Development of a system for 3D high-resolution seismic reflection profiling on lakes

A high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection system for small-scale targets in lacustrine settings has been developed. Its main characteristics include navigation and shot-triggering software that fires the seismic source at regular distance intervals (max. error of 0.25 m) with real-time control on navigation using differential GPS (Global Positioning System). Receiver positions are accurately calculated (error < 0.20 m) with the aid of GPS antennas attached to the end of each of three 24-channel streamers. Two telescopic booms hold the streamers at a distance of 7.5 m from each other. With a receiver spacing of 2.5 m, the bin dimension is 1.25 m in inline and 3.75 m in crossline direction. To test the system, we conducted a 3D survey of about 1 km(2) in Lake Geneva, Switzerland, over a complex fault zone. A 5-m shot spacing resulted in a nominal fold of 6. A double-chamber bubble-cancelling 15/15 in(3) air gun (40-650 Hz) operated at 80 bars and 1 m depth gave a signal penetration of 300 m below water bottom and a best vertical resolution of 1.1 m. Processing followed a conventional scheme, but had to be adapted to the high sampling rates, and our unconventional navigation data needed conversion to industry standards. The high-quality data enabled us to construct maps of seismic horizons and fault surfaces in three dimensions. The system proves to be well adapted to investigate complex structures by providing non-aliased images of reflectors with dips up to 30 degrees.

Maxillary advancement and transpalatal expansion using internal distraction in a patient with cleft lip and palate.

Correction of sagittal and transverse maxillary discrepancies in patients with cleft lip or palate remains a challenge for craniofacial surgeons. Distraction osteogenesis has revolutionized the conceptualization and approach to the craniofacial malformations and has become a reliable and irreplaceable part of the surgical armamentarium. We are reporting a case of sequential maxillary advancement and transpalatal expansion using internal distraction in a patient with unilateral cleft lip and palate presenting with severe maxillary sagittal and transverse deficiencies.

Clearing and dissecting insects for internal skeletal morphological research with particular reference to bees

ABSTRACT A detailed protocol for chemical clearing of bee specimens is presented. Dry specimens as well as those preserved in liquid media can be cleared using this protocol. The procedure consists of a combined use of alkaline solution (KOH or NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), followed by the boiling of the cleared specimens in 60–70% EtOH. Clearing is particularly useful for internal skeletal morphological research. This procedure allows for efficient study of internal projections of the exoskeleton (e.g., apodemes, furcae, phragmata, tentoria, internal ridges and sulci), but this process makes external features of the integument, as some sutures and sulci, readily available for observation as well. Upon completion of the chemical clearing process the specimens can be stored in glycerin. This procedure was developed and evaluated for the preparation of bees and other Apoidea, but modifications for use with other insect taxa should be straightforward after some experimentation on variations of timing of steps, concentration of solutions, temperatures, and the necessity of a given step. Comments on the long-term storage, morphological examination, and photodocumentation of cleared specimens are also provided.

A new type of internal hernia after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is currently the most common bariatric procedure. One of its late complications is the development of internal hernia, which can lead to acute intestinal obstruction or recurrent colicky abdominal pain. The aim of this paper is to present a new, unusual, and so far not reported type of internal hernia. A common computerized database is maintained for all patients undergoing bariatric surgery in our departments. The charts of patients with the diagnosis of internal hernia were reviewed. Three patients were identified who developed acute intestinal obstruction due to an internal hernia located between the jejunojejunostomy and the end of the biliopancreatic limb, directly between two jejunal limbs with no mesentery involved. Another seven patients with intermittent colicky abdominal pain, re-explored for the suspicion of internal hernia, were found to also have an open window of the same location apart from a hernia at one of the typical hernia sites. Since this gap is systematically closed during RYGBP, no other patient has been observed with this problem. Even very small defects can lead to the development of internal hernias after RYGBP. Patients with suggestive symptoms must be explored. Closure of the jejunojejunal defect with nonabsorbable sutures prevents the development of an internal hernia between the jejunal loops at the jejunojejunostomy.

