Variações estruturais do compartimento arbóreo de uma floresta semidecídua alto-montana na chapada das Perdizes, Carrancas, MG

Realizou-se o levantamento da comunidade arbórea de uma floresta semidecídua alto-montana situada na chapada das Perdizes, Carrancas, sul de Minas Gerais (21º36'S e 44º37'W), com o propósito de avaliar as correlações entre variações estruturais e variáveis ambientais relacionadas ao substrato e ao efeito borda. Foram analisados aspectos da estrutura fisionômica (densidade, área basal, e distribuição de tamanhos das árvores) e comunitária (composição, distribuição e diversidade de espécies). Foram alocadas 30 parcelas de 20 × 20 m para amostragem dos indivíduos arbóreos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) > 5 cm, onde também foram coletados dados topográficos e amostras de solo superficial para análises químicas e texturais. Foram registrados 2.565 indivíduos, 217 espécies, 116 gêneros e 55 famílias, em três subgrupos de solos: Neossolos Litólicos, Cambissolos Húmicos e Neossolos Regolíticos. A comunidade arbórea estudada corresponde ao perfil florístico e fisionômico das florestas alto-montanas do sudeste brasileiro, diferenciando-se daquelas de menores altitudes da mesma região. As variações da diversidade e composição de espécies e da estrutura fisionômica mostraram correlações com variações ambientais, compondo duas formações vegetais distintas: (a) uma comunidade arbórea menos diversa e de maior porte em áreas bem drenadas de Cambissolos Húmicos e Neossolos Regolíticos, formando o interior da floresta; e (b) uma comunidade arbórea mais diversa e de menor estatura em sítios fortemente drenados e declivosos da borda da floresta, os quais correspondem aos Neossolos Litólicos. Presume-se que a maior heterogeneidade ambiental das bordas seja responsável por sua maior diversidade de espécies.

Germinação de sementes de Dyckia tuberosa (Vell.) Beer (Bromeliaceae) sob diferentes temperaturas em luz e escuro

O presente estudo trata da influência da temperatura e da luz na germinação de Dyckia tuberosa (Vell.) Beer, uma bromélia terrestre do cerrado. Para tal, sementes coletadas na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina foram submetidas a temperaturas constantes de 10 a 45 ºC, na luz e no escuro. A faixa de temperatura com maior germinabilidade na luz foi entre 15 e 40 ºC e no escuro, entre 20 e 40 ºC, não havendo germinação nas temperaturas de 10 e 45 ºC. Tanto na luz como no escuro, a temperatura ótima está entre 30 e 35 ºC. A alta germinabilidade de suas sementes em temperaturas elevadas indica que sementes de D. tuberosa são capazes de germinar em ambientes abertos e a insensibilidade à luz indica que o processo de germinação pode ocorrer também em ambientes com ausência completa de luz. Aparentemente, o processo de germinação de sementes não é um fator limitante para esta espécie.

Isles Açores, Irlande, Portugal

Julkaisussa: Nouvel atlas du globe terrestre representé en une carte générale et XII cartes particulières avec une courte description

Effects of aluminum sulfate on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase from kidney, brain, and liver of adult mice

