Influência de doses de calcário com diferentes relações cálcio: magnésio na produção de matéria seca e na composição mineral da alfafa

A acidez dos solos brasileiros, com alumínio em níveis tóxicos e baixa disponibilidade de elementos essenciais, principalmente o fósforo, exige aplicações de calcário e fertilizantes para a adequada utilização agrícola. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de quatro doses de calcário calculadas com base no teor de Al3+ trocável do solo e em cinco relações molares de Ca:Mg, na produção de matéria seca e na composição mineral da alfafa. Duas cultivares de alfafa, Flórida 77 e Crioula, foram cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo álico, textura argilosa, em casa de vegetação, em esquema fatorial disposto no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea das duas cultivares aumentou em razão do aumento das doses de calcário, e somente a cultivar Flórida 77 apresentou diferenças significativas entre as relações molares Ca:Mg. Os teores de Ca, Mg e N na matéria seca da parte aérea, de modo geral, aumentaram em razão do aumento na quantidade de calcário, sendo somente os teores de Ca e Mg alterados pelas diferentes relações molares de Ca:Mg. Os teores de P e K, de modo geral, apresentaram pequenos decréscimos com a elevação das doses de calcário, embora considerados satisfatórios para a nutrição da alfafa.

Variações nos teores de nitrogênio mineral em solo suplementado com iodo de esgoto

O conhecimento da dinâmica da mineralização de materiais orgânicos adicionados ao solo é importante para predizer os efeitos das possíveis perdas de N para o ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação do N mineral, no período da seca e das águas, em solo cultivado com milho, após incorporação de doses crescentes de lodo de esgoto. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de parcelas não fertilizadas, parcelas com adubação nitrogenada (NM), parcelas com dose de lodo de esgoto calculada para fornecer à cultura o mesmo teor de N do tratamento NM (1N) e parcelas com duas, quatro e oito vezes a dose de lodo de esgoto do tratamento 1N. As quantidades de lodo de esgoto a serem aplicadas ao solo, devem ser diferentes no período da seca e das águas mesmo quando se baseiam nas necessidades de N, em decorrência das perdas desse elemento em períodos de intensas precipitações.

Modelling Bone Mineral Density in Swiss Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Letrozole, Tamoxifen and Sequences of Letrozole and Tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 Study (SAKK 21/07).

Background: Bone health is a concern when treating early stage breast cancer patients with adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. Early detection of patients (pts) at risk of osteoporosis and fractures may be helpful for starting preventive therapies and selecting the most appropriate endocrine therapy schedule. We present statistical models describing the evolution of lumbar and hip bone mineral density (BMD) in pts treated with tamoxifen (T), letrozole (L) and sequences of T and L. Methods: Available dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry exams (DXA) of pts treated in trial BIG 1-98 were retrospectively collected from Swiss centers. Treatment arms: A) T for 5 years, B) L for 5 years, C) 2 years of T followed by 3 years of L and, D) 2 years of L followed by 3 years of T. Pts without DXA were used as a control for detecting selection biases. Patients randomized to arm A were subsequently allowed an unplanned switch from T to L. Allowing for variations between DXA machines and centres, two repeated measures models, using a covariance structure that allow for different times between DXA, were used to estimate changes in hip and lumbar BMD (g/cm2) from trial randomization. Prospectively defined covariates, considered as fixed effects in the multivariable models in an intention to treat analysis, at the time of trial randomization were: age, height, weight, hysterectomy, race, known osteoporosis, tobacco use, prior bone fracture, prior hormone replacement therapy (HRT), bisphosphonate use and previous neo-/adjuvant chemotherapy (ChT). Similarly, the T-scores for lumbar and hip BMD measurements were modeled using a per-protocol approach (allowing for treatment switch in arm A), specifically studying the effect of each therapy upon T-score percentage. Results: A total of 247 out of 546 pts had between 1 and 5 DXA; a total of 576 DXA were collected. Number of DXA measurements per arm were; arm A 133, B 137, C 141 and D 135. The median follow-up time was 5.8 years. Significant factors positively correlated with lumbar and hip BMD in the multivariate analysis were weight, previous HRT use, neo-/adjuvant ChT, hysterectomy and height. Significant negatively correlated factors in the models were osteoporosis, treatment arm (B/C/D vs. A), time since endocrine therapy start, age and smoking (current vs. never).Modeling the T-score percentage, differences from T to L were -4.199% (p = 0.036) and -4.907% (p = 0.025) for the hip and lumbar measurements respectively, before any treatment switch occurred. Conclusions: Our statistical models describe the lumbar and hip BMD evolution for pts treated with L and/or T. The results of both localisations confirm that, contrary to expectation, the sequential schedules do not seem less detrimental for the BMD than L monotherapy. The estimated difference in BMD T-score percent is at least 4% from T to L.

