Fístulas vesico-vaginais: uma visão sobre Moçambique

Introdução: As fístulas vesico-vaginais são, de todas as fístulas do aparelho urinário, as mais frequentes. A etiologia deste tipo de fístulas, varia de acordo com a região do globo. Nos países em vias de desenvolvimento, a principal causa de fístulas vesico vaginais corresponde a complicações obstétricas. A pressão exercida pelo feto, nas paredes da vagina, bexiga e uretra proximal leva muitas vezes à necrose dos tecidos. Esta necrose pode levar a um conjunto de complicações que vão desde as fístulas vesico vaginais, estenose vaginal, atresia rectal, infertilidade secundária, ou mesmo à incompetência do esfíncter anal e osteíte púbica. Apresentamos 3 casos clínicos de fístulas vesico vaginais de causa obstétrica bem como uma revisão dos aspectos teóricos e técnicos do diagnóstico e tratamento desta patologia. Materiais e Métodos: Descrevem-se 3 casos clínicos de fístulas vesico vaginais de causa obstétrica tratadas em 2012. O primeiro caso foi abordado por via vaginal reparado em três planos, utilizando-se o retalho de Martius. Os outros dois casos devido à localização e complexidade da fístula foram abordados por via abdominal com interposição de epíploon. Resultados: No primeiro caso a doente foi seguida noutra instituição, nos outros dois casos não houve recidiva da fístula num follow up de 6 e 12 meses respectivamente. Relativamente à correção cirúrgica obedeceu-se aos seguintes princípios: uma boa exposição do trajecto fistuloso, desbridamento do tecido desvitalizado e isquémico, utilização de retalhos bem vascularizados e preenchimento do espaço livre. O encerramento foi realizado em vários planos, sem sobreposição das suturas, sempre sem tensão. Discussão: As fístulas vesico-vaginais permanecem um enorme desafio do ponto de vista cirúrgico, necessitando de uma abordagem multidisciplinar, bem como da criação de centros de referência.

Spondylodiscitis as Complication of Transrectal Ultrasonography-guided Prostate Biopsy: a Case Report

A 61-year-old man presented with high fever, and severe back and abdominal pain following transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy. Diagnosis of spondylodiscitis and psoas abscesses was made based on MRI images of the lumbar tract of the spine. Six-month broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and immobilization with a girdle overcame the disease without any relapse at the 1-year follow-up. Spondylodiscitis after TRUS-guided prostate biopsy is a rare event, which is not yet included as a major complication of the procedure. It is probably due to the presence of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria in faeces. It is, therefore, important to highlight this possibility and to stress the use of targeted antibiotic prophylaxis after rectal flora swabbing with selected antibiotics at sufficient concentrations to be effective.

Bacterial translocation in rats nonfunctioning diverted distal colon

To investigate whether the alterations of the diverted colon segment mucosa, evidenced in fecal colitis, would be able to alter Bacterial Translocation (BT). Methods: Sixty-two Wistar male rats ranging from 220 to 320 grams of weight, were divided in two groups: A (Colostomy) and B (Control), with 31 animals each one. In group A, all animals underwent end colostomy, one stoma, in ascending colon; and in the 70th POD was injected in five rats, by rectal route – diverted segment - 2ml of a 0.9% saline solution in animals (A1 subgroup); in eight it was inoculated, by rectal route, 2ml of a solution containing Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (American Type Culture Collection), in a concentration of 108 Colony Forming Unit for milliliters (CFU/ml) - A2 Subgroup; in ten animals the same solution of E. coli was inoculated, in a concentration of 1011 CFU/ml (A3 Subgroup); and in eight it was collected part of the mucus found in the diverted distal colonic segment for neutral sugars and total proteins dosage (A4 subgroup). The animals from the group B underwent the same procedures of group A, but with differences in the colostomy confection. In rats from subgroups A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, and B3 2ml of blood were aspirated from the heart, and fragments from mesenteric lymphatic nodule, liver, spleen, lung and kidney taken for microbiological analysis, after their death. This analysis consisted of evidencing the presence of E. coli ATCC 25922 CFU. Mann-Whitney and ANOVA Tests were applied as analytic techniques for association of variables. Results: The occurrence of BT was evidenced only in those animals in which inoculated concentration of E. coli ATCC 25922, reached levels of 1011CFU/ml, i.e. in Subgroups A3 and B3, although, being significantly greater (80%) in those animals without colostomy (subgroup B3) when compared to the ones with colostomy (20%) from the subgroup A3 (P <0.05). Lung, liver and mesenteric lymphatic nodules were the tissues with larger percentile of bacterial recovery, so much in subgroup A3, as in B3. Blood culture was considered positive in 60% of the animals from subgroup B3 and in 10% of those from subgroup A3 (p <0.05). There was greater concentration of neutral sugars, in subgroup A4 - mean 27.3mg/ml -, than in subgroup B4 - mean 8.4mg/ml - (P <0.05). Conclusion: The modifications in the architecture of intestinal mucosa in colitis following fecal diversion can cause alterations in the intestinal barrier, but it does not necessarily lead to an increased frequency of BT

