Role of biofilms in the oral health of animals

In humans the importance of biofilms in disease processes is now widely recognised together with the difficulties in treating such infections once established. One of the earliest and certainly most studied biofilm in humans is that of dental plaque which is responsible for two of the most prevalent human infections, namely dental caries and periodontal disease. However, comparable studies of dental plaque in animals are relatively limited, despite the fact that similar infections also occur, and in the case of farm animals there is an associated economic impact. In addition, biofilms in the mouths of animals can also be detrimental to human health when transferred by animal bites. As a result, an understanding of both the microbial composition of animal plaque biofilms together with their role in animal diseases is important. Through the use of modern molecular studies, an insight into the oral microflora of animals is now being obtained and, to date, reveals that despite differences in terms of microbial species and relative proportions occurring between humans and animals, similarities do indeed exist. This information can be exploited in our efforts to both manage and treat infections in animals arising from the presence of an oral biofilm. This Chapter describes our current understanding of the microbial composition of animal plaque, its role in disease and how oral hygiene measures can be implemented to reduce subsequent infection.

O uso das palavras: estatuto da comunicação oral nas aulas de Português e de Espanhol

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ensino do Português no 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico e Ensino Secundário e do Espanhol nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário

"De mãos dadas com o Livro": promoção da linguagem oral e da literacia emergente com crianças de etnia cigana e com crianças provenientes de contextos socioeconómicos desfavorecidos

Dissertação de mestrado em Estudos da Criança (área de especialização em Intervenção Psicossocial com Crianças, Jovens e Famílias)

Diagnosis and therapeutics of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in childhood. Case report and review of the literature

We report the case of a 3-year-old female patient, who, since birth, had cyanosis difficult to explain with usual diagnostic tests. The only findings on physical examination were cyanosis and clubbing of her fingers. Chest computerized tomography showed images of excessive attenuation in the right lung, which resembled arteriovenous fistulae that were later confirmed on cardiac catheterization. The fistulous trajectories were then embolized with 7 Gianturco coils, which resulted in an immediate increase in the arterial saturation of blood oxygen.

Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature

Background: Research has separately indicated associations between pregnancy depression and breastfeeding, breastfeeding and postpartum depression, and pregnancy and postpartum depression. This paper aimed to provide a systematic literature review on breastfeeding and depression, considering both pregnancy and postpartum depression. Methods: An electronic search in three databases was performed using the keywords: “breast feeding”, “bottle feeding”, “depression”, “pregnancy”, and “postpartum”. Two investigators independently evaluated the titles and abstracts in a first stage and the full-text in a second stage review. Papers not addressing the association among breastfeeding and pregnancy or postpartum depression, non-original research and research focused on the effect of antidepressants were excluded. 48 studies were selected and included. Data were independently extracted. Results: Pregnancy depression predicts a shorter breastfeeding duration, but not breastfeeding intention or initiation. Breastfeeding duration is associated with postpartum depression in almost all studies. Postpartum depression predicts and is predicted by breastfeeding cessation in several studies. Pregnancy and postpartum depression are associated with shorter breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding may mediate the association between pregnancy and postpartum depression. Pregnancy depression predicts shorter breastfeeding duration and that may increase depressive symptoms during postpartum. Limitations: The selected keywords may have led to the exclusion of relevant references. Conclusions: Although strong empirical evidence regarding the associations among breastfeeding and pregnancy or postpartum depression was separately provided, further research, such as prospective studies, is needed to clarify the association among these three variables. Help for depressed pregnant women should be delivered to enhance both breastfeeding and postpartum psychological adjustment.

Use of oral antihypertensive medication preceding blood pressure elevation in hospitalized patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of oral antihypertensive medication preceding the increase in blood pressure in patients in a university hospital, the drug of choice, and the maintained use of antihypertensive medication. METHODS: Data from January to June 1997 from the University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos Pharmacy concerning the prescriptions of all inpatients were used. Variables included in the analysis were: antihypertensive medication prescription preceding increase in blood pressure, type of antihypertensive medication, gender, clinical or surgical wards, and the presence of maintained antihypertensive medication. RESULTS: The hospital admitted 2,532 patients, 1,468 in surgical wards and 818 in medical wards. Antihypertensive medication prescription preceding pressure increase was observed in 578 patients (22.8%). Nifedipine was used in 553 (95.7%) and captopril in 25 (4.3%). In 50.7% of patients, prescription of antihypertensive medication was not associated with maintained antihypertensive medication. Prescription of antihypertensive drugs preceding elevation of blood pressure was significantly (p<0.001) more frequent on the surgical floor (27.5%; 405/1468) than on the medical floor (14.3%; 117/818). The frequency of prescription of antihypertensive drugs preceding elevation of blood pressure without maintained antihypertensive drugs and the ratio between the number of prescriptions of nifedipine and captopril were greater in surgical wards. CONCLUSION: The use of antihypertensive medication, preceding elevation of blood pressure (22.8%) observed in admitted patients is not supported by scientific evidence. The high frequency of this practice may be even greater in nonuniversity hospitals.

