Food, nutrition and public health in contemporary Spain, 1900-1936

Within the context of the health reforms introduced in Spain in the early 20th century and the influence of international health organisations on their development, this article analyses the growing interest that surrounded nourishment and food-related problems at that time in relation to healthcare, the diagnosis provided by hygienists of such problems, and the public health measures applied to resolve them. The issue of hygienic diet and the collective aspect of nutritional problems became priorities in the field of healthcare. Two of the most prominent initiatives involved setting up a Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Bromatological Technique during the early years of the Second Republic, as part of the National School of Health, as well as a Food Hygiene Service. Spanish hygienists underlined the importance of education and the dissemination of information about food hygiene, health and nutrition, in order to overcome the qualitative and quantitative deficiencies observed in the average diet of the Spanish population.

La transición sanitaria en España desde 1900 a 1990

Fundamento: El concepto de transición sanitaria trata de explicar, desde un enfoque plural, los cambios en las condiciones de salud que contribuyeron al descenso de la mortalidad que acompaño a la transición demográfica. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la transición sanitaria en España a lo largo del presente siglo ( 1900- 1990). Método: El estudio de los distinto componentes de la transición sanitaria (transición epidemiológica, transición de riesgos y transición de la atención sanitaria) se ha basado en las series históricas disponibles procedentes de los Movimientos Naturales de la Población, Anuarios Estadísticas y Censos de viviendas. Resultados: La evolución de las tasas de mortalidad general y mortalidad infantil refleja una tendencia descendente que se manifiesta a lo largo de todo el periodo: la mortalidad general se ha reducido un 70%. mientras que la infantil lo ha hecho en un 96%. Respecto a la esperanza de vida al nacer, la ganancia ha sido de 43 años entre 1900 (35 años) y 1990 (77 años), lo que en términos relativos supone un aumento del 130%. Conclusiones: El nuevo perfil epidemiológico que fue emergiendo durante el período considerado, aparece relacionado con mejoras en las infraestructuras sanitarias, con el aumento del gasto y de las prestaciones sanitarias. pero también con la aparición de nuevos problemas de salud relacionados con las condiciones de trabajo, el crecimiento masivo del medio urbano (a partir, sobre todo, de la década de los 60) o las modificaciones en los patrones de vida.

Córdoba en las “minutas cartográficas” del Instituto Geográfico Nacional (1871-1900) y su hábitat rural como herramienta cartográfica

El señalado valor paisajístico y patrimonial del poblamiento rural está fuera de toda duda. La amplia bibliografía ha puesto de manifiesto la importancia de los pueblos, cortijos, caseríos y haciendas en el contexto de la España rural. Pero esa infinidad de valores ha de completarse con el significado que el hábitat rural adquirió en los orígenes de la cartografía contemporánea. En el presente estudio examinamos, de forma suscita, la perspectiva técnica de la construcción cartográfica y topográfica de finales del siglo XIX, así como su estrecha relación con el hábitat rural como recurso cartográfico en la primera serie topográfica 1:50.000 del Instituto Geográfico. Para ello recurrimos a los itinerarios topográficos realizados entre 1871 y 1893 y a sus resultados en las “minutas cartográficas” para una muestra municipal de la provincia de Córdoba: La Carlota, Conquista, Fernán Núñez, Palma del Río, Valsequillo y Zuheros. Las deducciones concluyentes aspiran a ser un veraz ejemplo del significado cartográfico del hábitat rural como herramienta para el desarrollo de la primera cartografía topográfica cordobesa y española.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1900 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the cities of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and environs. It was published by R. L. Polk and Co. in 1900. Scale [ca. 1:11,800]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pennsylvania South State Plane NAD 1983 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 3702) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, railroad stations, street railroads, drainage, selected public buildings, cemeteries, parks, city ward boundaries, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1900 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: New map of the city of Philadelphia, 1900 : from the latest city surveys : prepared for Gopsill's directories 1900. It was published by J. L. Smith in 1900. Scale [ca. 1:21,500]. Covers Philadelphia and a portion of surrounding cities. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pennsylvania South State Plane Coordinate System NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 3702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, canals, city wards, parks, cemeteries, wharves, selected public buildings, and more. Includes street directory, statistical notes, and list of elevations. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Oak Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1900 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: For sale : Lawnton and Oak Lane building lots : twenty-second ward : estate of E. M. Davis, deceased. It was published by J.T. Jackson & Co. ca. 1900. Scale [ca. 1:528,000]. Covers the Oak Lane neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pennsylvania South State Plane Coordinate System NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 3702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. Cadastral map showing buildings, property boundaries and dimensions, names of landowners, streets names, railroad line and station stops, and more. Relief is shown by countours and spot heights. Includes sales and advertisement notice. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Liverpool, England, 1900 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Bacon's plan of Liverpool : divided into 1/4 mile squares. It was published by G.W. Bacon & Co. in 1900. Scale [ca. 1:10,560]. Covers Liverpool, England. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings and industries, canals, docks, wharves, parks and more. Includes insets: Key map showing wards -- Continuation north on same scale. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.