An assessment to pathogenicity of Streptococcus iniae obtained from rainbow trout fish in Fars Province

In order to evaluating Streptoccocus iniae pathogenicity recovered from trout in Fars province a total number of 400 healthy (15-20g) fingerling fish specimens which were kept in 1000 liters ponds and after spending compatibility (adaptation) period in new environment and desired condition as aspect of temperature, pH, food and density relative to accomplish disease experiments in interamusclar injection method with 3 × 10 3 , 3 × 10 4, 3 × 10 5, 3 × 10 6 ,3 × 10 7 bacterium cell dilutions per each fish, interaperitonal method with 2 × 10 3 , 2 × 10 4, 2 × 10 5, 2 × 10 6 ,2 × 10 7 dilutions of bacterium cell and in water bath method with 2 × 10 3 , 2 × 10 4, 2 × 10 5, 2 × 10 6 2 × 107 dilutions in 20 degree centigrade temperature were used. Control groups according to above (mentioned) method with 0.1cc sterile physiological serum per each fish were injected. Clinical and autopsy signs that observed in injected groups were includes: body darkness, swelling of abdomen, exophthalmy sometime with eye ocular haemorrhagy, anal (rectal) prolaps, blood congestion and petechia in muscles and congestion and haemorrhagy in intestines. Infectious results in interamusclar injection shown that, mortality 22 hours after injection begans and in 3 × 107 cells dilution per each fish 30 hours pass the injection was reached above 50 percent, so that the amount of LD50/ 30h in 3 × 10 7 cells per each fish was estimated. In interaperitonal injection method was shown those 20 hours after injection mortality begins and up to maximum 80 hours after continued and 32 hours after injection in 2 × 10 7 cells dilution mortality was reached above 50 percent, so that LD50 /32 hour in 2 × 10 7 cell dilution per each fish estimated. In water bath method even after sparing 15 days mortality had been too low which indicating long process of disease. By microscopic study of tissues, dilatation of bowman capsule, shrinkage of glomerols, increasing of melano macrophage centers, degeneration, necrosis of urine tubules in kidney tissue, dilatation of sinusoids, congestion of hepatic vessels, increasing of melanoma macrophages and hepatocite vacuolization in liver tissue, spleen congestion, heart pericardit, ocular haemorrhagy, congestion, edema and separating of basement membrane from gill secondary lamellae can be referred.

The tolerance of steers (Bos taurus) to sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) in a feedlot during the cooler months in sub-tropical Queensland

