is estimated by means of vitrinite reflectance modeling, compaction parameter calculating and thickness extrapolating. The buried histories are reconstructed using the transient compaction model, which combines of forward and reverse modeling. The geo-history evolution consists of four stages - sedimentation in different rates with different areas and slow subsidence during Jurassic, uplifting and erosion during Cretaceous, fast subsidence during the early and middle periods of Tertiary, subsidence and uplifting in alternation during the late period of Tertiary and Quaternary. The thermal gradients in the study area are from 2.0 ℃/100m to 2.6 ℃/100m, and the average of heat flow is 50.6 mW/m~2. From the vitrinite reflectance and apatite fission track data, a new approach based up Adaptive Genetic Algorithms for thermal history reconstruction is presented and used to estimate the plaeo-heat flow. The results of modeling show that the heat flow decreased and the basin got cooler from Jurassic to now. Oil generation from kerogens, gas generation from kerogens and gas cracked from oil are modeled by kinetic models. The kinetic parameters are calculated from the data obtained from laboratory experiments. The evolution of source rock maturation is modeled by means of Easy %Ro method. With the reconstruction of geo-histories and thermal histories and hydrocarbon generation, the oil and gas generation intensities for lower and middle Jurassic source rocks in different time are calculated. The results suggest that the source rocks got into maturation during the time of Xiaganchaigou sedimentation. The oil & gas generation centers for lower Jurassic source rocks locate in Yikeyawuru sag, Kunteyi sag and Eboliang area. The centers of generation for middle Jurassic source rocks locate in Saishenteng faulted sag and Yuka faulted sag. With the evidence of bio-markers and isotopes of carbonates, the oil or gas in Lenghusihao, Lenghuwuhao, Nanbaxian and Mahai oilfields is from lower Jurassic source rocks, and the oil or gas in Yuka is from middle Jurassic source rocks. Based up the results of the modeling, the distribution of source rocks and occurrence of oil and gas, there should be two petroleum systems in the study area. The key moments for these two petroleum, J_1-R(!) and J_2-J_3, are at the stages of Xiaganchaigou-Shangyoushashan sedimentation and Xiayoushashan-Shizigou sedimentation. With the kinetic midels for oil generated from kerogen, gas generated from kerogen and oil cracked to gas, the amount of oil and gas generated at different time in the two petroleum systems is calculated. The cumulative amount of oil generated from kerogen, gas generated from kerogen and gas cracked from oil is 409.78 * 10~8t, 360518.40 * 10~8m~3, and 186.50 * 10~8t in J_1-R(!). The amount of oil and gas generated for accumulation is 223.28 * 10~8t and 606692.99 * 10~8m~3 in J_1-R(!). The cumulative amount of oil generated from kerogen, gas generated from kerogen and gas cracked from oil is 29.05 * 10~8t, 23025.29 * 10~8m~3 and 14.42 * 10~8t in J_2-J_3 (!). The amount of oil and gas generated for accumulation is 14.63 * 10~8t and 42055.44 * 10~8m~3 in J_2-J_3 (!). The total oil and gas potential is 9.52 * 10~8t and 1946.25 * 10~8m~3.

