``Conformational Simulation'' of Sulfamethizole by Molecular Complexation and Insights from Charge Density Analysis: Role of Intramolecular S center dot center dot center dot O Chalcogen Bonding

Intramolecular S center dot center dot center dot O chalcogen bonding and its potential to lock molecular conformation have been examined in the crystal forms of sulfamethizole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. Molecular complexes of sulfamethizole, including salts and cocrystal, have been synthesized, and their crystal structures were analyzed in order to examine the possible conformational preferences of the molecule in various ionic states and supramolecular environments (neutral/cocrystal, anionic salt, and cationic salt forms). The electrostatic potential mapped on Hirshfeld surfaces generated for these crystal forms provides insights into the possible binding modes of the drug in different environments. Further, the observed conformation locking feature has been rationalized in terms of the experimental charge density features of the intramolecular S center dot center dot O chalcogen bonding in sulfamethizole. The study quantitatively illustrates and rationalizes an intriguing case of a local minimum of molecular conformation being exclusively preferred over the global minimum, as it facilitates more efficient intermolecular interactions in a supramolecular environment.

A comparative study of failure features in aerospace grade unidirectional and bidirectional woven CFRP composite laminates under four-point bend fatigue loads

Damage mechanisms in unidirectional (UD) and bi-directional (BD) woven carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates subjected to four point flexure, both in static and fatigue loadings, were studied. The damage progression in composites was monitored by observing the slopes of the load vs. deflection data that represent the stiffness of the given specimen geometry over a number of cycles. It was observed that the unidirectional composites exhibit gradual loss in stiffness whereas the bidirectional woven composites show a relatively quicker loss during stage II of fatigue damage progression. Both, the static and the fatigue failures in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites originates due to generation of cracks on compression face while in bidirectional woven composites the damage ensues from both the compression and the tensile faces. These observations are supported by a detailed fractographic analysis.

An Optical How Feature and McFIS Based Approach for 3-Dimensional Human Action Recognition

We propose to develop a 3-D optical flow features based human action recognition system. Optical flow based features are employed here since they can capture the apparent movement in object, by design. Moreover, they can represent information hierarchically from local pixel level to global object level. In this work, 3-D optical flow based features a re extracted by combining the 2-1) optical flow based features with the depth flow features obtained from depth camera. In order to develop an action recognition system, we employ a Meta-Cognitive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (McFIS). The m of McFIS is to find the decision boundary separating different classes based on their respective optical flow based features. McFIS consists of a neuro-fuzzy inference system (cognitive component) and a self-regulatory learning mechanism (meta-cognitive component). During the supervised learning, self-regulatory learning mechanism monitors the knowledge of the current sample with respect to the existing knowledge in the network and controls the learning by deciding on sample deletion, sample learning or sample reserve strategies. The performance of the proposed action recognition system was evaluated on a proprietary data set consisting of eight subjects. The performance evaluation with standard support vector machine classifier and extreme learning machine indicates improved performance of McFIS is recognizing actions based of 3-D optical flow based features.

Investigation of orographic features influencing spatial distribution of rainfall over the Western Ghats of India using satellite data

Using remotely sensed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall and topographic data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the impact of oroghraphical aspects such as topography, spatial variability of elevation and altitude of apexes are examined to investigate capacious summer monsoon rainfall over the Western Ghats (WG) of India. TRMM 3B42 v7 rainfall data is validated with Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded rainfall data at 0.5 degrees resolution over the WG. The analysis of spatial pattern of monsoon rainfall with orography of the WG ascertains that the grade of orographic precipitation depends mainly on topography of the mountain barrier followed by steepness of windward side slope and altitude of the mountain. Longer and broader, i.e. cascaded topography, elevated summits and gradually increasing slopes impel the enhancement in precipitation. Comparing topography of various states of the WG, it has been observed that windward side of Karnataka receives intense rainfall in the WG during summer monsoon. It has been observed that the rainfall is enhanced before the peak of the mountain and confined up to the height about 800m over the WG. In addition to this, the spatial distribution of heavy and very heavy rainfall events in the last 14 years has also been explored. Heavy and very heavy rain events on this hilly terrain are categorized with a threshold of precipitation (R) in the range 150>R>120mmday(-1) and exceeding 150mmday(-1) using probability distribution of TRMM 3B42 v7 rainfall. The areas which are prone to heavy precipitation are identified. The study would help policy makers to manage the hazard scenario and, to improve weather predictions on mountainous terrain of the WG.