Two experiments tested the tolerance of steers (Bos taurus) to sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) during cooler months in south-east Queensland. Sorghum grain containing 2.8% ergot and 28 mg/kg ergot alkaloids (84% dihydroergosine, 10% dihydroelymoclavine, 6% festuclavine) was incorporated into feedlot rations. In a previous study in summer–autumn, ergot (1.1–4.4 mg alkaloids/kg ration) severely reduced performance in steers when the temperature–humidity index (THI; dry bulb temperature °C + 0.36 dew-point temperature °C + 41.2) was ~70, whereas a THI of ~79 was tolerated by steers fed ergot-free rations. Experiment 1 was conducted in winter–spring, with rations containing 0, 2.8, 5.6, 8.2 or 11.2 mg ergot alkaloids/kg ration. All ergot inclusions depressed feed intake (14% average reduction) and growth rate (34% average reduction), even when the weekly average daily THI was less than 65. Rectal temperatures were occasionally elevated in ergot-fed steers (P < 0.05), primarily when the THI exceeded ~65. All ergot inclusions depressed plasma prolactin concentrations in steers. Experiment 2 was predominantly carried out in winter, with weekly average daily THI <65 throughout the experiment. Rations containing 0, 0.28, 0.55 or 1.1 mg ergot alkaloids/kg were fed for 4 weeks but produced no significant effect on feed intakes and growth rates of steers. Alkaloid concentrations were then changed to 0, 2.1, 4.3 and 1.1 mg/kg, respectively. Subsequently, feed intakes declined by 17.5% (P < 0.05), and growth rates by 28% (P > 0.05) in the group receiving 4.3 mg/kg alkaloid, compared with Controls. Plasma prolactin concentrations were depressed, relative to the Controls, by dietary alkaloid inclusion greater than 1.1 mg/kg, with alkaloid intake of 4.3 mg/kg causing the greatest reduction (P < 0.05). Cattle performance in these studies shows steers can tolerate up to ~2 mg ergot alkaloid/kg (0.2% ergot) in feedlot rations under low THI conditions (< ~60–65), but previous findings indicate a much lower threshold will apply at higher THI (>65).

The tolerance of steers (Bos taurus) to sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) in a feedlot during the cooler months in sub-tropical Queensland

Two experiments tested the tolerance of steers (Bos taurus) to sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) during cooler months in south-east Queensland. Sorghum grain containing 2.8% ergot and 28 mg/kg ergot alkaloids (84% dihydroergosine, 10% dihydroelymoclavine, 6% festuclavine) was incorporated into feedlot rations. In a previous study in summer–autumn, ergot (1.1–4.4 mg alkaloids/kg ration) severely reduced performance in steers when the temperature–humidity index (THI; dry bulb temperature °C + 0.36 dew-point temperature °C + 41.2) was ~70, whereas a THI of ~79 was tolerated by steers fed ergot-free rations. Experiment 1 was conducted in winter–spring, with rations containing 0, 2.8, 5.6, 8.2 or 11.2 mg ergot alkaloids/kg ration. All ergot inclusions depressed feed intake (14% average reduction) and growth rate (34% average reduction), even when the weekly average daily THI was less than 65. Rectal temperatures were occasionally elevated in ergot-fed steers (P < 0.05), primarily when the THI exceeded ~65. All ergot inclusions depressed plasma prolactin concentrations in steers. Experiment 2 was predominantly carried out in winter, with weekly average daily THI <65 throughout the experiment. Rations containing 0, 0.28, 0.55 or 1.1 mg ergot alkaloids/kg were fed for 4 weeks but produced no significant effect on feed intakes and growth rates of steers. Alkaloid concentrations were then changed to 0, 2.1, 4.3 and 1.1 mg/kg, respectively. Subsequently, feed intakes declined by 17.5% (P < 0.05), and growth rates by 28% (P > 0.05) in the group receiving 4.3 mg/kg alkaloid, compared with Controls. Plasma prolactin concentrations were depressed, relative to the Controls, by dietary alkaloid inclusion greater than 1.1 mg/kg, with alkaloid intake of 4.3 mg/kg causing the greatest reduction (P < 0.05). Cattle performance in these studies shows steers can tolerate up to ~2 mg ergot alkaloid/kg (0.2% ergot) in feedlot rations under low THI conditions (< ~60–65), but previous findings indicate a much lower threshold will apply at higher THI (>65).

