Deterioro medioambiental urbano y mortalidad: el caso de Alcoi (1860-1910)

Para la realización de este trabajo, Antonio Escudero y Salvador Salort se han beneficiado del proyecto de investigación del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad HAR 2010-21941-C03-01.

Letters from William Tudor to his family,

Four letters written from St. Thomas, St. Croix, and Santo Domingo, in which he indicates his petitions for privilege to import ice have been successful except at St. Croix with the Danish government. He also decribes the architecture and cultural diversity of St. Thomas, which had been rebuilt after a fire in 1805.

Notification from William Cutler to the selectmen of Cambridge, Massachusetts, that Dr. Philip Brukowitz and wife were inhabiting his father's house in Cambridge, 1758 April 25

Single page notification addressed to the selectmen of Cambridge, Massachusetts, dated 25 April 1758, in which William Cutler writes that he took into his father’s Cambridge house as tenants Dr. George Philip Brukowitz and his wife, from Woburn, Massachusetts. After the Boston smallpox epidemic of 1721, the town of Cambridge enacted a requirement in 1723 that no resident would receive or admit any non-resident family into their homes for the space of a month without informing the town selectmen. The penalty for failing to do so was twenty shillings.

Berlin, Germany, 1748 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville de Berlin : levé et dessiné par ordre et privilege privatif du Roy sous la direction du Marchall Comte de Schmettau, par Hildner approuvé par l'Academie Royale de Science â Berlin ; gravé sous la direction de G.F. Schmidt Graveur du Roy. It was published by l'Academie Royale de Science â Berlin in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:6,500]. Covers Berlin, Germany. This layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map. Map in French and German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 4 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortification, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also view and inset engravings: Prospect du Stadt Berlin von Süden gegen Norden -- 1. Prospect des grossen Platzes von Opera Hausse 2. der Cathol. Kirche St. Hedwig 3. und einer Seite des Marggraff Henrich. Pallais -- Prospect der Neuen Schloss u Dohm Kirche -- Prospect des Neuen Königl. Printz Heinrich. Pallais den Opern Hausse gegen über.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Berlin, Germany, 1748 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville de Berlin : levé et dessiné par ordre et privilege privatif du Roy sous la direction du Marchall Comte de Schmettau, par Hildner approuvé par l'Academie Royale de Science â Berlin ; gravé sous la direction de G.F. Schmidt Graveur du Roy. It was published by l'Academie Royale de Science â Berlin in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:6,500]. Covers Berlin, Germany. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. Map in French and German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 4 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortification, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also view and inset engravings: Prospect du Stadt Berlin von Süden gegen Norden -- 1. Prospect des grossen Platzes von Opera Hausse 2. der Cathol. Kirche St. Hedwig 3. und einer Seite des Marggraff Henrich. Pallais -- Prospect der Neuen Schloss u Dohm Kirche -- Prospect des Neuen Königl. Printz Heinrich. Pallais den Opern Hausse gegen über.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Berlin, Germany, 1748 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville de Berlin : levé et dessiné par ordre et privilege privatif du Roy sous la direction du Marchall Comte de Schmettau, par Hildner approuvé par l'Academie Royale de Science â Berlin ; gravé sous la direction de G.F. Schmidt Graveur du Roy. It was published by l'Academie Royale de Science â Berlin in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:6,500]. Covers Berlin, Germany. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. Map in French and German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 4 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortification, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also view and inset engravings: Prospect du Stadt Berlin von Süden gegen Norden -- 1. Prospect des grossen Platzes von Opera Hausse 2. der Cathol. Kirche St. Hedwig 3. und einer Seite des Marggraff Henrich. Pallais -- Prospect der Neuen Schloss u Dohm Kirche -- Prospect des Neuen Königl. Printz Heinrich. Pallais den Opern Hausse gegen über.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Berlin, Germany, 1748 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville de Berlin : levé et dessiné par ordre et privilege privatif du Roy sous la direction du Marchall Comte de Schmettau, par Hildner approuvé par l'Academie Royale de Science â Berlin ; gravé sous la direction de G.F. Schmidt Graveur du Roy. It was published by l'Academie Royale de Science â Berlin in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:6,500]. Covers Berlin, Germany. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map. Map in French and German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 4 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortification, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes also view and inset engravings: Prospect du Stadt Berlin von Süden gegen Norden -- 1. Prospect des grossen Platzes von Opera Hausse 2. der Cathol. Kirche St. Hedwig 3. und einer Seite des Marggraff Henrich. Pallais -- Prospect der Neuen Schloss u Dohm Kirche -- Prospect des Neuen Königl. Printz Heinrich. Pallais den Opern Hausse gegen über.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

South America, 1739 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte du Perou, pour servir à l'histoire des Incas et à celle de l'etat present de cette province, dressée par Philippe Buache, sur les observations astronomiq[es] faites aux environs de l'équateur et communiquées à l'Académie depuis l'an 1736 jusqu'en 1739 par M.M. Godin, Bouguer et de la Condaminede l'Acad. R[le] des Sciences Assujetie por les autres parties aux observations du P. Feuillée et de M. Frezier aux routes et remarques geographiques de divers voyageurs. It is part of a two sheet map set: [Carte du Peru]. It was published sur le Quay de la Megisserie avec privilege du Roy in 1739. Scale [ca. 1:195,000]. Covers the territory of the former Inca Empire, South America. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map representing the northern portion of the map. Map in French and Spanish. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to a non-standard 'World Sinusoidal' projection with the central meridian at 75 degrees west. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection and the Harvard University Library as part of the Open Collections Program at Harvard University project: Organizing Our World: Sponsored Exploration and Scientific Discovery in the Modern Age. Maps selected for the project correspond to various expeditions and represent a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