济阳-昌潍坳陷火成岩油气藏体系形成机理和分布规律研究

Jiyang & Changwei depressions are two neighboring depressions in Bahai Bay Basin, the famous oil rich basin in East China. The exploration activities in the past 40 years has proved that, within the basins, there exists not only plentiful sandstone hydrocarbon reservoirs (conventional), but also abundant special reservoirs as igneous rock, mudstone and conglomerate ones which have been knowing as the unconventional in the past, and with the prospecting activity is getting more and more detailed, the unconventional reservoirs are also getting more and more important for further resources, among which, the igneous lithological reservoir be of significance as a new research and exploration area. The purpose of this paper is, with the historical researches and data as base, the System Theory, Practice Theory and Modern Comprehensive Petroleum Geology Theory as guide, the theoretical and practice break through as the goal, and the existing problems in the past as the break through direction, to explore and establish a valid reservoir formation and distribution models for igneous strata in the profile of the eastern faulted basins. After investigating the distribution of the igneous rocks and review the history of the igneous rocks reservoirs in basins, the author focused on the following issues and correspondingly the following progresses have been made: 1.Come to a new basin evolution and structure model named "Combined-Basin-bodies Model" for Jiyang even Eastern faulted basins based on the study on the origin and evolution of Jiyang & Changwei basins, depending on this model, every faulted basin in the Bo-hai Bay Basin is consisted of three Basin-Bodies including the Lower (Mesozoic), Middle (Early Tertiary) and the Upper (Late Tertiary) Bodies, each evolved in different geo-stress setting and with different basin trend, shape and igneous-sedimentary buildings system, and from this one to next one, the basin experienced a kind of process named "shape changing" and "Style changing". 2. Supposed a serious of new realizations as follows (1) There were "multi-level magma sources" including Upper mantel and the Lower, Middle and even the Upper Shell magma Chambers in the historical Magma Processes in the basins; (2) There were "multi-magma accessing or pass" from the first level (Mantel faults) to the second, third and fourth levels (that is the different levels of fault in the basin sediment strata) worked in the geo-historical and magma processes; (3) Three tectonic magma cycles and more periods have been recognized those are matched with the "Basin -body-Model" and (4)The geo-historical magma processes were non-homogeneous in time and space scale and so the magma rocks distributed in "zones" or "belts". 3. The study of magma process's effect on basin petroleum conditions have been made and the following new conclusions were reached: (1) the eruptive rocks were tend to be matched with the "caped source rock", and the magma process were favorable to the maturing of the source rocks. (2) The magma process were fruitful to the accumulation of the non-hydrocarbon reservoirs however a over magma process may damage the grade of resource rock; (3) Eruptive activity provided a fruitful environment for the formation of such new reservoir rocks as "co-eruptive turbidity sandstones" and "thermal water carbonate rocks" and the intrusive process can lead to the origin of "metamorphism rock reservoir"; (4) even if the intrusive process may cause the cap rock broken, the late Tertiary intrusive rocks may indeed provide the lateral seal and act as the cap rock locally even regionally. All above progresses are valuable for reconstructing the magma-sedimentary process history and enriching the theory system of modem petroleum geology. 4. A systematic classification system has been provided and the dominating factors for the origin and distribution of igneous rock reservoirs have been worked out based on the systematic case studies, which are as follows: (1) The classification is given based on multi-factors as the origin type, litho-phase, type of reservoir pore, reservoir ability etc., (2) Each type of reservoir was characterized in a detailed way; (3) There are 7 factors dominated the intrusive reservoir's characteristics including depth of intrusion, litho-facies of surrounding rocks, thickness of intrusive rock, intrusive facies, frequency and size of the working faults, shape and tectonic deformation of rock, erosion strength of the rock and the time of the intrusion ect., in the contrast, 4 factors are for eruptive rocks as volcanic facies, frequency and size of the working faults, strength of erosion and the thermal water processing. 5. Several new concept including "reservoir litho-facies", "composite-volcanic facies" and "reservoir system" ect. Were suggested, based on which the following models were established: (1) A seven reservoir belts model for a intrusive unit profile and further more, (2) a three layers cubic model consisted of three layer as "metamorphic roe layer", "marginal layer" and "the core"; (3) A five zones vertical reservoir sequence model consisted of five litho-facies named A, B, C, D and E for a original lava unit and furthermore three models respectively for a erosion, subsidence and faulted lava unit; (4) A composite volcanic face model for a lava cone or a composite cone that is consisted of three facies as "crater and nearby face", "middle slope" and "far slope", among which, the middle slope face is the most potential reservoir area and producible for oil & gas. 6. The concept of "igneous reservoir" was redefined as the igneous, and then a new concept of "igneous reservoir system" was supposed which means the reservoir system consisted of igneous and associated non-igneous reservoirs, with non-hydrocarbon reservoir included. 7. The origin and distribution of igneous reservoir system were probed and generalized for the exploration applications, and origin models of the main reservoir sub-systems have been established including those of igneous, related non-igneous and non-hydrocarbon. For intrusive rocks, two reservoir formation models have been suggested, one is called "Original or Primary Model", and the another one is "Secondary Model"; Similarly, the eruptive rock reservoirs were divided in three types including "Highly Produced", "Moderately Produced" and "Lowly Produced" and accordingly their formation models were given off; the related non-igneous reservoir system was considered combination of eight reservoirs, among which some ones like the Above Anticline Trap are highly produced; Also, the non-hydrocarbon. Trap system including five kinds of traps was discussed. 8. The concept models for four reservoir systems were suggested, which include the intrusive system consisted of 7 kinds of traps, the land eruptive system with 6 traps, the under water eruptive system including 6 kinds of traps and the non-hydrocarbon system combined by 5 kinds of traps. In this part, the techniques for exploration of igneous reservoir system were also generalized and probed, and based on which and the geological progresses of this paper, the potential resources and distributions of every reservoir system was evaluated and about 186 millions of reserves and eight most potential non-hydrocarbon areas were predicted and outlined. The author believe that the igneous reservoir system is a very important exploration area and its study is only in its early stage, the framework of this paper should be filled with more detailed studies, and only along way, the exploration of igneous reservoir system can go into it's really effective stage.