Analysis of OSNR Requirements for Higher Modulation Schemes for Various Local Oscillator Powers

To meet the growing demands of data traffic in long haul communication, it is necessary to efficiently use the low-loss region(C-band) of the optical spectrum, by increasing the no. of optical channels and increasing the bit rate on each channel But narrow pulses occupy higher spectral bandwidth. To circumvent this problem, higher order modulation schemes such as QPSK and QAM can be used to modulate the bits, which increases the spectral efficiency without demanding any extra spectral bandwidth. On the receiver side, to meet a satisfy, a given BER, the received optical signal requires to have minimum OSNR. In our study in this paper, we analyses for different modulation schemes, the OSNR required with and without preamplifier. The theoretical limit of OSNR requirement for a modulation scheme is compared for a given link length by varying the local oscillator (LO) power. Our analysis shows that as we increase the local oscillator (LO) power, the OSNR requirement decreases for a given BER. Also a combination of preamplifier and local oscillator (LO) gives the OSNR closest to theoretical limit.

Multifarious facets of sugar-derived molecular gels: molecular features, mechanisms of self-assembly and emerging applications

The remarkable capability of nature to design and create excellent self-assembled nano-structures, especially in the biological world, has motivated chemists to mimic such systems with synthetic molecular and supramolecular systems. The hierarchically organized self-assembly of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) based on non-covalent interactions has been proven to be a useful tool in the development of well-defined nanostructures. Among these, the self-assembly of sugar-derived LMWGs has received immense attention because of their propensity to furnish biocompatible, hierarchical, supramolecular architectures that are macroscopically expressed in gel formation. This review sheds light on various aspects of sugar-derived LMWGs, uncovering their mechanisms of gelation, structural analysis, and tailorable properties, and their diverse applications such as stimuli-responsiveness, sensing, self-healing, environmental problems, and nano and biomaterials synthesis.

Analysis of Wrist Pulse Signals Using Spatial Features in Time Domain

Wrist pulse signal contains more important information about the health status of a person and pulse signal diagnosis has been employed in oriental medicine since very long time. In this paper we have used signal processing techniques to extract information from wrist pulse signals. For this purpose we have acquired radial artery pulse signals at wrist position noninvasively for different cases of interest. The wrist pulse waveforms have been analyzed using spatial features. Results have been obtained for the case of wrist pulse signals recorded for several subjects before exercise and after exercise. It is shown that the spatial features show statistically significant changes for the two cases and hence they are effective in distinguishing the changes taking place due to exercise. Support vector machine classifier is used to classify between the groups, and a high classification accuracy of 99.71% is achieved. Thus this paper demonstrates the utility of the spatial features in studying wrist pulse signals obtained under various recording conditions. The ability of the model to distinguish changes occurring under two different recording conditions can be potentially used for health care applications.

Robust local and nonlocal transport in the topological Kondo insulator SmB6 in the presence of a high magnetic field

SmB6 has been predicted to be a Kondo topological insulator with topologically protected conducting surface states. We have studied quantitatively the electrical transport through surface states in high-quality single crystals of SmB6. We observe a large nonlocal surface signal at temperatures lower than the bulk Kondo gap scale. Measurements and finite-element simulations allow us to distinguish unambiguously between the contributions from different transport channels. In contrast to general expectations, the electrical transport properties of the surface channels were found to be insensitive to high magnetic fields. We propose possible scenarios that might explain this unexpected finding. Local and nonlocal magnetoresistance measurements allowed us to identify possible signatures of helical spin states and strong interband scattering at the surface.

Anomalous Dielectric Features and Structural Implications in Gallic Acid-lsoniazid Cocrystal Mediated by Lattice Water

An organic supramolecular ternary salt (gallic acid:isoniazid:water; GINZH) examined earlier for its proton conducting characteristics is observed to display step-like dielectric behavior across the structural phase transition mediated by loss of water of hydration at 389 K. The presence of hydration in the crystal lattice along with proton mobility between acid base pairs controls the ``ferroelectric like'' behavior until the phase transition temperature.

