Desempenho das crias de ovelhas suplementadas com diferentes quantidades de concentrado em sistema de caatinga raleada e enriquecida.

Resumo: Avaliou-se no presente estudo, o desempenho das crias de ovelhas Somalis brasileira em pasto de caatinga raleada e enriquecida recebendo diferentes quantidades de concentrado. Para isso, o desenvolvimento ponderal das crias foi medido por pesagens quinzenais. As crias de ovelhas não suplementadas apresentaram menor peso ao nascer e à desmama comparado aos demais (P<0,05). Com a suplementação concentrada no pré e pós parto de ovelhas na caatinga, ocorre o aumento da viabilidade das crias. [Performance of lambs of ewes supplemented with different amounts of concentrate in thinned and enriched caatinga rangelands system]. Abstract: Were evaluated in this study, the performance of lambs of ewes Somalis brasileira breed in thinned and enriched caatinga rangelands with different amounts of concentrate offered. For this, the weight development of lambs was measured by biweekly weights. Lambs of non supplemented ewes showed lower weights at birth and weaning compared to other treatments (P<0.05). With supplementation of concentrates at pre and post lambing of ewes in caatinga rangelands, increases the lambs viability.

Landscape composition and climatic parameters significant in the spread of an invasive species (Pine wood Nematode)

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente

Association of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with bacteria in hospitals in the State of Santa Catarina

The objective of this study was to identify ant occurrence in hospital environments in the State of Santa Catarina, along with associated bacteria. Ants were collected monthly from five inpatient clinics in two hospitals in the municipality of Chapecó, from August 2003 to June 2004. They were collected under aseptic conditions using swabs moistened with sterile distilled water and put into test tubes containing BHI for microbiological analysis. After 24 hours, cultures were made in both 5% sheep blood and MacConkey agar, which were incubated for 24 hours at 35/37°C. The Gram characterization, culture identification and biochemical characterization followed standardized rules for clinical microbiology. Seven species of ants were identified, of which the most frequent were Monomorium pharaonis (71.5%) and Solenopsis saevissima (57%), and nineteen species of bacteria was isolated from hospital "A".

Estudo preliminar para estimativa da prevalência e distribuição de infeções e coinfeções, aparentes e não aparentes, causadas por helmintas em animais abatidos em matadouros de Portugal

As helmintoses em ovinos e bovinos são provocadas principalmente por parasitas dos filos Platyhelminthes e Nematoda. Atualmente estão espalhadas um pouco por todo o mundo, inclusivamente Portugal, desde o Continente Americano (norte e sul) ao continente Asiático, passando pela Europa e algumas regiões do continente Africano, estando a sua incidência relacionada com locais onde existe uma enorme criação de gado. Apesar de a sua prevalência ser muitas vezes subestimada, estão associados a morbilidade e mortalidade animal, levando a perdas económicas em explorações pecuárias, e podem também constituir um problema de saúde pública para humanos, que geralmente são infetados de forma acidental. Este estudo aborda as três espécies principais de helmintas parasitas hepáticos em bovinos e ovinos em Portugal: E. granulosus, a F. hepatica e o D. dendriticum. O principal objetivo deste estudo é estimar a prevalência destas helmintoses, e a sua distribuição, em animais abatidos em matadouros de Portugal, particularmente em ovinos e bovinos, e perceber se a inspeção visual feita em matadouros é suficientemente eficaz para deteção daqueles parasitas, com possíveis consequências para a saúde pública e para estimação de prevalência. As amostras estudadas foram fígado e pulmão, obtidas em dois matadouros da Região Centro de Portugal (Leiria e Pedrogão Grande), a partir de ovinos e bovinos aquando do sacrifício do animal. Foi efetuada a extração de DNA e posteriormente a amplificação por PCR do gene mitocondrial COI e das regiões ITS1 e ITS2 com “primers” descritos na literatura (LCO1490/HCO2198, JB2/JB4.5, BD1/4S e Dd58SF1/Dd28SR1). Para aumentar a sensibilidade de deteção de DNA dos 3 parasitas estudados e permitir assim efetuar um diagnóstico diferencial foram desenhados e testados novos “primers”, internos aos existentes na literatura, desenvolvendo assim uma técnica de Nested-PCR. Posteriormente foram purificados e sequenciados alguns produtos de amplificação das reações de PCR com os “primers” descritos na literatura e analisados do ponto de vista filogenético. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os “primers” descritos na literatura têm a capacidade de amplificar a região alvo dos parasitas estudados, mesmo na presença de DNA do hospedeiro, e que em nenhuma amostra de ovino e bovino ocorreu a deteção de DNA de quaisquer dos 3 helmintas. A análise filogenética de produtos de PCR obtidos de amostras portuguesas revelou que as sequências obtidas eram muito semelhantes a amostras Europeias e foi encontrado um novo haplótipo para a região ITS1 e ITS2 de F. hepatica na amostra Fasc3 e Fasc4, respetivamente. Os dados obtidos indicam que a prevalência de D. dendriticum e E. granulosus foi estimada entre 0 e 2% (intervalo de confiança de 0.95). Quanto a F. hepatica, detetou-se uma prevalência de 1% com uma margem de 0 a 5% (intervalo de confiança de 0.95).