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of aluminum sulfate on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity from the brain, liver and kidney of adult mice (Swiss albine). In vitro experiments showed that the aluminum sulfate concentration needed to inhibit the enzyme activity was 1.0-5.0 mM (N = 3) in brain, 4.0-5.0 mM (N = 3) in liver and 0.0-5.0 mM (N = 3) in kidney. The in vivo experiments were performed on three groups for one month: 1) control animals (N = 8); 2) animals treated with 1 g% (34 mM) sodium citrate (N = 8) and 3) animals treated with 1 g% (34 mM) sodium citrate plus 3.3 g% (49.5 mM) aluminum sulfate (N = 8). Exposure to aluminum sulfate in drinking water inhibited ALA-D activity in kidney (23.3 ± 3.7%, mean ± SEM, P<0.05 compared to control), but enhanced it in liver (31.2 ± 15.0%, mean ± SEM, P<0.05). The concentrations of aluminum in the brain, liver and kidney of adult mice were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The aluminum concentrations increased significantly in the liver (527 ± 3.9%, mean ± SEM, P<0.05) and kidney (283 ± 1.7%, mean ± SEM, P<0.05) but did not change in the brain of aluminum-exposed mice. One of the most important and striking observations was the increase in hepatic aluminum concentration in the mice treated only with 1 g% sodium citrate (34 mM) (217 ± 1.5%, mean ± SEM, P<0.05 compared to control). These results show that aluminum interferes with delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity in vitro and in vivo. The accumulation of this element was in the order: liver > kidney > brain. Furthermore, aluminum had only inhibitory properties in vitro, while in vivo it inhibited or stimulated the enzyme depending on the organ studied.

Bone marrow fibroblasts in patients with advanced lung cancer

In a previous study we demonstrated that the incidence of fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F) was very low in bone marrow primary cultures from the majority of untreated advanced non-small lung cancer patients (LCP) compared to normal controls (NC). For this reason, we studied the ability of bone marrow stromal cells to achieve confluence in primary cultures and their proliferative capacity following four continuous subcultures in consecutive untreated LCP and NC. We also evaluated the production of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by pure fibroblasts. Bone marrow was obtained from 20 LCP and 20 NC. A CFU-F assay was used to investigate the proliferative and confluence capacity. Levels of IL-1ß and PGE2 in conditioned medium (CM) of pure fibroblast cultures were measured with an ELISA kit and RIA kit, respectively. Only fibroblasts from 6/13 (46%) LCP confluent primary cultures had the capacity to proliferate following four subcultures (NC = 100%). Levels of spontaneously released IL-1ß were below 10 pg/ml in the CM of LCP, while NC had a mean value of 1,217 ± 74 pg/ml. In contrast, levels of PGE2 in these CM of LCP were higher (77.5 ± 23.6 pg/ml) compared to NC (18.5 ± 0.9 pg/ml). In conclusion, bone marrow fibroblasts from LCP presented a defective proliferative and confluence capacity, and this deficiency may be associated with the alteration of IL-1ß and PGE2 production.

Interaction between paraventricular nucleus and septal area in the control of physiological responses induced by angiotensin II

We determined the effects of losartan (40 nmol) and PD 123319 (40 nmol) (both non-peptides and selective antagonists of the AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors, respectively), and [Sar¹, Ala8] angiotensin II (ANG II) (40 nmol) (a non-selective peptide antagonist of angiotensin receptors) injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on the water and salt appetite, diuresis and natriuresis and mean arterial pressure (MAP) induced by administration of 10 nmol of ANG II into the medial septal area (MSA) of male Holtzman rats weighing 250-300 g. The volume of drug solution injected was 0.5 µl over a period of 10-15 s. The responses were measured over a period of 120 min. ANG II alone injected into the MSA induced an increase in all the above parameters (8.1 ± 1.2, 1.8 ± 0.3, and 17.1 ± 1.0 ml, 217 ± 25 µEq/120 min, and 24 ± 4 mmHg, respectively, N = 10-12) compared with vehicle-treated rats (1.4 ± 0.2, 0.6 ± 0.1, and 9.3 ± 0.5 ml, 47 ± 5 µEq/120 min, and 4.1 ± 0.8 mmHg, respectively, N = 10-14). Pretreatment with losartan and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II completely abolished the water and sodium intake, and the pressor increase (0.5 ± 0.2, 1.1 ± 0.2, 0.5 ± 0.2, and 0.8 ± 0.2 ml, and 1.2 ± 3.9, 31 ± 4.6 mmHg, respectively, N = 9-12), whereas losartan blunted the urinary and sodium excretion induced by ANG II (13.9 ± 1.0 ml and 187 ± 10 µEq/120 min, respectively, N = 9). Pretreatment with PD 123319 and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II blocked the urinary and sodium excretion (10.7 ± 0.8, 9.8 ± 0.7 ml, and 67 ± 13 and 57 ± 17 µEq/120 min, respectively, N = 9), whereas pretreatment with PD 123319 partially blocked the water and sodium intake, and the MAP induced by ANG II administration (2.3 ± 0.3, 1.1 ± 0.1 ml, and 12 ± 3 mmHg, respectively, N = 9-10). These results suggest the angiotensinergic effect of the MSA on the AT1 and AT2 receptors of the PVN in terms of water and sodium homeostasis and MAP modulation.

