隐伏金矿床预测中的地震勘探险方法

Based on brief introduction of seismic exploration and it's general developing situation, the seismic exploration method in field work implementation and some problems frequently encountered in field, which should be pay attention to, are analyzed in detail. The most economic field work techniques are emphasized. Then the seismic data processing flow and it's interpretation technique about the processing results are presented. At last four examples of seismic prospecting in gold deposits are showed. The main conclusions of our research are: 1. Seismic prospecting technique is a very efficient method in the prediction of concealed gold deposits. With appropriate application, it can absolutely reflect the detail underground geological structure in the condition of rugged area and complicated geological environment. 2. The field geometry should be designed and changed according to different kinds of objective exploration depth and ground situation. The best field implementing parameters which include offset, the distance between two adjacent traces, the quantity of dynamite and the depth of hole for explosion, should be determined with examination. Only this way, the high quality original seismic data can be gotten. 3. In seismic data processing, the edition of invalid trace and source gather, signal enhancement, velocity analysis and migration are the key steps. It has some different points with conventional processing and needs a new processing flow and methods which is suitable to the data acquired in rugged area and complicated geological environment. 4. The new common reflection area stacking method in crooked line data processing is an efficient method to improve the signal to noise ratio of seismic data The innovations of our research work are: 1. In the areas which were considered to be forbidden zone, we implement the seismic exploration in several gold deposits in China through our application. All acquire distinguished effects. This show the seismic exploration method is a new effective method in the prediction of concealed gold deposits. 2. We developed a set of seismic field work techniques and data processing which is suitable to complex environment, especially find a effective method in stacking and noise elimination in crooked line data processing. 3. In the field of seismic profile interpretation, through our research work, we are convinced of that: in different kinds of geological condition, the seismic reflection character are not same. For example the lava, the intrusion rock and sediment layers are different in the character of reflection structure and strength. So we accumulate some experience about seismic data interpretation in the area of gold deposits.

南海北部大陆边缘盆地深部地热特征用地球动力学演化

This report is a conclusion of the major research outcome during my post-doctoral residence of research and work. Its content covers the researches of the deep thermal characteristic and dynamics evolution beneath the northern margin basin of South China Sea. In this report, the each other action and effect between lithosphere ad mantle convection were regarded by the combine of deep and shallow study, subdivision from whole to part, and pay equal attention to determine the nature and fixed quantity. The investigative method we used in this report is geothermal and gravity methods. By the help of geological model and geophysics modeling, we calculated lithosphere thermal structure, rheology structure and mantle convection. Firstly, the report introduces concisely the purpose and the previous achievement to this research. Then, it analyzed the characteristic of heat flow on South China Sea. The structure of deep temperature and thermal has been calculated in some models of heat generation and conduction. The rock rheology structure also was computed by the relationship between temperature and viscosity. All these calculations were finished under the guidelines of combine with geology and geophysics. Meanwhile, the fields both deep mantle convection and small scale upper mantle convection are computed. Beside, the density and temperature disorder resulted by mantle convection were also computed with the convection field. After these, the report bring the contribution of local field of mantle convection, thermal construct and effective viscosity beneath the northern margin basin of South China Sea. And, base on the tectonic background and evolution feature, this report discussion the evolution mechanism of south China Sea and its northern margin basin. The end of this report, the main conclusion of this research was summarized and brings out.

商都盆地二氧化碳气成藏条件研究

The bedding sequences, based on the results from others, have been constructed by geological researches. Furthermore, the reservoir, gas-bearing characteristics and reservoir-blanket association have been increasingly understudied by the geological and seismic studies as well as the log data. The deep dynamics for the formation and development of Shangdu basin resulted from complicated fault system and its continued action have been obtained. The studies on the reservoir condition reveal that the mantle-derived magmatism provided the materials for the CO_2 gas reservoir after Paleogene Period and the huge regional fault not only control the evolution of basin and sedimentary but also pay a role as a passage of the CO_2. The sandstone of river course formed in Paleogene System, with very good reservoir condition, are widely developed in the study area. The blanket with good condition is composed by the basalt in Hannuoba Formation and lake facies shale of Shangdou Formation. Local structures and good encirclement are resulted from the different sedimentary environment and later differential sagging. All statements above demonstrate that there is a very good pool-forming condition for the CO_2. In addition, the high abundance of H_2 recognized during drill exploration are also of significance.More than 30 inorganic CO_2 gas reservoirs have been determined during the exploration for the oil-bearing basins in the eastern China, which are developed along the two sides of Tanlu Fault or within it. In which the CO_2 gas reservoir in Shangdou basin is an inorganic gas reservoir far away from Tanlu Fault. Thus the determination of the CO_2 gas reservoir in Shangdou basin is significant for sciences due to the first exploration for the inorganic CO_2 gas reservoir in our country. The geophysical exploration carried on the CO_2 gas reservoir is benefited for the research of prospecting techniques of CO_2 reservoir.