Characterization of a new coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (Staphylococcus pettenkoferi) isolated from blood cultures from a hospitalized patient in Porto Alegre, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus pettenkoferi was originally isolated and described by Trülzsch et al (2002). In this study, we characterized two isolates of this newly described species. METHODS: Blood cultures were initially processed using the BacT/ALERT® device, and the isolates were initially characterized using the Vitek2 identification system. RESULTS: The initial characterization revealed slow-growing Gram-positive cocci that formed opaque colonies on sheep blood agar. Other phenotypic/genotypic tests were performed. CONCLUSIONS: We would like to emphasize that this new staphylococcus species is phenotypically similar to other CoNS, especially S. auricularis. This could potentially lead to misidentification of these uncommon species.

Molecular identification of the agent of Q fever – Coxiella burnetii – in domestic animals in State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Introduction Over the last recent years, the number of Q fever cases have has increased throughout the world. An epidemiological investigation was performed in the area in which the first molecular documentation of Q fever in Brazil was previously reported. Methods Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and PCR of Coxiella burnetii targeting the htpAB gene were performed in samples from 14 dogs (blood); 1 cat (blood); 10 goats (blood, milk, vaginal swab and anal swab); 3 sheep (blood); and 2 horses (blood). Results Two dogs, two sheep and five goats were seroreactive. DNA was amplified from 6 milk and 2 blood samples from goats and from dogs, respectively. The sequence of the amplicons exhibited 99% sequence similarity with the homologous sequence of the htpAB gene of C. burnetii RSA 331 (GenBank - CP000890). Conclusions The results confirm C. burnetii infection in animals in Rio de Janeiro and reinforce the need for the surveillance of Q fever in Brazil.

Leptospirosis in animals and human contacts in Egypt: broad range surveillance

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease of humans and animals worldwide. The disease is caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. These organisms are maintained in nature via chronic renal infection of carrier animals, which excrete the organisms in their urine. Humans become infected through direct or indirect exposure to infected animals and their urine or through contact with contaminated water and soil. This study was conducted to investigate Leptospira infections as a re-emerging zoonosis that has been neglected in Egypt. METHODS: Samples from 1,250 animals (270 rats, 168 dogs, 625 cows, 26 buffaloes, 99 sheep, 14 horses, 26 donkeys and 22 camels), 175 human contacts and 45 water sources were collected from different governorates in Egypt. The samples were collected from different body sites and prepared for culture, PCR and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). RESULTS: The isolation rates of Leptospira serovars were 6.9%, 11.3% and 1.1% for rats, dogs and cows, respectively, whereas the PCR results revealed respective detection rates of 24%, 11.3% and 1.1% for rats, dogs and cows. Neither the other examined animal species nor humans yielded positive results via these two techniques. Only six Leptospira serovars (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Celledoni and Pyrogenes) could be isolated from rats, dogs and cows. Moreover, the seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies among the examined humans determined using MAT was 49.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results revealed that rats, dogs and cows were the most important animal reservoirs for leptospirosis in Egypt, and the high seroprevalence among human contacts highlights the public health implications of this neglected zoonosis.

Molecular tools in the diagnostic and epidemiology of infections caused by members of Mycobacterium avium Complex

Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) comprises microorganisms that affect a wide range of animals including humans. The most relevant are Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (Mah) with a high impact on public health affecting mainly immunocompromised individuals and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) causing paratuberculosis in animals with a high economic impact worldwide. In this work, we characterized 28 human and 67 porcine Mah isolates and evaluated the relationship among them by Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). We concluded that Mah population presented a high genetic diversity and no correlations were inferred based on geographical origin, host or biological sample. For the first time in Portugal Map strains, from asymptomatic bovine faecal samples were isolated highlighting the need of more reliable and rapid diagnostic methods for Map direct detection. Therefore, we developed an IS900 nested real time PCR with high sensitivity and specificity associated with optimized DNA extraction methodologies for faecal and milk samples. We detected 83% of 155 faecal samples from goats, cattle and sheep, and 26% of 98 milk samples from cattle, positive for Map IS900 nested real time PCR. A novel SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) assay to Map characterization based on a Whole Genome Sequencing analysis was developed to elucidate the genetic relationship between strains. Based on sequential detection of 14 SNPs and on a decision tree we were able to differentiate 14 phylogenetic groups with a higher discriminatory power compared to other typing methods. A pigmented Map strain was isolated and characterized evidencing for the first time to our knowledge the existence of pigmented Type C strains. With this work, we intended to improve the ante mortem direct molecular detection of Map, to conscientiously aware for the existence of Map animal infections widespread in Portugal and to contribute to the improvement of Map and Mah epidemiological studies.