Aplicación de un modelo de mezcla total en acuífero cárstico

Por el fondo de un valle de la provincia de Girona mana un conjunto de surgencias cuyo caudal total anual se acercaa medio centenar de hectómetros cúbicos. Controlando no solo la cantidad de agua de salida sino también su calidad desde el punto de vista de su contenido en tritio y a partir de un modelo conceptual de mezcla uniforme de las aguas de recarga, ya com probado en otros sistemas, se acota la cadencia de participación en las surgencias de las distintas recargas anuales, as como el tiempo de renovación del volumen de agua del sistema hidrogeológico

Boro total e solúvel e suas relações com alguns atributos dos solos do estado do Ceará

Foram avaliados os teores de boro total e solúvel, por meio de três extratores, usados como índices de disponibilidade para as plantas, e suas relações com as propriedades do solo em unidades de mapeamento representativas do estado do Ceará. Utilizaram-se 48 amostras compostas da camada superficial (0-20 cm) de solos classificados como: Areia Quartzosa (AQd), Aluvial (Ae), Planossolo (PL), Bruno Não-Cálcico (NC), Cambissolo (Ce), Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo (PV), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LV) e Litossolo (Re). O boro total foi determinado após fusão com carbonato de sódio, e o boro solúvel por meio dos extratores: água quente, HCl 0,05 mol L-1 e Mehlich-1. O B total variou entre 8,3 e 52,2 mg kg-1, com média geral de 16,0 mg kg-1, verificando-se as menores médias nos solos NC, Re e AQd e as maiores nos solos LV, PL e PV. Os teores de B solúvel variaram entre 0,22 e 1,22 mg kg-1, com média de 0,60 mg kg-1, na água quente; entre 0,21 e 1,24 mg kg-1, com média de 0,53 mg kg-1, no HCl 0,05 mol L-1; e entre 0,50 e 1,81 mg kg-1, com média de 1,07 mg kg-1, no Mehlich-1, representando 3,76; 3,32 e 6,76% do B total, respectivamente. As menores médias foram apresentadas pelos solos AQd e LV, e as maiores pelo Ce. Os três extratores correlacionaram-se de forma positiva e altamente significativa. O B total e a matéria orgânica explicaram 28,8 e 38,3% do B extraído pela água quente, respectivamente. O conteúdo de argila, os óxidos de Mn e os sesquióxidos de Fe e Al amorfos e cristalinos influenciaram em menor proporção. A inclusão dessas características numa análise de regressão múltipla melhorou os coeficientes de correlação.

Cobre total en organismos bentónicos y su relación con acciones antrópicas y naturales

Se estudió la bioacumulación de cobre total en organismos bentónicos como, moluscos y crustáceos, en la bahía de Huarmey y se relacionó con las acciones naturales y antrópicas que ocurren en ella. El objetivo fue conocer qué organismo bentónico bioacumula cobre total en mayor cantidad para justificar su propuesta como organismo centinela de éste metal. Tomando como base las capturas de organismos bentónicos realizadas por buceo en el periodo 2006 al 2012, complementadas con muestras de sedimento marino, sedimento de río y agua de río se determinó cobre total mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica en horno de grafito. Las mayores concentraciones media de cobre total se encontraron en crustáceos y moluscos, como el “cangrejo peludo,” Cancer setosus (MOLINA, 1782) (110,70 μg/g), el “caracol negro,” Stramonita chocolata (DUCLOS, 1832) (108,79 μg/g), la “lapa,” Fisurella crassa (LAMARCK, 1822) (99,52 μg/g), el “caracol turbante,” Tegula atra (LESSON, 1830) (88,27 μg/g), el “caracol rosado,” Bursa ventricosa (BRODERIP, 1833) (78,54 μg/g) y el“cangrejo violáceo,” Platyxanthus orbignyi (H. MILNE EDWARS Y LUCAS, 1843) (46,30 μg/g). La concentración de cobre total en el caracol negro se relaciona con las concentraciones de cobre total en el sedimento marino, en el sedimento de río y en el agua de río. La ecuación de regresión lineal múltiple evidenció dicha asociación (R=0,998).