西南天山托云盆地白垩-新生代古地磁结果及其构造意义

Western China is regarded as an assemblage of blocks or microplates. The India/Asia postcollisional kinematics of these blocks has attracted many geologists to pay attentions, especially on the geodynamics and intracontinental deformation of Tibetan and adjoining parts of central Asia. So far there are still many debates on the amount of continental shortening and extrusion within Western China blocks. Paleomagnetism plays a very important role in the paleogeographic reconstruction and depiction of kinematics of the blocks, however the unequilibrium of paleomagentic data obtained from Western China prevents paleomagnetists from studying the kinematics and intracontinental deformation on the Tibetan plateau and the central Asia. Moreover, shallower inclinations observed in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic terrestrial red sediments in central Asia makes it difficult to precisely estimate the northward convergence of Tibetan plateau and its adjacent areas since the onset of the Indian/Asian collision. In this thesis, detailed rock magnetic, chronological and paleomagnetic studies have been carried out on the Tuoyun Basin in the southwestern Tianshan to discuss the possible continental shortening and tectonic movements since the Cretaceous-Tertiary. Ar-Ar geochronological study has been conducted on the upper and lower basalt series from the Tuoyun Basin, yielding that the lower and upper basalt series were extruded during 115-113 Ma and 61.8-56.9 Ma, respectively. Both the age spectrum and inverse isochron show that the samples from the upper and lower basalt series have experienced no significant thermal events since extrusion of the baslts. Rock magnetic studies including temperature dependence of magnetization and susceptibility during a heating-cooling cycle from temperature up to 600 ℃ suggest that the baslt samples from the lower and upper basalt series are ferromagnetically predominant of magnetite and a subordinate hematite with a few sites of titanomagnetite. The predominant magnetic mineral of the intercalated red beds is magnetite and hematite. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility shows that both the baslts and the intercalated red beds are unlikely to have undergone significant strain due to compaction or tectonic stress since formation of the rocks. The stable characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) isolated from the most samples of the upper and lower basalt series and intercalated red beds, passes fold test at the 99% confidence level. Together with the geochronological results, we interpret the characteristic component as a primary magnetization acquired in the formation of rocks. Some sites from both the upper and lower basalts yielded shallower inclinations than the reference field computed from the Eurasia APW, we prefer to argue that these shallow inclinations might be related to geomagnetic secular variation, whereas the shallow inclination in the intercalated red beds is likely to be related to detrital remanent magnetization. Paleomagnetic results from the early Cretaceous-Paleogene basalts indicate that no significant N-S convergence has taken place between the Tuoyun Basin and the south margin of Siberia. Furthermore, the Cretaceous and Tertiary paleomagnetic results suggest that the Tuoyun Basin was subjected to a local clockwise rotation of 20°-30° with respect to Eurasia since the Paleocene time, which is probably subsequent to the Cenozoic northward compression of the Pamir arc.