Hormone replacement therapy increases levels of antibodies against heat shock protein 65 and certain species of oxidized low density lipoprotein

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) reduces cardiovascular risks, although the initiation of therapy may be associated with transient adverse ischemic and thrombotic events. Antibodies against heat shock protein (Hsp) and oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) have been found in atherosclerotic lesions and plasma of patients with coronary artery disease and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of HRT on the immune response by measuring plasma levels of antibodies against Hsp 65 and LDL with a low and high degree of copper-mediated oxidative modification of 20 postmenopausal women before and 90 days after receiving orally 0.625 mg equine conjugate estrogen plus 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate per day. HRT significantly increased antibodies against Hsp 65 (0.316 ± 0.03 vs 0.558 ± 0.11) and against LDL with a low degree of oxidative modification (0.100 ± 0.01 vs 0.217 ± 0.02) (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively, ANOVA). The hormone-mediated immune response may trigger an inflammatory response within the vessel wall and potentially increase plaque burden. Whether or not this immune response is temporary or sustained and deleterious requires further investigation.

Maatalousalueiden luonnon monimuotoisuuden ja kosteikkojen yleissuunnitelma : Viinijärven ranta-alueet (Horsmanaho- Sotkuma), järven pohjoispuoli (Mutkanvaara-Kylylahti) ja Höytiäisen länsiranta (Niskaniemi), Polvijärvi

Perinnemaisemat käsittävät vuosisatojen aikana laidunnuksen ja niiton myötä syntyneet monimuotoiset ja runsaslajiset elinympäristöt kuten kedot, niityt ja metsälaitumet. Maankäytön ja maanviljelyksen tehostuessa perinnemaisemat ovat vähentyneet 1800-luvun lopulta tähän päivään asti ja niiden määrän arvioidaan olevan noin 1 % luokkaa (20 000 ha) sadan vuoden takaisesta. Lajiston uhanalaistumisen lisäksi maisema muuttuu umpeenkasvun ja rehevöitymisen edetessä. Luonnon monimuotoisuuden (LUMO) yleissuunnittelun tavoitteena on edistää ja tehostaa maatalousalueiden perinnebiotooppien hoitoa ja suojelua ja lisätä viljelijöiden kiinnostusta niiden säilyttämistä kohtaan. Vuodesta 2007 lähtien suunnittelussa ovat olleet myös maatalousalueiden vesiensuojelua edistävät kosteikot. Kosteikkopaikkojen kartoituksella ja kosteikkojen perustamisella pyritään parantamaan vesistöjen kuntoa pitkällä aikavälillä. Tämä luonnon monimuotoisuuden ja kosteikkojen yleissuunnitelma tehtiin Polvijärvellä Viinijärven ja Höytiäisen välisellä alueella. Tietoa kosteikkojen tarpeesta ja luonnon monimuotoisuudesta kerättiin esiselvityksellä ja tilakäynneillä. Viljelijät nostivat esille huolensa ja kiinnostuksensa erityisesti vesiensuojelua kohtaan. Raportissa esitellään lyhyesti kartoituksessa löydettyjä maatalouden ympäristösopimuksiin sopivia kohteita ja esitetään ne kartalla. Viljelijät ja rekisteröityneet yhdistykset sekä vesioikeudelliset yhteisöt kosteikkojen osalta voivat hakea kullekin kohteelle sopivaa uuden ohjelmakauden mukaista ei-tuotannollista investointia tai hoitosopimusta keväällä/kesällä 2015. Raportissa esitettyjä rajauksia ja hoito-ohjeita voi käyttää apuna laadittaessa tarkempia suunnitelmia sopimusten hakua varten Yleissuunnittelualueelta löytyi yhteensä 66 luonnon monimuotoisuuskohdetta, joista 30 luokiteltiin perinnebiotoopeiksi. Kosteikkojen perustamiseen soveltuvia kohteita on 25 kappaletta. Lisäksi suunnittelualueelle on perustettu kaksi maatalouden ei-tuotannollisella investointituella perustettua kosteikkoa.