South America, 1739 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de la partie meridionale du Perou : pour servir à l'histoire des Incas et à celle de l'etat present de cette province, dressée par Philippe Buache. It is part of a two sheet map set: [Carte du Peru]. It was published sur le Quay de la Megisserie avec privilege du Roy in 1739. Scale [ca. 1:195,000]. Covers the territory of the former Inca Empire, South America. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map representing the southern portion of the map. Map in French and Spanish. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to a non-standard 'World Sinusoidal' projection with the central meridian at 75 degrees west. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection and the Harvard University Library as part of the Open Collections Program at Harvard University project: Organizing Our World: Sponsored Exploration and Scientific Discovery in the Modern Age. Maps selected for the project correspond to various expeditions and represent a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Amsterdam, Netherlands, ca. 1780 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: [Plan de la grande & fameuse ville marchande d'Amsterdam = Plan van de wyd vermaarde en beroemde koop stad Amsterdam, mise au jour par Ies Iean Covens & Corneille Mortier avec privilege de Mess.rs les Etats Generaux des Provinces Unies = nieuwelks uyt gegeven door Ioannes Covens en Cornelis Mortier met previl. van de Staaten Generaal]. It was published by Iean Covens & Corneille Mortier ca. 1780. Scale [1:53,000]. Map in Dutch and French. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Dutch National Grid: RD (Rijksdriehoekstelsel) GCS Amersfoort (Bessel 1841) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, bridges, drainage, canals, wharves, docks, built-up areas and selected buildings pictorially, fortification, water mills, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes indexes. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Canary Islands, Spain, 1653 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Les Isles Canariespar P. Du Val d'Abbeville, Geographe Ordinaire du Roy. It was published by chez Pierre Mariette, rue S. Jacque a l'Esperance, avec privilege in 1653. Scale [ca. 1:1,050,000]. Covers the Canary Islands, Spain. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the World Mercator projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, villages and other human settlements, shoreline features, anchorage points, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Southern, Central, & Eastern Africa, ca. 1730 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de l'Afrique meridionale : ou pays entre la ligne & le cap de Bonne Esperance et l'isle de Madagascar, par la veuve de Nicolas Visscher avec privilege. It was published by Chez Henry de Leth, Marchand de l'Estampes près de la Boursse ca. 1730. Scale [ca. 1:12,250,000]. Covers portions of Southern, Central, and Eastern Africa. Map in French and Dutch.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes notes and insets: [Cabo de Bon Esperanca], Elevation du port et Mont Table au Cap de Bonne Esperance and Plan du port et Mont Table au Cap de Bonne Esperance.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Conventions in comparative constitutional law. Research Paper in Law 4/2003

Introduction. “Convention” is an ambiguous term, not only for lawyers, containing a wide variety of different meanings. Even when restricted to denote an assembly it may be used for all sorts of gatherings. In the context of constitutional law a convention is a very specific instrument, and the question is to what extent it is actually known in European constitutional law and whether the “Convention on the Future of Europe” as called forth by the Declaration of Laeken conforms to what is understood in constitutional law by “convention”.1 Or did the Laeken Council pick up a term without any foundation in European constitutional law, rarely practiced and even less understood, the only precedents of which are supposed to be the American Federal Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and the convention that drafted the European Charter on Fundamental Rights, as can be read time and again? 2 As it is the privilege of the constitutional historian to make aware the evolution of legal institutions and to analyze their conferred meaning so that they will be available in political discourse, I shall examine the meaning of “convention” in constitutional history and comparative constitutional law in a first part, while a second part will place the Convention on the Future of the European Union according to its composition and commission into the context of constitutional conventions as understood in law.

Environmental judgements by the Court of Justice and their duration. Research Papers in Law, 4/2008

From the Introduction. Little attention is paid, until now, to the duration of environmental procedures under Articles 226 and 228 EC Treaty, though these procedures are the only instrument at the disposal of the European Commission to enforce the application of EC environmental law1. Indeed, the Commission itself has no possibility to impose a fine or a penalty payment against a Member State, or to withhold sums under the Structural Funds, where a Member State persistently infringes Community environmental law. Rather, the Commission is obliged to first issue a Letter of Formal Notice against a Member State which infringes Community law. Where the infringement is not repaired, the Commission may issue a Reasoned Opinion against the Member State, and if also this does not lead to the compliance with EC law, it may appeal to the Court of Justice2.

The importance of International Developments in the case-law of the European Court of Justice: Kadi and the autonomy of the EC legal order. Research Papers in Law, 1/2009

From the Introduction. In the USA, the debate is still ongoing as to whether and to what extent the Supreme Court could or should refer to foreign precedent, in particular in relation to constitutional matters such as the death penalty.1 In the EU, in particular the recent Kadi case of 20082 has triggered much controversy,3 thereby highlighting the opposite angle to a similar discussion. The focus of attention in Europe is namely to what extent the European Court of Justice (hereafter “ECJ”) could lawfully and rightfully refuse to plainly ‘surrender’ or to subordinate the EC legal system to UN law and obligations when dealing with human rights issues. This question becomes all the more pertinent in view of the fact that in the past the ECJ has been rather receptive and constructive in forging interconnectivity between the EC legal order and international law developments. A bench mark in that respect was undoubtedly the Racke case of 1998,4 where the ECJ spelled out the necessity for the EC to respect international law with direct reference to a ruling of the International Court of Justice. This judgment which was rendered 10 years earlier than Kadi equally concerned EC/EU economic sanctions taken in implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions. A major question is therefore whether it is at all possible, and if so to determine how, to reconcile those apparently conflicting judgments.