电阻率测井反演方法应用研究

Formation resistivity is one of the most important parameters to be evaluated in the evaluation of reservoir. In order to acquire the true value of virginal formation, various types of resistivity logging tools have been developed. However, with the increment of the proved reserves, the thickness of interest pay zone is becoming thinner and thinner, especially in the terrestrial deposit oilfield, so that electrical logging tools, limited by the contradictory requirements of resolution and investigation depth of this kinds of tools, can not provide the true value of the formation resistivity. Therefore, resitivity inversion techniques have been popular in the determination of true formation resistivity based on the improving logging data from new tools. In geophysical inverse problems, non-unique solution is inevitable due to the noisy data and deficient measurement information. I address this problem in my dissertation from three aspects, data acquisition, data processing/inversion and applications of the results/ uncertainty evaluation of the non-unique solution. Some other problems in the traditional inversion methods such as slowness speed of the convergence and the initial-correlation results. Firstly, I deal with the uncertainties in the data to be processed. The combination of micro-spherically focused log (MSFL) and dual laterolog(DLL) is the standard program to determine formation resistivity. During the inversion, the readings of MSFL are regarded as the resistivity of invasion zone of the formation after being corrected. However, the errors can be as large as 30 percent due to mud cake influence even if the rugose borehole effects on the readings of MSFL can be ignored. Furthermore, there still are argues about whether the two logs can be quantitatively used to determine formation resisitivities due to the different measurement principles. Thus, anew type of laterolog tool is designed theoretically. The new tool can provide three curves with different investigation depths and the nearly same resolution. The resolution is about 0.4meter. Secondly, because the popular iterative inversion method based on the least-square estimation can not solve problems more than two parameters simultaneously and the new laterolog logging tool is not applied to practice, my work is focused on two parameters inversion (radius of the invasion and the resistivty of virgin information ) of traditional dual laterolog logging data. An unequal weighted damp factors- revised method is developed to instead of the parameter-revised techniques used in the traditional inversion method. In this new method, the parameter is revised not only dependency on the damp its self but also dependency on the difference between the measurement data and the fitting data in different layers. At least 2 iterative numbers are reduced than the older method, the computation cost of inversion is reduced. The damp least-squares inversion method is the realization of Tikhonov's tradeoff theory on the smooth solution and stability of inversion process. This method is realized through linearity of non-linear inversion problem which must lead to the dependency of solution on the initial value of parameters. Thus, severe debates on efficiency of this kinds of methods are getting popular with the developments of non-linear processing methods. The artificial neural net method is proposed in this dissertation. The database of tool's response to formation parameters is built through the modeling of the laterolog tool and then is used to training the neural nets. A unit model is put forward to simplify the dada space and an additional physical limitation is applied to optimize the net after the cross-validation method is done. Results show that the neural net inversion method could replace the traditional inversion method in a single formation and can be used a method to determine the initial value of the traditional method. No matter what method is developed, the non-uniqueness and uncertainties of the solution could be inevitable. Thus, it is wise to evaluate the non-uniqueness and uncertainties of the solution in the application of inversion results. Bayes theorem provides a way to solve such problems. This method is illustrately discussed in a single formation and achieve plausible results. In the end, the traditional least squares inversion method is used to process raw logging data, the calculated oil saturation increased 20 percent than that not be proceed compared to core analysis.

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田储层次生孔隙性质与分布预测

Permian reservoir in Sulige area of Ordos Basin, on which this paper focused, belongs to fluvial-delta lithofacies. The majority formations in this area are complicated channel sand deposit with serious inhomogeneity which makes natural gas exploration be very tough in this area. This inhomogeneity can be found everywhere both in large horizontal area and vertical profile of inner and interbedded formations.This paper studied the inhomogeneity characteristic of Permian formation in sulige area of Ordos Basin according to the logging data.Correlating with core data, a criterion to distinguish different type of reservoirs by using logging data is determined after the study of logging response is done considering the diverse conditions of deposit environments, lithology and reservoir space. The characteristic relationships between the various type formations and logging responses fully and systemically are established.It investigated reservoir parameter calculation methods amply. Combining the conventional and special logging data, basing on the feature of low porosity -permeability formation of sulige area, a set of methods to calculate reservoir parameters was formed including primary porosity, secondary porosity, fracture porosity, permeability and water saturation under the conditions of both low porosity-permeability and inhomogenous reservoirs. One thing should be pay close attention is the parameter M for calculating saturation. It is found that the M in low porosity -permeability formation decreases as the porosity decrease, which is opposite to the law that M increases as the porosity decrease in the formation with intermediate to high porosity and permeability. This view has innovated the traditional theory and offered theory basis for the logging interpretation of low porosity - permeability reservoir. Meanwhile it also improved the Arqi formula theoretically and enhanced the logging interpretation accuracy and rescued a number of formations which has been thought to be hopeless according to the old theory.By using advantage logging interpretation procedure, a territorial synthetic geology evaluation to the inhomogeneous reservoir was completed basing on the single well interpretation. All the reservoir evaluation parameters including sand formation thickness, primary porosity, secondary porosity were calculated and evaluated. The rules of changing and development for sand formation thickness, sand physical properties and secondary porous were found at different formations of upper part of the Member 8 of Shihezi, lower part of the Member 8 of Shihezi, the Member 1 of shanxi and the Member 2 of shanxi individually. Evaluation and Correlation of these five formations were also completed and one conclusion was arrived: upper part of the Member 8 of Shihezi formation has the best performance followed by the lower part of the Member 8 of Shihezi, the Member 1 of shanxi and the Member 2 of shanxi formation.After studied the relationship between reservoir deposition characteristic and the natural gas richness, it is regarded that reservoir inhomogeneity is the key issue of the impaction on the natural gas. Natural gas in Sulige gas field was mainly accumulated in sands of channel bar, distributary channel and debouchure bar. Especially, the quartz sand with rich of secondary porous space has obvious better physical properties than other reservoir and usually can forms the concentration of natural gas.