Effect of D-alpha-tocopherol on tubular nephron acidification by rats with induced diabetes mellitus

The objective of the present study was to determine if treatment of diabetic rats with D-alpha-tocopherol could prevent the changes in glomerular and tubular function commonly observed in this disease. Sixty male Wistar rats divided into four groups were studied: control (C), control treated with D-alpha-tocopherol (C + T), diabetic (D), and diabetic treated with D-alpha-tocopherol (D + T). Treatment with D-alpha-tocopherol (40 mg/kg every other day, ip) was started three days after diabetes induction with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, ip). Renal function studies and microperfusion measurements were performed 30 days after diabetes induction and the kidneys were removed for morphometric analyses. Data are reported as means ± SEM. Glomerular filtration rate increased in D rats but decreased in D + T rats (C: 6.43 ± 0.21; D: 7.74 ± 0.45; D + T: 3.86 ± 0.18 ml min-1 kg-1). Alterations of tubular acidification observed in bicarbonate absorption flux (JHCO3) and in acidification half-time (t/2) in group D were reversed in group D + T (JHCO3, C: 2.30 ± 0.10; D: 3.28 ± 0.22; D + T: 1.87 ± 0.08 nmol cm-2 s-1; t/2, C: 4.75 ± 0.20; D: 3.52 ± 0.15; D + T: 5.92 ± 0.19 s). Glomerular area was significantly increased in D, while D + T rats exhibited values similar to C, suggesting that the vitamin prevented the hypertrophic effect of hyperglycemia (C: 8334.21 ± 112.05; D: 10,217.55 ± 100.66; D + T: 8478.21 ± 119.81µm²). These results suggest that D-alpha-tocopherol is able to protect rats, at least in part, from the harmful effects of diabetes on renal function.

Perspectives of digestive pest control with proteinase inhibitors that mainly affect the trypsin-like activity of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The present study describes the main characteristics of the proteolytic activities of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, and their sensitivity to proteinase inhibitors and activators. Midguts of last instar larvae reared on an artificial diet were homogenized in 0.15 M NaCl and centrifuged at 14,000 g for 10 min at 4ºC and the supernatants were used in enzymatic assays at 30ºC, pH 10.0. Basal total proteolytic activity (azocasein hydrolysis) was 1.14 ± 0.15 absorbance variation min-1 mg protein-1, at 420 nm; basal trypsin-like activity (N-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide, BApNA, hydrolysis) was 0.217 ± 0.02 mmol p-nitroaniline min-1 mg protein-1. The maximum proteolytic activities were observed at pH 10.5 using azocasein and at pH 10.0 using BApNA, this pH being identical to the midgut pH of 10.0. The maximum trypsin-like activity occurred at 50ºC, a temperature that reduces enzyme stability to 80 and 60% of the original, when pre-incubated for 5 and 30 min, respectively. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibited the proteolytic activities with an IC50 of 0.39 mM for azocasein hydrolysis and of 1.35 mM for BApNA hydrolysis. Benzamidine inhibited the hydrolysis with an IC50 of 0.69 and 0.076 mM for azocasein and BApNA, respectively. The absence of cysteine-proteinases is indicated by the fact that 2-mercaptoethanol and L-cysteine did not increase the rate of azocasein hydrolysis. These results demonstrate the presence of serine-proteinases and the predominance of trypsin-like activity in the midgut of Lepidoptera insects, now also detected in A. gemmatalis, and suggest this enzyme as a major target for pest control based on disruption of protein metabolism using proteinase inhibitors.