Estoque de carbono e nitrogênio e formas de nitrogênio mineral em um solo submetido a diferentes sistemas de manejo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar alterações nos teores e no estoque de C orgânico e N total do solo, e nas suas formas nítrica e amoniacal, em sistemas de manejo implementados em área de cerrado nativo. Foram coletadas amostras no Município de Morrinhos, GO, num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, textura argilosa, em cinco profundidades, nos sistemas: cerrado nativo, pastagem de Brachiaria sp., plantio direto irrigado com rotação milho-feijão, plantio direto irrigado com rotação milho-feijão e arroz-tomate, plantio convencional de longa duração e plantio convencional recente após pastagem. Não houve diferença significativa nos teores e no estoque de C e N totais do solo, embora o plantio convencional de longa duração tenha apresentado variações negativas no estoque de C em relação ao cerrado nativo até 20 cm de profundidade, ao contrário dos sistemas com menor revolvimento. O amônio predominou no cerrado nativo e na pastagem ao longo de praticamente todo o perfil, enquanto os teores de nitrato foram maiores na camada superficial dos sistemas com culturas anuais. A pastagem e o plantio direto, desde que com esquema diversificado de rotação de culturas, são promissores para aumentar os estoques de C orgânico do solo.

Nutrição mineral de plantas de maxixe-do-reino

O objetivo desse estudo foi o de caracterizar as limitações nutricionais para a produção de matéria seca do maxixe-do-reino, Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad. Foram realizados dois cultivos sucessivos, em vasos de 3 dm³ de solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em treze tratamentos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram baseados na técnica do elemento faltante (em que se omite a calagem e cada um dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes). A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz foi reduzida pela acidez do solo e baixa disponibilidade de macronutrientes, principalmente P, Ca, Mg e S; as plantas foram pouco afetadas pela baixa disponibilidade de micronutrientes.

Ethical issues in nutrition support of severely disabled elderly persons: a guide for health professionals.

Providing or withholding nutrition in severely disabled elderly persons is a challenging dilemma for families, health professionals, and institutions. Despite limited evidence that nutrition support improves functional status in vulnerable older persons, especially those suffering from dementia, the issue of nutrition support in this population is strongly debated. Nutrition might be considered a basic need that not only sustains life but provides comfort as well by patients and their families. Consequently, the decision to provide or withhold nutrition support during medical care is often complex and involves clinical, legal, and ethical considerations. This article proposes a guide for health professionals to appraise ethical issues related to nutrition support in severely disabled older persons. This guide is based on an 8-step process to identify the components of a situation, analyze conflicting values that result in the ethical dilemma, and eventually reach a consensus for the most relevant plan of care to implement in a specific clinical situation. A vignette is presented to illustrate the use of this guide when analyzing a clinical situation.

Résumé complet d'hygiène privée, ou Exposition des moyens propres à maintenir les fonctions de nutrition, de relation et de génération, dans le meilleur état de santé possible ,... par M. le Dr Meirieu ; revu par M. le Dr Léon Simon

Collection : Encyclopédie portative, 1re division, 16e livraison

Produtividade e crescimento da mamoneira em resposta à adubação orgânica e mineral

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adubação orgânica e mineral sobre o crescimento e a produtividade da mamoneira (Ricinus communis). Avaliaram-se doses de esterco, P, K e micronutrientes, em solo de baixa fertilidade e baixa disponibilidade hídrica. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e distribuição fatorial 3x2+4 (três doses de matéria orgânica, presença ou ausência de adubação mineral, com quatro combinações de doses de fertilizantes orgânicos e minerais e micronutrientes). Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de produtividade média: 163,7 kg ha-1, no tratamento sem adubação, e 596,9, 988,1 e 1.172,5 kg ha-1 com adubações orgânica mineral e orgânica + mineral, respectivamente. O P é o nutriente de maior importância para o aumento de produtividade e teor de óleo. A baixa disponibilidade hídrica limita a mineralização e a liberação de nutrientes do material orgânico.