基于结构分析地震资料去噪方法研究

With the development of oil and gas exploration, the exploration of the continental oil and gas turns into the exploration of the subtle oil and gas reservoirs from the structural oil and gas reservoirs in China. The reserves of the found subtle oil and gas reservoirs account for more than 60 percent of the in the discovered oil and gas reserves. Exploration of the subtle oil and gas reservoirs is becoming more and more important and can be taken as the main orientation for the increase of the oil and gas reserves. The characteristics of the continental sedimentary facies determine the complexities of the lithological exploration. Most of the continental rift basins in East China have entered exploration stages of medium and high maturity. Although the quality of the seismic data is relatively good, this areas have the characteristics of the thin sand thickness, small faults, small range of the stratum. It requests that the seismic data have high resolution. It is a important task how to improve the signal/noise ratio of the high frequency of seismic data. In West China, there are the complex landforms, the deep embedding the targets of the prospecting, the complex geological constructs, many ruptures, small range of the traps, the low rock properties, many high pressure stratums and difficulties of boring well. Those represent low signal/noise ratio and complex kinds of noise in the seismic records. This needs to develop the method and technique of the noise attenuation in the data acquisition and processing. So that, oil and gas explorations need the high resolution technique of the geophysics in order to solve the implementation of the oil resources strategy for keep oil production and reserves stable in Ease China and developing the crude production and reserves in West China. High signal/noise ratio of seismic data is the basis. It is impossible to realize for the high resolution and high fidelity without the high signal/noise ratio. We play emphasis on many researches based on the structure analysis for improving signal/noise ratio of the complex areas. Several methods are put forward for noise attenuation to truly reflect the geological features. Those can reflect the geological structures, keep the edges of geological construction and improve the identifications of the oil and gas traps. The ideas of emphasize the foundation, give prominence to innovate, and pay attention to application runs through the paper. The dip-scanning method as the center of the scanned point inevitably blurs the edges of geological features, such as fault and fractures. We develop the new dip scanning method in the shap of end with two sides scanning to solve this problem. We bring forward the methods of signal estimation with the coherence, seismic wave characteristc with coherence, the most homogeneous dip-sanning for the noise attenuation using the new dip-scanning method. They can keep the geological characters, suppress the random noise and improve the s/n ratio and resolution. The rutine dip-scanning is in the time-space domain. Anew method of dip-scanning in the frequency-wavenumber domain for the noise attenuation is put forward. It use the quality of distinguishing between different dip events of the reflection in f-k domain. It can reduce the noise and gain the dip information. We describe a methodology for studying and developing filtering methods based on differential equations. It transforms the filtering equations in the frequency domain or the f-k domain into time or time-space domains, and uses a finite-difference algorithm to solve these equations. This method does not require that seismic data be stationary, so their parameters can vary at every temporal and spatial point. That enhances the adaptability of the filter. It is computationally efficient. We put forward a method of matching pursuits for the noise suppression. This method decomposes any signal into a linear expansion of waveforms that are selected from a redundant dictionary of functions. These waveforms are chosen in order to best match the signal structures. It can extract the effective signal from the noisy signal and reduce the noise. We introduce the beamforming filtering method for the noise elimination. Real seismic data processing shows that it is effective in attenuating multiples and internal multiples. The s/n ratio and resolution are improved. The effective signals have the high fidelity. Through calculating in the theoretic model and applying it to the real seismic data processing, it is proved that the methods in this paper can effectively suppress the random noise, eliminate the cohence noise, and improve the resolution of the seismic data. Their practicability is very better. And the effect is very obvious.