Friedreich's Ataxia: Cardiac Evaluation of 25 Patients with Clinical Diagnosis and Literature Review

OBJECTIVE - Cardiac evaluation (clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic) of 25 Brazilian patients with clinical diagnosis of Friedreich's ataxia (FA) related to the frequency and the size of GAA repeats (unstable expansion of trinucleotide repeats that results in the disease). METHODS - Clinical and cardiac study including electrocardiogram and echocardiogram of all patients and molecular analysis to detect the frequency and the size of GAA expansion, by polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS - Homozygous GAA expansion was detected in 17 patients (68%) -- all typical cases. In 8 (32%) cases (6 atypical and 2 typical), no GAA expansion was observed, therefore it was not considered Friedreich's ataxia. All patients with GAA expansion (100%) had electrocardiographic abnormalities, and only 25% of the cases without GAA expansion had some abnormality on this exam. However, only 6% of all patients revealed some signals/symptoms suggestive of cardiac involvement. CONCLUSION - A molecular analysis is essential to confirm the diagnosis of Friedreich's ataxia; however, an adequate cardiac evaluation, including an electrocardiogram, was extremely useful to better screening the patients which should perform these molecular analysis.

Cardiac Damage from Chronic Use of Chloroquine: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Chloroquine has been widely used in rheumatological treatment, but potential severe side effects require careful follow-up. Cardiac damage is not a common consequence, but its clinical relevance has not yet been described. We report the case of a 58-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, in whom chronic chloroquine use resulted in major irreversible cardiac damage. She presented with syncopal episodes due to complete atrioventricular block confirmed by electrophysiological study whose changes were concluded to be irreversible and a permanent pacemaker was indicated. Endomyocardial biopsy was also performed to search for histopathological and ultrastructural cardiac damage. We also reviewed the 22 cases of chloroquine-induced cardiopathy described to date as well as its pathophysiology.

Endocardite de Libmann-Sacks e anticoagulação oral

Paciente de 34 anos, com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e síndrome de anticorpo antifosfolípide secundária, evoluiu com crises convulsivas, parcialmente controladas com anticonvulsivante, e ausculta de sopro cardíaco, cuja propedêutica mostrou a presença de vegetação em valva mitral. Diante do diagnóstico de endocardite de Libman-Sacks foi iniciada terapia com warfarina sódica, e após seis meses de anticoagulação oral, a paciente apresentava controle total das crises convulsivas e desaparecimento da vegetação valvar ao ecocardiograma. São discutidas a ocorrência da endocardite de Libman-Sacks no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, sua associação com a síndrome de anticorpo antifosfolípide e a terapêutica anticoagulante, e feita uma revisão da literatura.

Las glándulas salivales de aves como modelo experimental para el estudio de la acción biológica de las mucinas en la cavidad oral

Es bien conocido entre los constituyentes de las glándulas salivales, las mucinas juegan un rol primordial en la preservación del equilibrio del microambiente de la cavidad bucal interactuando con los tejidos bucales y con la flora bacteriana a través de la lubricación y fluidificación de los alimentos, la formación de una película protectora contra la desecación y agresiones externas y el freno para el desarrollo microbiano por el elevado grado de sulfatación de las mismas. En base a estos antecedentes se plantea utilizar el modelo experimental a las glándulas salivales del pollo con el objeto de analizar el patrón citomorfológico del desarrollo y diferenciación glandular y correlacionar la actividad funcional, en especial la secreción de mucinas y sus variedades con su acción biológica en la cavidad bucal. Objetivos generales Realizar el análisis el análisis estructural y citoquímico de glándulas salivales de pollo desde la etapa embrionaria hasta la edad adulta para inferir, por la naturaleza de sus secreciones, el papel que cumplen las mucinas en el proceso de protección de la cavidad oral, extrapolando estos resultados a las glándulas evolucionadas del hombre cuyas variaciones dietéticas inducirían cambios en la flora de la cavidad bucal. Objetivos específicos - Analizar las glándulas salivales de embriones de pollo, pollos recién nacidos y adultos para determinar cambios histológicos y citoquímicos durante su desarrollo y diferenciación. - Analizar el proceso citológico de la secreción glandular comparándola con la de los mamíferos y en especial las humanas mediante el estudio de los componentes celulares que intervienen en la exocitosis (membrana, citoesqueleto, etcétera). - Determinar las características morfométricas de los componentes glandulares para cuantificar los resultados obtenidos en los distintos grupos etarios. - Investigar la naturaleza de los glicoconjugados por medio de una batería de lecitinas unidas a peroxidasa aplicadas en secciones histológicas para determinar la composición de oligosacáridos de estas secreciones glandulares. (...)