Estudo sobre a participação de roedores na cadeia de transmissão de Leishmania infantum (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae) no Rio Grande do Norte

American visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by the bite of the sand flies Lutzomia longipalpis.The main domestic reservoir is the dog, while foxes and opposums are the known wild reservoirs. However, identification of natural infections with L. infantum in rodents appears for need of investigating the participation of these rodents how source of infection of the parasite. In the present work the Leishmania infantum infection was investigated in rodents captured in Rio Grande do Norte, aiming at to offer subsidies to the understanding of the epidemic chains of LVA in the State. Thirteen Galea spixii were distributed in four groups, being G1 the group control with four animals and the others, G2, G3 and G4, with three animals each. Those animals were intraperitoneally inoculated with 107 promastigotas of L. infantum and accompanied for, respectively, 30, 90 and 180 days. Weekly the animals were monitored as for the corporal weight and rectal temperature. At the end of each stipulated period the animals were killed. Blood were used for determination of the parameters biochemical and haematological, PCR, ELISA, microscopic examination and cultivation in NNN medium. Liver, spleen and lymph node were used in Giemsa-stained impression and cultivation in NNN medium. Liver and spleen fragments were still used in PCR and histopathological, respectively. At the same time 79 rodents of the species Rattus rattus, Bolomys lasiurus, Oligoryzomys nigripis, Oryzomys subflavus and Trichomys apereoides were captured in the Municipal districts of Brejinho, Campo Grande, Coronel Ezequiel, Passa e Fica and Vázea for identification of natural infection with L. infantum. Evidence of infection was checked by direct examination of Giemsa-stained impression of liver, spleen and blood and culture of these tissues in NNN medium. Antibodies were researched by ELISA. They were not found differences among the weigh corporal final, rectal temperature and biochemical and haematological parameters of the Galea spixii controls and infected. The rectal temperature of the animals varied from 36OC to 40OC. For the first time values of the haematocrit (33,6% to 42,8%), hemoglobin (10,2 to 14,5g/dl), erythrocyts number (4,67x106 to 6,90x106/mm3), total leukocytes (0,9x103 to 9,2x103/mm3), platelets (49x103 to 509x103/mm3) total proteins (1,56 to 6,06 g/dl), albumin (1,34 to 3,05 g/dl) and globulins (0,20 to 3,01 g/dl) of the Galea spixii were determined. The lymphocytes were the most abundant leucocytes. Infection for L. infantum was diagnosed in two animals euthanasied 180 days after the infection. In one of the animals was also identified antibodies anti-Leishmania. The parasite was not found in none of the five other species of rodents captured. Galea spixii are resistant to the infection for L. infantum and they are not good models for the study for visceral leishmaniose, although they can act as infection sources. More studies are necessary to determine the paper of the rodents in the epidemic chain of transmission of the visceral leishmaniose in the State of Rio Grande do Norte

Radiofrecuencia pulsada sobre el nervio dorsal del pene: tratamiento eficaz para la neuralgia refractaria del pudendo

La neuralgia del pudendo se define como un síndrome doloroso neuropático, que involucra al dermatomo y a la inervación motora del nervio pudendo. Cualquier punto de su trayecto, desde su origen hasta sus ramificaciones terminales, es susceptible de sufrir diferentes grados de afectación o lesión. La localización del dolor puede ser perineal, rectal o en el área del clítoris/pene, presentándose de forma unilateral o bilateral; se agrava al sentarse y disminuye o desaparece al estar de pie; habitualmente respeta el descanso nocturno y puede asociarse a disfunción urinaria, anal e incluso sexual. Son múltiples las causas que pueden provocar la afectación del nervio pudendo, como partos, caídas, golpes directos y cirugías pélvicas. Esta patología constituye una entidad relativamente frecuente en las unidades de dolor crónico. Son varias las terapias utilizadas, incluyendo fármacos, bloqueos nerviosos del pudendo, cirugía descompresiva y neuromodulación de cordones posteriores medulares. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que, tras ser sometido a prostatectomía radical, consultó por dolor crónico continuo de tipo quemante junto a crisis lancinantes en parte distal derecha del pene (territorio del pudendo) y en el que aplicamos radiofrecuencia pulsada sobre el nervio dorsal derecho del pene obteniendo un buen resultado. Son varios los autores que han publicado tratamientos exitosos con radiofrecuencia pulsada del pudendo para el tratamiento de la neuralgia de dicho nervio, pero hasta ahora no se ha publicado ningún artículo de radiofrecuencia pulsada sobre los nervios dorsales del pene.