克拉2异常高压气藏地质特征及开发技术研究

Kela-2 gas field in Tarim Basin is the main supply source for West-to-East Pipeline project, also the largest abnormally-pressured gas field discovered in China currently. The geological characterization, fine geological modeling and field development plan are all the world-class difficult problems. This work includes an integrated geological and gas reservoir engineering study using advanced technology and approaches, the scientific development plan of Kela-2 gas field as well as the optimizations of the drilling, production and surface schemes. Then, it's expected that the Kela-2 gas field can be developed high-efficiently.Kuche depression is one part of the thrust belt of the South Tianshan Mountains, Kela-2 field is located at the Kelasu structural zone in the north of Kuche depression. The field territory is heavily rugged with deeply cut gullies, complex geological underground structure, variable rock types, thrust structure development. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to develop an integrated technique to acquire, process and interpret the seismic data in complicated mountain region. Consequently a set of seismic-related techniques in the complicated mountain region has been developed and successfully utilized to interpret the structure of Kela-2 gas field.The main reservoir depositional system of Kela 2 gas field is a platform - fan delta - braided river system. The reservoir rocks are medium-fine and extremely fine grained sandstones with high structure maturity and low composition maturity. The pore system structure is featured by medium-small pore, medium-fine throat and medium-low assortment. The reservoir of Kela-2 gas field is characteristic of medium porosity and medium permeability. The pay zone is very thick and its lateral distribution is stable with a good connection of sand body. The overpressure is caused mainly by the strongly tectonic squash activities, and other factors including the later rapid raise and compartment of the high-pressure fluid, the injection of high-pressure fluid into the reservoir.Based on the deliverability tests available, the average binomial deliverability equation is provided applicable for the overall field. The experimental results of rock stress-sensitive tests are employed to analyze the change trend of petrophysical properties against net confining stress, and establish the stress-based average deliverability equation. The results demonstrate the effect of rock deformation on the deliverability is limited to less than 5% in the early period of Kela-2 gas field, indicating the insignificant effect on deliverability of rock deformation.In terms of the well pattern comparisons and development planning optimizations, it is recommended that the producers should be located almost linearly along the structural axis. A total of 9 producers have a stable gas supply volume of 10.76 BCMPY for 17 years. For Kela-2 gas field the total construction investment is estimated at ￥7,697,690,000 RMB with the internal earning rate of 25.02% after taxation, the net present value of ￥7,420,160,000 RMB and the payback period of 5.66 years. The high profits of this field development project are much satisfactory.

职业倦怠与自我和谐、人际信任的关系研究：中学校长与一般教师的对比

Job Burnout has been a focus of the Occupational Stress Research. As a typical,helping occupation, teacher has attracted widely attention and researches in the areas of pedagogy and psychology. The special subgroup of teacher, headmasters who are the elites of the Basic Education, is ignored. The research about principals’ Job Burnout is nearly blank after analyzing related documents and information. With the development of the society, people pay more and more attention to the education and put more demands on the headmasters, especially middle-school principals. They are required not only to be good educators, who are equipped with all the inner qualities as a teacher, but also good managers. So the main purpose of this research was to compare the principal group with ordinary teacher group, and reveal underling factors, such as background variables and psychological protection variables. A representative sample of Wenzhou middle school principals sized 192 and a sample of middle school teacher sized 302 were sampled from various schools. The educational version of burnout inventory, self consistency scale, and interpersonal trust scale were administrated to the two samples, together with some demographic variables of interest. The applicability and equivalence of the three instruments used in this study were checked. Based on well-established reliability and cross-sample congruence of measures, the difference between principals and teachers was test. Then the contributing factors were analysis gradually. The five background variables were examined one by one in the two samples separately. A multiple covariance analysis was conducted to test whether there remained any difference between these two samples on the variables of interest. Regression analysis was used to further control the effect of self harmony and interpersonal trust to test the difference between two samples. Mediating analysis was conducted to build the relationship among the three constructs. The main results of the research were stated as following: 1. The internal consistency coefficients of all the scales were good, and no difference exited between the two groups. The measurement equivalence of three instruments was established well. The measures could be applied to and comparing the two samples. 2. The self-harmony, and interpersonal trust of principals were better than the ordinary middle-school teachers. Job Burnout of principals was significant lower than teachers. 3. Demographic variables like the gender, age groups, income levels, disricts, and the type of school, were important influencing factors. The difference patterns of the variables on these five variables in two samples had similarity and distinction. 4. After controlling the background variables, there remained significant difference between principals and teachers on the variables of interest. 5. Job Burnout negatively correlated with self-harmony and interpersonal trust. That is to say，the lower the degree of self-harmony and interpersonal are, the serious of the Job Burnout is, The correlation between the self-harmony and the interpersonal trust was positive. 6. After statistically controlling the background variables and psychological variables, there still exited significant difference between two groups of this study. Also, self harmony and interpersonal trust were significant protection predictors to different aspect of job burnout. 7. Mediating analysis was conducted to the residual score of the three constructs after controlling the five variables and group membership. Self harmony partially mediated the relationship between interpersonal trust and job burnout. That is, interpersonal trust had indirect effect to burnout mediated by self harmony, also had direct effect to burnout.