The effect of n-3 enriched nutrition therapy on post-operative cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery

Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) occurs frequently after cardiac surgery. Some data suggest that inflammation plays a key role in the development of POCD. N-3 fatty acids have been shown to have a beneficial effect on inflammation. We hypothesised that perioperative n-3 enriched nutrition therapy would reduce the incidence of POCD in this group of patients. Methods: Randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial in patients aged 65 or older undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. 2x 250 mL placebo (Ensure Plus™, Abbott Nutrition) or n-3 enriched nutrition therapy (ProSure™ Abbott Nutrition) were administered for ten days starting 5 days prior to surgery. Cognition was assessed preoperatively and 7 days after surgery with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease - Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (CERAD-NAB) [1]. Results: 16 patients were included. Mean age was 72 } 5.3 for placebo and 75 } 4.8 for ProSure™ respectively. CRP and IL-6 did not differ significantly between groups preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7. Preoperative CERAD total scores were 86 } 10 and 81 } 9 (p = n.s.) for Placebo and ProSure™, respectively. Postoperative scores were 88 } 12, and 77 } 19 (p = n.s.) The change in score was not different between the two groups (Placebo: +3 } 5; ProSure: -5 } 11). Conclusion: In this very small sample no effect of preoperatively started n-3 enriched nutritional supplements on inflammation or cognitive functions were detected. However, there is a large likelihood of a type II error and more patients need to be included to assess possible beneficial effects of this intervention in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. 1 Chandler MJ, et al. Neurology. 2005;65:102-6.

Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: the emerging faces of nutrition.

The recognition that nutrients have the ability to interact and modulate molecular mechanisms underlying an organism's physiological functions has prompted a revolution in the field of nutrition. Performing population-scaled epidemiological studies in the absence of genetic knowledge may result in erroneous scientific conclusions and misinformed nutritional recommendations. To circumvent such issues and more comprehensively probe the relationship between genes and diet, the field of nutrition has begun to capitalize on both the technologies and supporting analytical software brought forth in the post-genomic era. The creation of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, two fields with distinct approaches to elucidate the interaction between diet and genes but with a common ultimate goal to optimize health through the personalization of diet, provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationship between nutritional molecules, genetic polymorphisms, and the biological system as a whole. Reluctance to embrace these new fields exists primarily due to the fear that producing overwhelming quantities of biological data within the confines of a single study will submerge the original query; however, the current review aims to position nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics as the emerging faces of nutrition that, when considered with more classical approaches, will provide the necessary stepping stones to achieve the ambitious goal of optimizing an individual's health via nutritional intervention.

Bone mineral density in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant letrozole, tamoxifen, or sequences of letrozole and tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 study (SAKK 21/07).

BACKGROUND: The risk of osteoporosis and fracture influences the selection of adjuvant endocrine therapy. We analyzed bone mineral density (BMD) in Swiss patients of the Breast International Group (BIG) 1-98 trial [treatment arms: A, tamoxifen (T) for 5 years; B, letrozole (L) for 5 years; C, 2 years of T followed by 3 years of L; D, 2 years of L followed by 3 years of T]. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) results were retrospectively collected. Patients without DXA served as control group. Repeated measures models using covariance structures allowing for different times between DXA were used to estimate changes in BMD. Prospectively defined covariates were considered as fixed effects in the multivariable models. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-one of 546 patients had one or more DXA with 577 lumbar and 550 hip measurements. Weight, height, prior hormone replacement therapy, and hysterectomy were positively correlated with BMD; the correlation was negative for letrozole arms (B/C/D versus A), known osteoporosis, time on trial, age, chemotherapy, and smoking. Treatment did not influence the occurrence of osteoporosis (T score < -2.5 standard deviation). CONCLUSIONS: All aromatase inhibitor regimens reduced BMD. The sequential schedules were as detrimental for bone density as L monotherapy.