Is accountability a double-edged sword? Experimental evidence on the effectiveness of internal controls to prevent fraud

Recent legislations oblige organizations to monitor the effectiveness of internal control mechanisms that are necessary to prevent fraud. However, little is known about the effectiveness of different internal controls. We investigate whether the duty to sign work results-one of the most prominent internal control mechanisms-is effective to prevent fraud under different superior instructions. We use a 2×2 between-subjects experimental design with accountability (duty to sign work results vs. no duty to sign) and superior instructions (with vs. without profit maximization cue) as independent variables. Both manipulations of superior instructions reminded people to respect accounting standards and principles but in one condition, an instruction to increase revenues was integrated as profit maximization cue. We expected this cue to trigger a profit maximization decision frame that increases the likelihood for fraudulent revenue recording. 58 managers from an executive MBA class participated in the experiment. We find that superior instructions interact with accountability. Fraudulent revenue recording was particularly observed when people received instructions to increase revenues and had to sign their work results. Consequently, fraudulent behavior can occur without pressure to commit fraud due to profit maximization cues that are communicated by a superior and despite implemented internal control mechanisms. We discuss possible implications of our results for the prevention of fraudulent behavior.

Culturas de cobertura, acúmulo de nitrogênio total no solo e produtividade de milho

A associação de preparos conservacionistas com culturas de cobertura é importante estratégia de melhoria da qualidade do solo. Quando leguminosas são utilizadas, verifica-se incremento na disponibilidade de nitrogênio (N) para a primeira cultura em sucessão (efeito imediato). Todavia, o uso de leguminosas por vários anos pode se refletir no incremento da capacidade do solo em suprir N (efeito residual). Com o objetivo de distinguir o efeito residual do efeito imediato do uso de culturas de cobertura foi realizada esta pesquisa. Utilizou-se um experimento de longa duração (1985 a 1995) instalado na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, RS. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com parcelas subsubdivididas e três repetições. As parcelas principais incluíram três sistemas de preparo: convencional, reduzido e direto; as subparcelas abrangeram três sistemas de cultura: aveia/milho (A/M), aveia + ervilhaca/milho (A + E/M) e aveia + ervilhaca/milho+caupi (A + E/M + C) e as subsubparcelas doses de N. O solo da área experimental é um Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro. No ano desta pesquisa (1995), os sistemas de cultura utilizados foram aveia/milho, ervilhaca/milho e aveia + ervilhaca/milho. Visando avaliar o efeito residual do uso de culturas de cobertura, um segmento da parcela foi mantido descoberto durante o inverno que antecedeu o cultivo do milho. A associação de preparos conservacionistas (reduzido e direto) com o uso de leguminosas aumentou o estoque de N total na camada superficial do solo. O efeito residual das leguminosas no sistema A + E/M + C promoveu incrementos de 26 e 19% na quantidade de N absorvido e rendimento de grãos, respectivamente, em relação ao histórico de uso de A/M. Contudo, a presença de resíduos de ervilhaca ainda foi a principal responsável pelo fornecimento de N ao milho (efeito imediato).

C-orgânico, N-total e substâncias húmicas sob influência da introdução de pastagens (Brachiaria sp.) em áreas de cerrado e floresta amazônica

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da intervenção humana na remoção da cobertura original e seu posterior uso agrícola, pela introdução de pastagem (Brachiaria sp) na região do cerrado (Senador Canedo-GO), junto à Empresa Goiana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMGOPA), e da floresta amazônica (Porto Velho-RO), junto à Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), tendo como atributos principais de análises modificações nos teores de nitrogênio total, carbono orgânico, relação C/N e frações de ácidos fúlvicos, ácidos húmicos e humina. As amostras foram coletadas em setembro de 1995, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo argiloso, ao longo de uma transeção que continha 24 pontos: 12 sob vegetação natural e 12 sob pastagem plantada, em duas profundidades, em ambos os ecossistemas. Os resultados permitiram observar uma diminuição nas concentrações de ácido fúlvico e humina e nos teores de N-total e C-orgânico na mudança da condição de vegetação natural para pastagem; os maiores valores foram encontrados no horizonte Ao, principalmente no solo sob floresta amazônica, revelando uma queda brusca deste para o subjacente, evidenciando o efeito do tipo da cobertura vegetal sobre o teor e sobre a distribuição dos componentes orgânicos em solos tropicais.