网络成瘾者心率变异性频谱特征及人格相关因素的研究

The aim of this research is to explore heart rate variability frequency field characteristics and personality influential factors of internet addicts by experimentation and questionnaire. Two studies were carried out: study 1 was to explore the pathological and mental mechanism of internet addicts by heart rate variability physiological index and EPQ and internet addiction scale. Study 2 was to compare the personality and mental characteristics between internet addicts and Non-addicts. The testees were 30 internet addict schoolboys who were in-patient and 43 schoolboys who accorded with qualification from grade 2 in senior high school and sophomore. It is found that: 1、 Internet addicts have obviously lower HFNU than Non-addicts， but have obviously higher LFNU and LF/HF ratio than Non-addicts. Internet addicts have dysfunction in their sympathetic and parasympathetic system; 2、 Internet addicts and Non-addicts have no significant difference in their EPQ except their lying point, but the nervous characteristics of EPQ of internet addicts have influence on their equipoise of parasympathetic system, that is to say when the score of nervous characteristics of EPQ become higher, equipoise of parasympathetic system become worse and worse. However the EPQ personality characteristics of non-addicts have no influence on their sympathetic and parasympathetic system. 3、 The extent of internet addiction of the internet addicts is independent of their equipoise of parasympathetic system, but non-addicts use internet more time, their equipoise of parasympathetic system become lower, there is the significant difference in the neurophysiology between internet addicts and non-addicts. That is to say internet environment is safe to most adolescent, they can make use of internet environment accurately, but internet addicts, their physiological and psychological level has changed to a certain, need to be treated.； 4、 Serious internet game addicts have the metal characteristics of low social support, low purpose in life and low adventure; 5、 The objective support、support utilization of social support questionnaire and sensation seeking characteristics have prognosticative function for internet addiction degree; 6、 Serious internet game addicts have the metal characteristics of low social support, low lying particularity, they are inclined to self abandonment. Serious internet game addicts of low N characteristic have high sensation seeking characteristic, and at the same E personality foundation, they also seek new stimulus with higher intension. There is a prompt that we should pay attention to internet addicts’ personality so that obtain better curative effect for internet addiction therapy.

细胞因子对大鼠抑郁样行为的影响

Depression is one of the most important psychological diseases to threaten human health. “Cytokine theory of depression” suggests that cytokines may play an important role in depression, which provided a new perspective in the study the mechanism and the therapy of depressive symptoms. This view is supported by various findings. Administration of pro-inflammatory cytokine or lipoposaccharide in animal induces depressive-like behavior such as anhedonia and low locomotion, which is very similar to the behavioral symptoms of depression in humans. However, the earlier researches may only pay attention to the short-time behavior effects; the effects of long-time behavior changes have not been clearly reported. In addition, there are few reports about the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokine or anti-inflammatory cytokine on the depressive-like behavior induced by chronic stressors. To further understand the role of cytokines in depression, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the dose and time effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by lipoposaccharide on depressive-like behavior, sensitization effect of pro-inflammatory and blockage effect of anti-inflammatory on depressive-like behavior induced by chronic cold swimming stress. The behavioral observation was carried out using sacharin preference test, open field test and elevated-plus maze. The results indicated that: 1) The activated immunity induced by LPS i.p administration could induce significant depressive-like behavior, but these behaviors had no long-term effect; 2)The depressive-like behaviors induced by stress could be elicited earlier and kept longer by the activated immunity induced by LPS ip ; 4) The chronic activated immunity induced by LPS icv administration could provoke significant depressive-like behavior, and the depressive-like behaviors induced by stress could be enhanced by icv LPS, LPS and stress had certain interact-sensitization effect on depressive-like behavior； 5) Anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 icv reversed the depressive-like behaviors induced by the stress. In conclusion, cytokines play an important role in the depressive-like behavior. Both peripheral and central administration of LPS induced a certain depressive-like behavior and enhanced stress-induced depressive behavior. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 icv could reverse the depressive-like behaviors induced by the stress. Keywords: lipoposaccharide, depressive-like behavior, anhedonia, locomotion, chronic cold swimming stress