Solution structural features of N-acyl homoserine lactones

Here we demonstrate that in interbacterial quorum signal moderators, N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs), the stabilization of bioactive pharmacophore lactone against lysis is through the e(-) withdrawing N-acyl motif which reduces lactone carbonyl polarization. This lysis is assisted by weak (<0.05 kcal mol(-1)) contacts between N-acyl O and lactone C'. The interactions that preclude this weak contact, in the free and receptor-bound AHLs, improve lactone halflife and hence are key to the design of the antibacterial AHL analogues. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study of wrist pulse signals using time domain spatial features

Blood travels throughout the body and thus its flow is modulated by changes in body condition. As a consequence, the wrist pulse signal contains important information about the status of the human body. In this work we have employed signal processing techniques to extract important information from these signals. Radial artery pulse pressure signals are acquired at wrist position noninvasively for several subjects for two cases of interest, viz. before and after exercise, and before and after lunch. Further analysis is performed by fitting a bi-modal Gaussian model to the data and extracting spatial features from the fit. The spatial features show statistically significant (p < 0.001) changes between the groups for both the cases, which indicates that they are effective in distinguishing the changes taking place due to exercise or food intake. Recursive cluster elimination based support vector machine classifier is used to classify between the groups. A high classification accuracy of 99.71% is achieved for the exercise case and 99.94% is achieved for the lunch case. This paper demonstrates the utility of certain spatial features in studying wrist pulse signals obtained under various experimental conditions. The ability of the spatial features in distinguishing changing body conditions can be potentially used for various healthcare applications. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin Method for Rotating Euler-Bernoulli Beam

Free vibration problem of a rotating Euler-Bernoulli beam is solved with a truly meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method. Radial basis function and summation of two radial basis functions are used for interpolation. Radial basis function satisfies the Kronecker delta property and makes it simpler to apply the essential boundary conditions. Interpolation with summation of two radial basis functions increases the node carrying capacity within the sub-domain of the trial function and higher natural frequencies can be computed by selecting the complete domain as a sub-domain of the trial function. The mass and stiffness matrices are derived and numerical results for frequencies are obtained for a fixed-free beam and hinged-free beam simulating hingeless and articulated helicopter blades. Stiffness and mass distribution suitable for wind turbine blades are also considered. Results show an accurate match with existing literature.

Similarity of Matrices Over Local Rings of Length Two

Let R be a (commutative) local principal ideal ring of length two, for example, the ring R = Z/p(2)Z with p prime. In this paper, we develop a theory of normal forms for similarity classes in the matrix rings M-n (R) by interpreting them in terms of extensions of R t]-modules. Using this theory, we describe the similarity classes in M-n (R) for n <= 4, along with their centralizers. Among these, we characterize those classes which are similar to their transposes. Non-self-transpose classes are shown to exist for all n > 3. When R has finite residue field of order q, we enumerate the similarity classes and the cardinalities of their centralizers as polynomials in q. Surprisingly, the polynomials representing the number of similarity classes in M-n (R) turn out to have non-negative integer coefficients.

Variations in the cyclotron resonant scattering features during 2011 outburst of 4U 0115+63

We study the variations in the Cyclotron Resonant Scattering Feature (CRSF) during 2011 outburst of the high mass X-ray binary 4U 0115+63 using observations performed with Suzaku, RXTE, Swift and INTEGRAL satellites. The wide-band spectral data with low-energy coverage allowed us to characterize the broad-band continuum and detect the CRSFs. We find that the broad-band continuum is adequately described by a combination of a low temperature (kT similar to 0.8 keV) blackbody and a power law with high energy cutoff (E-cut similar to 5.4 keV) without the need for a broad Gaussian at similar to 10 keV as used in some earlier studies. Though winds from the companion can affect the emission from the neutron star at low energies (<3 keV), the blackbody component shows a significant presence in our continuum model. We report evidence for the possible presence of two independent sets of CRSFs with fundamentals at similar to 11 and similar to 15 keV. These two sets of CRSFs could arise from spatially distinct emitting regions. We also find evidence for variations in the line equivalent widths, with the 11 keV CRSF weakening and the 15 keV line strengthening with decreasing luminosity. Finally, we propose that the reason for the earlier observed anticorrelation of line energy with luminosity could be due to modelling of these two independent line sets (similar to 11 and similar to 15 keV) as a single CRSF.