喀斯特河流溶解态稀土元素组成变化及其控制因素

以化学萃取一反萃取分离法为手段，结合等离子质谱分析仪测量了喀斯特地区乌江、沅江两大水系的枯水期河流的溶解态稀土元素含量。该两河流的化学组成代表了流经碳酸盐岩地层的河水的化学组成。与世界其它地区低pH的河水不同，喀斯特地区河水溶解态稀土元素含量较低，页岩标准化配分模式并不平坦，轻、重稀土元素分异因河流的不同而不同，乌江水系上游轻稀土元素(LREE)相对重稀土元素(HREE)富集，中下游HREE相对于LREE富集，沅江水系河水HREE相对于LREE富集，页岩标准化配分模式具明显的Ce、Eu负异常。乌江、沅江及其支流有高的溶解盐，含有较高的溶质浓度，河水水化学(高碱度、高离子含量、高pH值)和水／粒相互作用控制了喀斯特河水中溶解态稀土元素的含量和轻、重稀土元素的分异。

峨眉山大火成岩省Cu—Ni—PGE成矿作用－－几个典型矿床岩石地球化学特征的分析

峨眉山大火成岩省岩浆型Cu—Ni—PGE矿化岩体广泛分布，构成峨眉山地幔柱成矿系统中一个非常重要的成矿系列。本文剖析了峨眉山大火成岩省该类矿床的分布及部分典型矿床的地质地球化学特征和矿化特征，揭示了成矿岩体统一的地 幔柱成因，阐述了Cu—Ni—P( E成矿作用与峨眉山地幔柱岩浆活动体系的关系，探讨了由于岩浆演化过程及硫化物熔离富集过程的差异所导致的矿化类型变异。指出Cu—Ni—PGE矿床成矿岩体原始岩浆为地幔柱高程度熔融的高镁玄武岩浆，成矿岩体与峨眉山低钛玄武岩同源，矿化岩体主要产于峨眉山地幔柱活动模型的内带低钛玄武岩分布区；金宝山、朱布、力马河、杨柳坪矿床分别代表峨眉山地幔柱Cu—Ni—PGE成矿作用不同成矿机制的端员类型。