Teor total e capacidade máxima de adsorção de chumbo em Latossolos brasileiros

O teor total e a capacidade máxima de adsorção de chumbo (Pb) dos solos são influenciados pelos seus atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos e o seu conhecimento é de fundamental importância para estudos da dinâmica do Pb no meio ambiente. Neste estudo, determinaram-se o teor total e a capacidade máxima de adsorção de Pb (CMAPb) de Latossolos de várias regiões geográficas do Brasil e correlacionaram-se os valores de CMAPb com os seus atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos. O teor total variou de 6,14 a 30,55 mg kg-1, com média de 18,00 mg kg-1, verificando-se os maiores teores em solos das regiões sul e sudeste. A CMAPb variou de 2.115 a 19.465 mg kg-1, com média de 11.296 mg kg-1, apresentando correlação negativa com as relações Al2O3/Fe2O3 e Gt/(Gt + Hm) e correlação positiva com Si e Fe, extraídos por ataque sulfúrico, Fe, extraído pelo oxalato ácido de amônio e ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato de sódio, caulinita e hematita, bem como com os valores de CTC e superfície específica. Os solos estudados apresentaram grande capacidade de retenção de Pb, tendo os Latossolos Roxos e Latossolos Vermelho-Escuros apresentado maiores CMAPb que os Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos e Latossolo Amarelo. Adicionalmente, a maioria dos solos apresentou CMAPb maior que a CTC a pH 7,0, o que pode ser um indicativo de que parte do Pb é adsorvido como complexo de esfera interna.

L'année 2012 de la perspective de l'interniste hospitalier [What is new in 2012 for the specialist in hospital internal medicine?].

The knowledge in internal medicine is constantly and so rapidly evolving that practices have to be updated and adjusted to recent scientific rules, in order to improve quality and efficiency in the day to day activities. Residents in the Service of internal medicine of the Lausanne University present several relevant papers published in 2012, whose results are susceptible to change the daily hospital practices. From modest impacts to real revolution, a variety of subjects are discussed in the perspective of evidence based medicine.

Application of real-time PCR for total airborne bacterial assessment : comparison with epifluorescence microscopy and culture-dependent methods

Traditional culture-dependent methods to quantify and identify airborne microorganisms are limited by factors such as short-duration sampling times and inability to count nonculturableor non-viable bacteria. Consequently, the quantitative assessment of bioaerosols is often underestimated. Use of the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) to quantify bacteria in environmental samples presents an alternative method, which should overcome this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a real-time Q-PCR assay as a simple and reliable way to quantify the airborne bacterial load within poultry houses and sewage treatment plants, in comparison with epifluorescencemicroscopy and culture-dependent methods. The estimates of bacterial load that we obtained from real-time PCR and epifluorescence methods, are comparable, however, our analysis of sewage treatment plants indicate these methods give values 270-290 fold greater than those obtained by the ''impaction on nutrient agar'' method. The culture-dependent method of air impaction on nutrient agar was also inadequate in poultry houses, as was the impinger-culture method, which gave a bacterial load estimate 32-fold lower than obtained by Q-PCR. Real-time quantitative PCR thus proves to be a reliable, discerning, and simple method that could be used to estimate airborne bacterial load in a broad variety of other environments expected to carry high numbers of airborne bacteria. [Authors]

10-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial comparing bare-metal stenting with internal mammary artery grafting for proximal, isolated de novo left anterior coronary artery stenosis the SIMA (Stenting versus Internal Mammary Artery grafting) trial

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to compare the long-term clinical outcome of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with intracoronary stenting of patients with isolated proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. BACKGROUND: Although numerous trials have compared coronary angioplasty with bypass surgery, none assessed the clinical evaluation in the long term. METHODS: We evaluated the 10-year clinical outcome in the SIMA (Stent versus Internal Mammary Artery grafting) trial. Patients were randomly assigned to stent implantation versus CABG. RESULTS: Of 123 randomized patients, 59 underwent CABG and 62 received a stent (2 patients were excluded). Follow-up after 10 years was obtained for 98% of the randomized patients. Twenty-six patients (42%) in the percutaneous coronary intervention group and 10 patients (17%) in the CABG group reached an end point (p < 0.001). This difference was due to a higher need for additional revascularization. The incidences of death and myocardial infarction were identical at 10%. Progression of the disease requiring additional revascularization was rare (5%) and was similar for the 2 groups. Stent thrombosis occurred in 2 patients (3%). Angina functional class showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both stent implantation and CABG are safe and highly effective in relieving symptoms in patients with isolated, proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. Stenting with bare-metal stents is associated with a higher need for repeat interventions. The long-term prognosis for these patients is excellent with either mode of revascularization.