序列学习场景条件下学习序列与空间记忆内在参照系的建立

Previous studies showed that preferred directions in pointing judgments (e.g. imagine you are standing at X, facing Y, please point to Z) were consistent with the sequence participants used to learn locations of objects suggesting that the learning sequence may determine the intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory. Numerous studies pay excessive attention to the selection of intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory acquired from viewing an entire layout simultaneously. This research focused on the relationship between the learning sequence and the spatial reference direction in sequentially learning a layout based on the theory of intrinsic reference system. The results indicated that: 1. The intrinsic frame of reference used to specify objects’ locations in memory could not be determined by learning sequence. The learning sequence reflected the encoding of interobject spatial relations aligned with the intrinsic reference directions . 2. when the objects presented sequentially in a random order and the layout geometry structure was either all along or briefly, the preferred heading was determined by the symmetric axis. when the objects presented sequentially in a random order and the layout geometry structure was either not indicated or briefly presented after study, the preferred heading was determined by learning viewpoint. 3. When the objects were presented sequentially along a certain direction, whether the layout geometry structure displayed or not, the effect of the learning viewpoint on selection of intrinsic axis was observed. 4. When participants learned a layout during locomotion, whether the layout geometry structure displayed or not, the initial study perspective was used as a reference direction in memory. 5. Spatial reference direction was determined at the very beginning of learning objects’ locations. Spatial reference direction could not be changed once it had been choosed. These results not only contribute to specify in greater detail the nature of these spatial representations but also extend the intrinsic model of spatial memory.

社会困境中的行为决策――社会身份与地位的影响

Social dilemmas are defined as such situations in which short-term individual and long-term collective interests are at odds (Hardin, 1968; Messick & Brewer, 1983). Severe social problems lead more and more researchers to pay attention to the issue of social dilemmas. Until now, research has widely examined the factors influencing cooperation in social dilemmas, and provided solutions to social dilemmas. In the need of theory development, previous research generally simplified the situation of realistic social dilemmas. Therefore, few studies have explored the issue of cooperation in social dilemmas in an intergroup situation. On the other hand, there has been little empirical attention for such issues in countries outside of United States and Western Europe. To meet this gap, the present study grounded itself in social identity theories and examined the effect of unequal group status on behavioral decision making in social dilemmas. To this end, the study designed three experiments to examine how individuals with different group status response psychologically and behaviorally to cooperation in intragroup and intergroup social dilemmas. In experiment 1, the study examined how independent and interdependent self- construals affect cooperative behavior in an intragroup social dilemma. The results showed that when individuals were primed with interdependent (as opposed to independent) self-construal, they consistently contributed highly, regardless of context manipulation. In contrast, those primed with independent self-construal contributed less in the investment game but only when placed in a context where group members were encouraged to think about their individual (versus shared) fate. Results supported the idea that independent self-construal in a low interdependent context produces the most competitive behavior and that this effect was partially mediated by the feeling of interaction within a group. In experiment 2, the study examined how the effect of group status on different level of cooperation in a nested social dilemma was moderated by individual status, and what roles ingroup and superordinate identifications played in the above effect. Results found that individuals in higher status groups tended to allocate more to private account and less to subgroup account compared to those in lower status group; individuals in higher status groups allocated more to higher level accounts than to private account, whereas those in lower status acted in a reverse way. The results indicated that group status (compared to individual status) exerted a positive influence on behavioral decision making in social dilemmas, with higher group status contributing more to subgroup as well as collective interests. Results also found that the effect of group status and/or individual status on cooperation in social dilemmas was moderated by sex. As for individual status, results showed that the effect of individual status on subgroup interest was significantly moderated only by the combination of higher ingroup identification and lower superordinate identification. In experiment 3, the study explored how group stability and cognitive categorization interactively influenced the relationship between group status and behavioral decision making in a social dilemma. Results did not support the prediction that group status and stability interactively affected behavioral decision-making in social dilemmas. However, it was found that this relationship was moderated by which level individuals categorized themselves at. When categorization at the individual level was salient, individuals in high status group contributed more to subgroup account than those in low status group if they perceived a stable status hierarchy; whereas they contributed more to private account and less to collective account if they perceived that the status was instable. On the other hand, when categorization at the subgroup level was salient, individuals in high status group contributed less to collective account than those in low status group if they perceived that the status was stable; whereas they contributed less to private account and more to subgroup account if they perceived an instable status relation. In summary, the present study suggests that cooperation with ingroup forms the basis of social harmony, and higher status for everyone in any given group is a necessary for social development. On the other hand, individuals in higher status group tend to be more selfish once they realize that their current status hierarchy is unstable. However, activating their collective identity will to some degree increase the level of their cooperation with the collective. The study thus provides psychological explanations on how to construct group harmony and management suggestions on how to solve social conflicts.