贵州铝土矿中镓和锗的综合利用前景初探

镓和锗是价格昂贵的稀有金属，国际市场价格镓为400美元／kg，锗为1150美元／kg。它们在工业有着广泛的运用，是仅次于硅的半导体金属材料，主要用于光电器件元件、通讯材料、太阳能电池材料、高速集成电路、超导材料、光学镜头、医药和有机合成中的催化剂等方面，被誉为“电子工业的新食粮”，其应用前景十分广阔。

中国东南部地幔柱及其与中生代大规模成矿关系初探

中国东南部是我国的钨锡铅多金属矿床集中区，燕山期发生大规模成矿作用。研究大规模成矿的地球动力学显得尤为重要。本文结合前人的研究资料，初步讨论中国东南部地幔柱及其与中生代大规模成矿关系。通过对中国东南部地幔柱的地质和地球物理方面特征综合分析后，初步探讨了地幔柱构造的岩浆作用和成矿制约。本文认为中国东南部地幔柱不仅可能造成中生代火山－岩浆大爆发，而且可能与中生代大规模成矿有关。

东天山觉罗塔格构造带石炭纪火山岩地球化学研究

天山地处欧亚板块内陆，是中亚造山带暨中亚成矿域的重要组成部分，产出有重要的矿产资源，是我国的金属矿产资源储备基地。觉罗塔格构造带是东天山的重要组成部分，随着土屋-延东斑岩铜矿床的发现，掀起了一个新的研究热潮。但由于研究基础薄弱，对该构造带构造背景和构造格局的认识一直存在争议。前人尽管对该构造带提出了不同认识，但系统的地球化学工作还很薄弱。土屋-延东铜矿的同位素年代学工作还集中在矿区范围内，已有同位素年代学结果之间存在较大差异，成岩成矿时代及围岩时代的不确定又引起对区域构造格局认识的差异。土屋斜长花岗斑岩的成因也还存在不同认识。 本论文对土屋-延东斑岩铜矿床的远矿围岩，即企鹅山群火山岩进行了精细的同位素年代学研究，对土屋-延东斑岩铜矿的成岩成矿时代进行限定。本论文在矿物学、岩石学研究的基础上，对觉罗塔格构造带的企鹅山群和雅满苏组火山岩进行了系统的地球化学研究，对火山岩岩浆演化和构造背景提供了地球化学的证据。通过土屋斜长花岗斑岩与围岩地球化学组成的对比，探讨了斑岩的成岩过程和成因。结合区域地质和地球物理资料，提出了觉罗塔格构造带晚古生代的构造演化模式。主要结论如下： （1）企鹅山群火山岩中安山岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb谐和线年龄和玄武岩的Sm-Nd内部等时线年龄一致地指示企鹅山群形成于334Ma左右，即早石炭世。 （2）雅满苏组火山岩中辉石成分表明其寄主岩浆属于亚碱性系列，形成于俯冲带环境。辉石结晶温度1150℃左右，压力相当于4~10km的地壳深度。雅满苏组火山岩残留有偏酸性的斜长石捕虏晶，记录了玄武岩浆上升阶段遭受了中上地壳物质混染过程。 （3）企鹅山群火山岩主体属于钙碱性系列，少部分为低钾拉斑系列，具有过渡特征。中基性火山岩具有大离子亲石元素相对富集，高场强元素相对亏损的俯冲带火山岩地球化学环境。其相对偏高的Nb、Ta含量，较高的Ta/Yb比值和较低的Th/Ta比值等特征，指示企鹅山群形成于具有陆壳基底的岛弧环境。 （4）雅满苏组中基性火山岩属于钙碱性系列，火山岩的微量元素特征与企鹅山群相似，指示了雅满苏组产出在岛弧环境。该组火山岩中的斜长石捕虏晶以及微量元素特征表明该岛弧也形成于具有陆壳基底的岛弧环境。雅满苏组的流纹岩具有与基性火山岩相似的微量元素组成特征，与中基性火山岩是同源岩浆演化的产物。雅满苏组双峰式火山岩组合形成于成熟岛弧的局部拉张环境。 （5）Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成表明，企鹅山群火山岩没有明显的陆壳物质混染，地幔源区具有弱亏损的特征，可能有陆下岩石圈地幔的参与。雅满苏组具有比企鹅山群偏高的(87Sr/86Sr)i和偏低的eNd(t)，富放射成因铅，显示岩石遭受了陆壳物质混染。企鹅山群和雅满苏组火山岩的差异可能反映了两者上覆陆壳基底厚度的不同。 （6）土屋斜长花岗斑岩为埃达克岩，相对富Na。具有轻、重稀土分异，重稀土明显亏损，高Sr、低Y的特征。土屋斜长花岗斑岩是俯冲洋壳而不是下地壳部分熔融的产物。 （7）结合区域地质、地球物理资料，在前人认识的基础上，提出觉罗塔格构造带晚古生代的构造演化模式。

