989 resultados para 146-891


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An assessment of the total biomass of shortbelly rockfish (Sebastes jordani) off the central California coast is presented that is based on a spatially extensive but temporally restricted ichthyoplankton survey conducted during the 1991 spawning season. Contemporaneous samples of adults were obtained by trawl sampling in the study region. Daily larval production (7.56 × 1010 larvae/d) and the larval mortality rate (Z=0.11/d) during the cruise were estimated from a larval “catch curve,” wherein the logarithm of total age-specific larval abundance was regressed against larval age. For this analysis, larval age compositions at each of the 150 sample sites were determined by examination of otolith microstructure from subsampled larvae (n=2203), which were weighted by the polygonal Sette-Ahlstrom area surrounding each station. Female population weight-specific fecundity was estimated through a life table analysis that incorporated sex-specific differences in adult growth rate, female maturity, fecundity, and natural mortality (M). The resulting statistic (102.17 larvae/g) was insensitive to errors in estimating M and to the pattern of recruitment. Together, the two analyses indicated that a total biomass equal to 1366 metric tons (t)/d of age-1+ shortbelly rockfish (sexes combined) was needed to account for the observed level of spawning output during the cruise. Given the long-term seasonal distribution of spawning activity in the study area, as elucidated from a retrospective examination of California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation (CalCOFI) ichthyoplankton samples from 1952 to 1984, the “daily” total biomass was expanded to an annual total of 67,392 t. An attempt to account for all sources of error in the derivation of this estimate was made by application of the delta-method, which yielded a coefficient of variation of 19%. The relatively high precision of this larval production method, and the rapidity with which an absolute biomass estimate can be obtained, establishes that, for some species of rockfish (Sebastes spp.), it is an attractive alternative to traditional age-structured stock assessments.

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我们从A. vinelandii突变株DJ35中纯化得到了ΔnifE Av1,并通过与OP Av1相比较对其特性进行了研究。虽然ΔnifE Av1以四聚体形式(α2β2)存在,但却表现出两种天然电泳行为。与OP Av1相比,ΔnifE Av1中的金属含量较低,每个蛋白分子仅含9.96个铁原子、0.36个钼原子。OP Av1和ΔnifE Av1的吸收光谱相似,均在280 nm附近出现蛋白吸收峰,在300-600 nm波长范围内光吸收普遍降低,并无特征峰出现。虽然ΔnifE Av1可见光区域CD谱的摩尔消光系数(Δε)总比OP Av1小,但在520nm区域附近摩尔消光系数减少的相对值明显大于在450nm附近摩尔消光系数减少的相对值。ΔnifE Av1的EPR信号明显与OP Av1不同,在g≈3.7处的EPR信号完全消失,在g≈4.3 和2.0处的EPR信号强度也分别降低了75%和50%以上。ΔnifE Av1不能与Fe蛋白组成活性单位,但被FeMoco激活后可与Fe蛋白组成活性单位。上述结果表明, ΔnifE Av1不含FeMoco,但具有与OP Av1相同的P-cluster。 我们在纯化ΔnifE Av1的过程中,发现一个类似OP Av1的β亚基的污染蛋白,经MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定这种蛋白是棕色固氮菌中一预测基因的产物。通过改进纯化方法, 我们首次得到80%电泳纯的蛋白,并将其命名为HBP59蛋白。HBP59为一单体蛋白,分子量约为59k Da。金属测定结果表明每个蛋白分子中含有0.42个铁原子。HBP59蛋白的可见光谱表现出典型的血红素蛋白光谱特征,还原态的HBP59蛋白在421nm处有最大吸收峰,同时在517nm、556nm处有两个伴随肩峰出现, A421/A280仅为0.146。HBP59蛋白氧化后,吸收峰发生蓝移,最大吸收峰从421nm移到413nm,517nm和556nm处的肩峰消失,A413/A280为0.168。HBP59蛋白的可见光区圆二色谱比较复杂,正峰出现在420nm, 406nm, 379nm 和364nm; 其摩尔消光系数分别为0.75, 0.94, 0.68 和 0.99;负峰出现在433 nm 和392nm,其摩尔消光系数分别为-1.13 和-0.78。血红素滴定实验结果说明每个HBP59蛋白分子结合了0.1个血红素,但每个蛋白分子具有最大结合1个血红素的能力。这低结合能力与这低比率的比率是非常一致的。该蛋白对温度相对敏感,高于40℃蛋白开始沉淀。上述结果说明HBP59是一个结合具有低自旋和不对称的血红素的蛋白,它在菌体内可能并未扮演贮藏血红素的角色,而是可能参与血红素的运输或附着。 此外,经过结晶条件的大量筛选后获得了ΔnifE Av1和ΔnifH Av1的优质小单晶,并对HBP59的晶体培养进行了初步探索。