Comparação entre técnicas de aferição da temperatura corpórea em micos-estrela cativos (Callithrix penicillata) e sua relação com parâmetros hematológicos, peso corporal e umidade e temperatura do ambiente

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2015.

Comparação entre técnicas de aferição da temperatura corpórea em micos-estrela cativos (Callithrix penicillata) e sua relação com parâmetros hematológicos, peso corporal e umidade e temperatura do ambiente

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2015.

Variações anátomo-fisiológicas face à aclimatação sazonal - estudo em vacas leiteiras com diferente potencial leiteiro

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização de variações anátomo-fisiológicas que decorrem do processo de aclimatação sazonal em bovinos leiteiros com alto (Altas) e baixo (Baixas) potencial leiteiro, com vista a selecionar animais que conciliem bons desempenhos produtivos e índices de adaptabilidade que possibilitem a mudança de homeostase face às condições climáticas presentes no clima mediterrânico. O estudo foi realizado numa herdade comercial, situada no Alentejo, utilizando 13 vacas multíparas (6 Baixas e 7 Altas), durante três períodos: P1 (animais aclimatados ao verão; presença de stresse térmico); P2 (animais aclimatados ao verão; termoneutralidade); P3 (animais aclimatados ao inverno; termoneutralidade). Em stresse térmico (P1), verificaram-se maiores esforços termolíticos e maiores armazenamentos de calor no grupo das Altas. Observou-se também que a produção de leite das Altas foi afetada pelo stresse térmico, evidênciando uma redução 24-48h após os valores de temperatura retal mais elevados. Nesta situação, as Baixas apresentaram uma variação na produção oposta à das Altas. Em P1, os valores de proteína e de gordura no leite foram significativamente mais baixos que em P3, em ambos os grupos. A ureia no leite foi significativamente mais elevada nas Altas durante o P1, revelando potencial como biomarcador de stresse térmico. Do P1 para o P3 obser-vou-se uma redução gradual do hematócrito, da hemoglobina e da triiodotironina (T3). As Altas apresentaram uma maior redução de triiodotironina (T3) que as Baixas, como consequência de uma maior intensidade de aclimatação. Nos pelos não se registaram diferenças entre os períodos, o que contrasta com alguma bibliografia. Porém, a ausência da insolação direta poderá ter sido um fator determinante; ABSTRACT: The main objective of the present study was the characterization of anatomical and physiological variations that occur in the seasonal acclimatization process of dairy cows with high (Altas) and low (Baixas) milk yield potential. In this way it should be possible to do a selection of animals with good productive traits and also with adaptability indexes that allow a change in homeostasis to cope with the climatic conditions of the mediterranean climate. Meteorological, clinical, productive, physiological and anatomical data were collected. The study was conducted in an Alentejo's dairy farm, using 13 multiparous cows (6 with low milk yield and 7 with high milk yield), during three periods: P1 (animals acclimated to summer, in heat stress); P2 (animals acclimated to summer, thermoneutrality); P3 (animals acclimated to winter; thermoneutrality). In thermal stress (P1), the high milk yield group (Altas) shown greater thermolytic efforts and also higher heat storage. The milk yield in this group was also affected by heat stress, showing a decrease in production when the rectal temperature increased, with a delay of 24-42 hours. In this situation the Baixas group showed an opposite milk production variation. In P1, the protein and fat milk content was lower than in P3, in both groups. Milk urea levels were significantly higher during P1 in the Altas group, revealing potential as an heat stress biomarker. Hematocrit, hemoglobin and triiodothyronine (T3) values gradualy decreased from P1 to P3. T3 values were lower in Altas than in Baixas group, as a consequence of a more intense acclimatization. The hair analysis didn’t show the standard seasonal acclimatization process, indicating the absence of direct solar radiation as a determinant factor.