新疆哈密香山基性—超基性杂岩体的岩石学和地球化学

香山基性—超基性杂岩体位于新疆哈密境内，地理坐标为东经94°30'-94°37'，北纬42°15'-42°20'。本文研究了该岩体的岩石学、地球化学、矿物学特征。最后提出了关于香山岩体成因的假设。香山岩体的主体是辉长苏长岩，它占整个杂岩体出露地表面积的绝大部分，其它岩石类型有斜长方辉橄榄岩、（斜长角闪）二辉橄榄岩，（斜长角闪）单辉橄榄岩、（角闪）橄榄辉长（苏长）岩，辉长岩。岩体中各种岩石均为中粗粒结构，块状构造。显微结构最特征的是包含结构，还有辉长结构，反应边结构，金属矿物较多时具海绵陨铁结构。主要蚀变类型有蛇纹石化，还有绿泥石化，透闪石化，滑石化、绢石化、钠黝帘石化、碳酸盐化等。杂岩体中的超基性岩的m/f = 1.9-4.6，属于铁质超基性岩，为与铜镍矿床有关的岩石类型。各种岩石在久野（1966）的Na_2O + K_2O → SiO_2变异图中，大部分属于碱性玄武岩系。但由于在CIPW标准矿物组成和薄片不均未发现富碱矿物（霞石或白榴石），因此，认为岩体的母岩浆是一种过渡型的碱性橄榄玄武岩浆。岩石的微量元素含量，从方辉橄榄岩至辉长苏长岩，随着基性度减小，Ti、V、Zn、Sr、Ba逐渐增加。Cr、Ni、Co、Cu逐渐减小。所有岩石均呈轻稀土富集型，从方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、单辉橄榄岩直至辉长苏长岩，稀土总量和轻重稀土比L/HREE逐渐增加。方辉橄榄岩有Eu轻微正异常 、二辉橄榄岩Eu轻微负异常。单辉橄榄岩是具较大的Eu正异常，辉长苏长岩有正的或负的Eu异常，所有的岩石均具Ce轻微负异常。岩体中各种造岩矿物橄榄石为贵橄榄石，单斜辉石为顽透石或普通辉石，斜长石为拉长石，角闪石则为钙角闪石。岩石中各种矿物的结晶温度（用不同方法计算的结果比较一致）分别为：橄榄石1455～1654 ℃，单斜辉石976～1150 ℃（与母岩类型有关），斜长石1100 ℃左右，角闪石812-1002 ℃（与母岩有有关。岩体的母岩浆是在1200 ℃，25.9Kb（约80 KM深处）条件下上地幔岩经8-9%的部分熔融产生的（用平衡部分熔融状型计算得出）。岩浆结晶过程可用F_o-D_i-An三元相图定性说明，依次结晶生成：纯橄榄岩（未见）→ 辉石橄榄岩（方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、单辉橄榄岩） → 橄榄辉长苏长岩，由于实际情况复杂，还有其它岩石类型生成。