通过对心理学期刊的几项统计分析看我国十年来儿童发展教育心理学研究状况与动向

In this study, bibliometric method was usded in the investigation of 2274 papers concerning child developmental and educational psychology, which were published during the ten years of 1979-1988, in 14 psychological journals and 97 other scientific journals. According to the quantitative and qualitative analyses, the results are as follows: 1979-1988 saw the rapid development and prosperous period in China's child developmental and educational psychology, During which more papers were published and more fields couched than in the psvious thirty years. The number of literature publications increased and went to the peak in 1983 and 1984, and came down since 1985. The trend was found to result from the decrease in popular science introductions of psychology, which reflected that a heat of psychology had appeared in 1983 and started to cool in 1985. At the mean time, the number of research reports had been holding a steady increase by 1987 and decreased obviously in 1988, especially in the fields of cognitive and social development. There could be several possible explanations of this phenonemon: Piagetian studies are becoming fewer and the eakening of Piaget's influence might predict a period of standstill in the field of developmental psychology in China; As researches become more and more difficult, researchers have turned to be more cautious in lay out their reports; the cutdown of fees and staff could also be one of reasons for less publication in 1988. As the factors mentioned above still exist and their influences last, the number of papers are not expected to increase in the near future. The field of thinking and menory is closely connected with that of artificial intelligence. The downhill situations in these two fileds should be taken seriously. 2. The types of research work are divided on the bases of their problem raising. The trends show that the deepening studies, which represent a comaratively higher level of exploration, are waving fewer, while repeated studies and creative studies are becoming more as the years go along. This fact is worth being further analysed. Big progress could be seen from research methods. The methods currently used are mainly experiment, psychological measurement and assessment, and theoretical reasoning. There is a rapid increase of research by using scales. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Binet Scale and Baley Scale have been revised andstandardized. Chinese researchers have also developed several good scales of their own, some of which are valuable and need to be standardized. In the papers investigated, the amount of citation is significantly lower than the world average level as well as the average citation number of whole China's scientific literature. Among the papers cited, most are of Chinese and English languages, and only a small rate were published in resently five years. The renewal of literature cited seems to stay at a low level in the ten years. Tremendous work could be reflected by the number of subjects used the research work in those ten years: 362665. A lot of studies piled on the period of 4-16 year olds. Compared with the previous thirty years, the age range was much enlarged and there were quite a few studies about preschool, school and adolescent periods. The study of newborn of 0-3 has been a weak point so far and it is a field to which chinese developmental psychologists should pay more attention. The progress in using statistics is one of the most obvious part in the development in the research work of child developmental and educational psychology. The one tendency that should be awared and avoid is to put the cart before the horse: seeking for more sophisticated statistic method while neglecting the meanings of research problems. 3. Citation analysis was used in selecting scholars who had great influence in the field of child developmental and educational psychology. Among the often cited and famous scholars, 31 are Chinese researchers and 12 are Western psychologists. The authoritative journal for child developmental psychology and educational psychology is Acta Psychologica Sinica.

Qualifying Cosmopolitanism? Solidarity, Criticism, and Michael Walzer's 'View from the Cave'

Erskine, Toni, 'Qualifying Cosmopolitanism? Solidarity, Criticism, and Michael Walzer's 'View from the Cave'', International Politics (2007) 44(1) pp.125-149 RAE2008