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我国北方温带草原地处干旱半干旱区,是欧亚大陆草原生物区系的重要组成部分,也是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地。土壤氮素作为陆地植物生长和生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子之一,了解其矿化和可利用性对各种人为干扰因素的响应,有助于我们充分认识草地退化机理,维持草场生产力并进一步促进畜牧业的可持续发展,为草地恢复、重建和维护提供理论依据。本实验在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的多年围封退化样地,分别实施了火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互作用的人为干扰处理,利用原状土野外培养的方法,在两年时间中,研究不同的人为干扰因素(火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互处理)对土壤净氮矿化作用的影响。 火烧显著影响草原的氮循环过程,季节和年际的气候变化参与调节氮循环对火烧处理的响应。多年围封后的初次人工火烧处理显著降低了第一个生长季(2006 年生长季)和其后冬季的土壤净氮矿化速率,但是,火烧处理仅在冬季对土壤无机氮含量产生显著降低作用;2007 年生长季,火烧处理对土壤净氮矿化速率和土壤无机氮含量没有显著作用,但是在个别月份,不同的火烧频率对土壤净氮矿化速率和无机氮含量的影响表现出差异。2006 年生长季,未火烧样地和火烧样地净氮矿化积累量分别为3.07±0.26 g N m-2 和2.18±0.21 g N m-2;冬季,未火烧样地和火烧样地净氮矿化积累量分别为1.18±0.25 g N m-2 和0.51±0.08 g N m-2;2007 年生长季,未火烧样地(BC)、每年火烧样地(B1)和两年一烧样地(B2)净氮矿化积累量分别为1.32±0.21 g N m-2、0.54±0.30 g N m-2 和 0.77±0.24 g N m-2。较为湿润的2006 年生长季的净氮矿化积累量显著高于较为干旱的2007 年生长季,冬季也存在相当丰富的净氮矿化积累量。我们推论,长时间围封后的单次火烧处理对土壤净氮矿化作用的影响可能是短效的,但是年际间气候变化对土壤净氮矿化作用影响显著。 施肥显著提高了土壤的无机氮含量,并且与施肥梯度呈显著正相关关系。施肥对土壤无机氮含量的影响具有累加效应,第一次施肥和第二次施肥后的首次取样,+N5.25 、+N17.5 、+N28.0 三个施肥梯度的样地土壤无机氮含量比未施肥样地分别高出56%、219%、1054%和514%、891%、1811%。施肥处理在2006 年和2007 年对土壤净氮矿化作用都没有显著影响,仅在2007 年的个别月份有一定效果。以上结果说明,无机氮肥的添加可以明显提高土壤中无机氮的含量,满足植物生长的需求,但对于土壤氮转化过程的影响可能还要受其它环境和生物因子的制约。 刈割对土壤无机氮含量和净硝化速率没有显著作用,对土壤净氮矿化速率仅在个别月份表现显著效果。2007 年生长季,未刈割样地和刈割样地净氮矿化积累量分别为1.32±0.21 g N m-2 和1.08±0.35 g N m-2,不存在显著差异。我们推论,长期围封后的单次刈割处理在短期内对生长季的土壤氮动态仅有微弱影响,并且这种效果还可能受水分因素的制约。 火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理在2007 年生长季对土壤无机氮含量产生显著作用,但是,对土壤净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率没有显著效果,然而,在不同的取样时间,火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理对土壤无机氮含量、净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率的影响存在显著差异,说明火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理对土壤无机氮和净氮矿化作用的影响可能受各种环境因子的制约,尤其是在水分相对缺乏的半干旱内蒙古草原,非生物因子和生物因子可能共同影响着土壤中的氮平衡。 本研究初步分析了长期围封后火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互处理对土壤净氮矿化的影响,初步探究了人为干扰和环境气候变化对土壤可利用性氮的调节作用,为科学地进行禁牧、割草、人工养份添加等草原管理提供了数据支持。

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The proper matching of the pull exerted by a trawler and the size of trawl is important for maximizing the catching efficiency. The available pull is more dependent on the propeller and its working conditions than the installed engine power. The normal practice is to directly connect net size to the installed power in the boat by formulae without reference to the prope1ler dimensions or the available trawling pull and this is not adequate to find out the optimum combination. By the method outlined in this paper, the accurate calculation of trawling pull is possible by taking into account only the propeller diameter, pitch and r. p. m. The predictions by the method are compared for trawlers with powers between 30 and 60 hp and agreement is found to be within + 5%. The power absorbed by the propeller in trawling condition can also be calculated by this method for checking whether the engine is being overloaded.