Gender-related pathways for behavior problems in the offspring of alcoholic fathers

The objective of the present study was to examine gender differences in the influence of paternal alcoholism on children's social-emotional development and to determine whether paternal alcoholism is associated with a greater number of externalizing symptoms in the male offspring. From the Mannheim Study of Risk Children, an ongoing longitudinal study of a high-risk population, the developmental data of 219 children [193 (95 boys and 98 girls) of non-alcoholic fathers, non-COAs, and 26 (14 boys, 12 girls) of alcoholic fathers, COAs] were analyzed from birth to the age of 11 years. Paternal alcoholism was defined according to the ICD-10 categories of alcohol dependence and harmful use. Socio-demographic data, cognitive development, number and severity of behavior problems, and gender-related differences in the rates of externalizing and internalizing symptoms were assessed using standardized instruments (IQ tests, Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire and diagnostic interviews). The general linear model analysis revealed a significant overall effect of paternal alcoholism on the number of child psychiatric problems (F = 21.872, d.f. = 1.217, P < 0.001). Beginning at age 2, significantly higher numbers of externalizing symptoms were observed among COAs. In female COAs, a pattern similar to that of the male COAs emerged, with the predominance of delinquent and aggressive behavior. Unlike male COAs, females showed an increase of internalizing symptoms up to age 11 years. Of these, somatic complaints revealed the strongest discriminating effect in 11-year-old females. Children of alcoholic fathers are at high risk for psychopathology. Gender-related differences seem to exist and may contribute to different phenotypes during development from early childhood to adolescence.

Les couronnes du Nord comprenant les royaumes de Suede Danemarck et Norwege divisés par provinces et gouvernemens, par le s.r Janvier géographe. Avec privilege du roy. 1762.

Janamittakaavat: Lieues de Suede ; Lieues de Danemarc et d'Allemagne ; Lieues de Norwege ; Lieues marines ; Lieues communes de France.

L-histidine enhances learning in stressed zebrafish

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the histaminergic precursor L-histidine and the H3 receptor antagonist thioperamide on the learning process of zebrafish submitted or not to confinement stress. On each of the 5 consecutive days of experiment (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5), animals had to associate an interruption of the aquarium air supply with food offering. Non-stressed zebrafish received an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg L-histidine, 10 mg/kg thioperamide or saline after training. Stressed animals received drug treatment and then were submitted to confinement stress for 1 h before the learning procedure. Time to approach the feeder was measured (in seconds) and was considered to be indicative of learning. A decrease in time to approach the feeder was observed in the saline-treated group (D1 = 141.92 ± 13.57; D3 = 55 ± 13.54), indicating learning. A delay in learning of stressed animals treated with saline was observed (D1 = 217.5 ± 25.66). L-histidine facilitated learning in stressed (D1 = 118.68 ± 13.9; D2 = 45.88 ± 8.2) and non-stressed (D1 = 151.11 ± 19.20; D5 = 62 ± 14.68) animals. Thioperamide inhibited learning in non-stressed (D1 = 110.38 ± 9.49; D4 = 58.79 ± 16.83) and stressed animals (D1 = 167.3 ± 26.39; D5 = 172.15 ± 27.35). L-histidine prevented the increase in blood glucose after one session of confinement (L-histidine = 65.88 ± 4.50; control = 53 ± 3.50 mg/dL). These results suggest that the histaminergic system enhances learning and modulates stress responses in zebrafish.