Precision estimates and suggested sample sizes for length-frequency data

For most fisheries applications, the shape of a length-frequency distribution is much more important than its mean length or variance. This makes it difficult to evaluate at which point a sample size is adequate. By estimating the coefficient of variation of the counts in each length class and taking a weighted mean of these, a measure of precision was obtained that takes the precision in all length classes into account. The precision estimates were closely associated with the ratio of the sample size to the number of size classes in each sample. As a rule-of-thumb, a minimum sample size of 10 times the number of length classes in the sample is suggested because the precision deteriorates rapidly for smaller sample sizes. In absence of such a rule-of-thumb, samplers have previously under-estimated the required sample size for samples with large fish, while over-sampling small fish of the same species.

Caracterização fenotípica e molecular de amostras de Enterococcus isoladas em hospitais da cidade do Natal/ RN

O gênero Enterococcus tem emergindo como um dos mais importantes patógenos em infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde no mundo. Estes microrganismos apresentam habilidade de adquirir genes de resistência a vários antimicrobianos, incluíndo à vancomicina, além de possuir diversos fatores associados à virulência, que contribuem sobremaneira para a sua permanência no hospedeiro, facilitando sua disseminação, particularmente, no ambiente hospitalar. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar, por testes fenotípicos e genotípicos, amostras de Enterococcus isoladas de quadros infecciosos em pacientes atendidos em quatro instituições de saúde localizadas na cidade do Natal, RN, no período de setembro de 2010 a junho de 2011. As espécies de Enterococcus foram caracterizadas por testes fisiológicos convencionais e por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) multiplex, utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos para caracterização do gênero e espécies. O perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos foi avaliado por testes de difusão em ágar. Os valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para vancomicina, teicoplanina e linezolida foram determinados pelo emprego do teste E; e o genótipo de resistência à vancomicina foi analisado por PCR. Genes associados à virulência (asa1, cylA, esp, gelE e hyl) foram detectados por ensaios de PCR multiplex. O polimorfismo genético das amostras bacterianas foi avaliado por metodologia de eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE), com a utilização da enzima SmaI. Foram obtidas 117 amostras, a partir de quadros infecciosos em 116 pacientes. Os resultados revelaram que a espécie E. faecalis foi a prevalente (91,4%). Os testes de susceptibilidade revelaram que as taxas de resistência mais elevadas estiveram associadas à tetraciclina (58,2%) e a níveis elevados de estreptomicina (36,7%). A resistência à vancomicina foi detectada em uma amostra de E. faecium, portadora do genótipo vanA, correspondendo ao primeiro isolamento de amostra com essa característica de resistência no RN. Esta amostra foi isolada em um caso de co-infecção com E. faecalis sensível à vancomicina. Adicionalmente, susceptibilidade intermediária a linezolida foi identificada em três amostras de E. faecalis. Dentre os determinantes de virulência identificados, gelE foi o prevalente (83,8%). De acordo com as espécies E. faecalis o perfil mais detectado foi gelE + esp (31,6%), na espécie E. faecium foi o perfil esp (28,6%) e a única amostra de E. gallinarum apresentou dois determinantes de virulência (asa1 + cylA). O gene hyl não foi identificado em nenhuma das amostras. A análise do polimorfismo genético das amostras por PFGE evidenciou uma elevada policlonalidade. Diante das características de resistência e de virulência observadas e da sinalização da emergência de mecanismos de resistência importantes no Estado do RN, este estudo chama atenção para a necessidade de rastreamento, particularmente entre portadores sadios, e estabelecimento de políticas de controle da disseminação dessas amostras nas instituições de saúde, mesmo em regiões onde tais características ainda sejam pouco frequentes.

Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Activity Is Correlated with Colorectal Cancer Prognosis

Background Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) (DPPIV) is a serine peptidase involved in cell differentiation, adhesion, immune modulation and apoptosis, functions that control neoplastic transformation. Previous studies have demonstrated altered expression and activity of tissue and circulating DPPIV in several cancers and proposed its potential usefulness for early diagnosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods and principal findings The activity and mRNA and protein expression of DPPIV was prospectively analyzed in adenocarcinomas, adenomas, uninvolved colorectal mucosa and plasma from 116 CRC patients by fluorimetric, quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods. Results were correlated with the most important classic pathological data related to aggressiveness and with 5-year survival rates. Results showed that: 1) mRNA levels and activity of DPPIV increased in colorectal neoplasms (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.01); 2) Both adenomas and CRCs displayed positive cytoplasmic immunostaining with luminal membrane reinforcement; 3) Plasmatic DPPIV activity was lower in CRC patients than in healthy subjects (Mann-U test, p<0.01); 4) Plasmatic DPPIV activity was associated with worse overall and disease-free survivals (log-rank p<0.01, Cox analysis p<0.01). Conclusion/significance 1) Up-regulation of DPPIV in colorectal tumors suggests a role for this enzyme in the neoplastic transformation of colorectal tissues. This finding opens the possibility for new therapeutic targets in these patients. 2) Plasmatic DPPIV is an independent prognostic factor in survival of CRC patients. The determination of DPPIV activity levels in the plasma may be a safe, minimally invasive and inexpensive way to define the aggressiveness of CRC in daily practice.

Fluidic flow delay by ionogel passive pumps in microfluidicpaper-based analytical devices

[EN] A new concept for fluid flow manipulation in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices ( µPADs) is presented by introducing ionogel materials as passive pumps. µPADs were fabricated using a new doubleside contact stamping process and ionogels were precisely photopolymerised at the inlet of the µPADs.The ionogels remain mainly on the surface of the paper and get absorbed in the superficial paper-fibers allowing for the liquid to flow from the ionogel into the paper easily. As a proof of concept the fluid flow and mixing behaviour of two different ionogels µPADs were compared with the non-treated µPADs.It was demonstrated that both ionogels highly affect the fluid flow by delaying the flow due to their different physical and chemical properties and water holding capacities.

Consumption to biomass (Q/B) ratio and estimates of Q/B-predictor parameters for Caribbean fishes

Estimates of the Q/B ratio and parameters of equations to 'predict' Q/B values for 116 fish stocks in the Gulf of Salamanca, Colombia are presented. A compilation of these estimates available for Caribbean Sea fishes (264 stocks) is also provided for comparison purposes. General trends in the value of Q/B resulting from differences in the equation and parameter values used are briefly discussed.

Drawn to the Sea: Charles Bradford Hudson (1865-1939), Artist, Author, Army Officer, with Special Notice of His Work for the United States Fish Commission and Bureau of Fisheries

The biography of Charles Bradford Hudson that follows this preface had its seeds about 1965 when I (VGS) was casually examining the extensive files of original illustrations of fishes stored in the Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. I happened upon the unpublished illustration of a rainbow trout by Hudson and was greatly impressed with its quality. The thought occurred to me then that the artist must have gone on to do more than just illustrate fishes. During the next 20 years I occasionally pawed through those files, which contained the work of numerous artists, who had worked from 1838 to the present. In 1985, I happened to discuss the files with my supervisor, who urged me to produce a museum exhibit of original fish illustrations. This I did, selecting 200 of the illustrations representing 21 artists, including, of course, Hudson. As part of the text for the exhibit, Drawn from the Sea, Art in the Service of Ichthyology, I prepared short biographies of each of the artists. The exhibit, with an available poster, was shown in the Museum for six months, and a reduced version was exhibited in U.S. and Canadian museums during the next 3 years.