Development of water-soluble polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers as novel and highly potent topical anti-HIV-2 microbicides

This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Nanoscale.

Evaluación de la involución, salud uterina y retorno de la actividad ovárica con la adición de zeolita 2% en la dieta basal de vacas lecheras

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de zeolita (Clinoptilolita) adicionado en la dieta basal de vacas lecheras durante 105 días, 60 días pre-parto (dap) y 45 días post-parto (dpp) y su influencia en la involución (IU) y salud uterina (SU), el retorno de la actividad ovárica (AO) y la condición corporal (CC). El proyecto se realizó en tres ganaderías de la comunidad de Soldados del Cantón Cuenca – Azuay, en 50 vacas secas, con una CC ≥ 3,5, entre 2 a 5 partos, clínicamente sanas y todas en las mismas condiciones sanitarias y de manejo; fueron divididas en un grupo control (n1=25), alimentadas con dieta basal y un experimental (n2=25), con dieta basal + 2% de Zeolita del consumo de materia (CMS). Se evaluó retorno de AO considerando folículos ≥ 10 mm de diámetro a los 15, 22, 35 y 45 dpp por Ultrasonografía transrectal, SU (>10 PMN) a los 35 dpp por cytobrush, IU considerando posición del útero con respecto a la pelvis (PU), simetría de los cuernos (SCU), y diámetro del cérvix (DC), a los 22 y 45 dpp por palpación rectal, y finalmente la CC a los 15 dap, parto y 45 dpp. Se usó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) y los resultados fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 22.0, posteriormente fueron aplicados los estadísticos de “U de Mann Withney y Kruscall Wallis”. Se obtuvo eficacia en el GE con mayor porcentaje de vacas que retornaron su AO (respectivamente, para GC y GE fueron: 35 dpp 29,6% vs. 70,4%; 45 dpp 44,4% vs. 55,6%; p<0,05). La IU fue a los 45 dpp, los valores obtenido para GC y GE fueron: respectivamente, PU 40,0% vs. 76,0%, SCU 32,0% vs. 76,0% y DC 28,0% vs. 68,0%, (p<0,05). Y en SU también mostró eficacia en el GE obteniendo un 3,4% vs. 22,2% de PMN en comparación con el GC, (p<0,05). Finalmente, se comprobó diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en la CC al parto y 45 dpp con eficacia atribuida al GE. En conclusión, la adición de zeolita al 2% en la dieta basal mostró eficacia en la involución y salud uterina, retorno de la actividad ovárica y la condición corporal en vacas en transición, recomendando su uso en las ganaderías lecheras

Thermal reference points as an index for monitoring body temperature in marine mammals

BACKGROUND Monitoring body temperature is essential in veterinary care as minor variations may indicate dysfunction. Rectal temperature is widely used as a proxy for body temperature, but measuring it requires special equipment, training or restraining, and it potentially stresses animals. Infrared thermography is an alternative that reduces handling stress, is safer for technicians and works well for untrained animals. This study analysed thermal reference points in five marine mammal species: bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus); beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas); Patagonian sea lion (Otaria flavescens); harbour seal (Phoca vitulina); and Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). RESULTS The thermogram analysis revealed that the internal blowhole mucosa temperature is the most reliable indicator of body temperature in cetaceans. The temperatures taken during voluntary breathing with a camera held perpendicularly were practically identical to the rectal temperature in bottlenose dolphins and were only 1 °C lower than the rectal temperature in beluga whales. In pinnipeds, eye temperature appears the best parameter for temperature control. In these animals, the average times required for temperatures to stabilise after hauling out, and the average steady-state temperature values, differed according to species: Patagonian sea lions, 10 min, 31.13 °C; harbour seals, 10 min, 32.27 °C; Pacific walruses, 5 min, 29.93 °C. CONCLUSIONS The best thermographic and most stable reference points for monitoring body temperature in marine mammals are open blowhole in cetaceans and eyes in pinnipeds.