Farm Programmes of Electronic Media: A Comparative Study of Audience Perception in Kerala

Farm communication and extension programs are vital part of the farm development attempts. Electronic media plays a major role in farm extension activities. Kerala, the consumer state, which was a complete agricultural state in pre-independence period, is the sprouting land of agricultural extension and publication activities in print media. Later AIR (All India Radio) farm programs and farm broadcasting of Doordarshan enriched the role of electronic media in farm extension activities. The media saturated southern state of India received this new electronic media farm communication revolution whole heartedly. However, after 1990, Kerala witnessed a flood of private T V channels and currently there are 24 channels in this regional language, named Malayalam. All major news and entertainment channels are broadcasting farm programs. Farm programs of AIR and Doordarshan, broadcasted in Malayalam language, have been well accepted to the farmers‘ in Kerala. However, post-independence period, witnessed the formation of Kerala state in Indian Union and the first ballot-elected communist Government started its administration. After the land reform bills, the state witnessed a gradual decrease in agricultural production. Even if it is not reflected much in the attitude and practices of farm community and farm broadcast of traditional electronic broadcasting, a change is observable after the post-liberalization era of India. Private Television channels, which were focused on entertainment value of programs, started broadcasting farm programs and the parameters of program production went through certain changes. In this situation, there is ample relevance for a study about the farm programs of electronic media in terms of a comparative study of audience perception. The study is limited in the state of Kerala as it is the most media saturated state in India. The study analyzes the rate, nature and scope of adoption of farming methods transmitted through electronic media (T.V. and Radio) in Malayalam language.All kinds of Farm programs including comprehensive program serials, success stories, seasonal cropping methods, experts opinion, been analyzed on the basis of the following objectives.  To find whether propagating new farm methods through farm programs in electronic media or the availability of adequate infrastructure and economic factors make a farmer to adopt a new farming method.  To find which electronic media has more influence on farmers to adopt agricultural programs.  To find which form of electronic media gets better feedback from farmers  To find out whether the programs of T.V. or Radio is more acceptable to farmers than the print media.  To find whether farmers gets the message through their preferred medium for the message. The researcher recorded opinions from a panel of agricultural officers, farm Information officers, agro extension researchers and experts. According to their opinions and guidelines, a pilot study is designed and conducted in Kanjikuzhy Panchayath, in Alappuzha district, Kerala. The Panchayath is selected by considering its ideal nature of being the sample for a social Science research. Besides, the nature of farming in the Panchayath, which devoid of the cultivation of cash crops also supported its sample value. As per the observations from the pilot study, researcher confirmed the Triangulation method as the methodology of research. The questionnaire survey, being the primary part contained 42 Questions with 6 independent and 32 dependent variables. The survey is conducted among 400 respondents in Idukki, Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts considering geographical differences and distribution of different types of crops. The response from a total of 360 respondents, 120 from each district, finally selected for tabulation and data analysis.The data analysis, based on percentage analysis, along with the results from focus group discussion among a selected group of 20 farmers, together produced the results as follows. Farmers, who are the audience of farm programs, have a very serious approach towards the medium. They are maintaining a critical point of view towards the content of the programs. Farmers are reasonably aware about the financial side of the programs and the monitory aspirations of both private and Government owned Television channels. Even though, the farmers are not aware on the technical terminology and jargons, they have ideas about success stories, program serials and they are even informed about channels are not maintaining an audience research section like AIR. Though the farmers accept Doordarshan as the credential source of farm information and methods, they are inclined to the entertainment value of programs too. They prefer to have more entertainment value for the programs of Doordarshan. Surprisingly, they have very solid suggestions on even about the shots which add entertainment value to the farm broadcasting methods of Doordarshan. Farmers are very much aware about the fact that media is just an instrument for inspiration and persuasion. They strongly believe that the source of information and new methods is agricultural research and an effective change happens only when there are adequate infrastructure and marketing facilities, along with the proper support from Government agricultural guideline and support systems like Krishi Bhavans. They strongly believe that media alone cannot create any magic in increasing agricultural production. Farmers are pointing out the lack of response to the feedback and queries of farmers on farming methods, as an evidence for the difference in levels of commitment of Government and private owned Television channels.Farmers are still perceiving AIR farm programs are far more committed to farmers and farming than any other electronic medium. However, they are seriously lacking Radio receivers with medium wave reception facility. Farmers perceive that the farming methods on new crops are more adoptable than the farming methods of traditional crops in both private and Government owned Television channels. There are multiple factors behind this observation from farmers. Farmers changed in terms of viewing habits and they prefer success stories, which are totally irrelevant and they even think that such stories encourage people to go for farming and they opined that such stories are good sources of inspiration. However, they are all very much sure about the importance and particular about the presence of entertainment factor even in farm programs. Farmers expect direct interaction of any expert of the new farming method to implement the method in their agriculture practices. Though introduction of a new idea in the T.V. is acceptable, farmers need the direct instruction of expert on field to start implementing the new farming practices Farmers still have an affinity towards print media reports and agricultural pages and they have complaints to print media on the removal of agricultural information pages from news papers. They prefer the reports in print media as it facilitates them to collect and refer articles when they need it. Farmers are having an eye of doubt about the credibility of farm programs by private T.V. channels. Even if they prefer private Television channels for listening and adopting new farming methods and other farm information, they scrutinize programs to know whether they are sponsored programs by agrochemical or agro-fertilizer manufacturer.

Some bivariate life time models in discrete time"

The term reliability of an equipment or device is often meant to indicate the probability that it carries out the functions expected of it adequately or without failure and within specified performance limits at a given age for a desired mission time when put to use under the designated application and operating environmental stress. A broad classification of the approaches employed in relation to reliability studies can be made as probabilistic and deterministic, where the main interest in the former is to device tools and methods to identify the random mechanism governing the failure process through a proper statistical frame work, while the latter addresses the question of finding the causes of failure and steps to reduce individual failures thereby enhancing reliability. In the probabilistic attitude to which the present study subscribes to, the concept of life distribution, a mathematical idealisation that describes the failure times, is fundamental and a basic question a reliability analyst has to settle is the form of the life distribution. It is for no other reason that a major share of the literature on the mathematical theory of reliability is focussed on methods of arriving at reasonable models of failure times and in showing the failure patterns that induce such models. The application of the methodology of life time distributions is not confined to the assesment of endurance of equipments and systems only, but ranges over a wide variety of scientific investigations where the word life time may not refer to the length of life in the literal sense, but can be concieved in its most general form as a non-negative random variable. Thus the tools developed in connection with modelling life time data have found applications in other areas of research such as actuarial science, engineering, biomedical sciences, economics, extreme value theory etc.

A Study On The Utilisation Of Plastic Wastes In Stabilised Masonry Blocks

At this era of energy crisis and resource depletion, availability of conventional materials throughout the year in quantity and quality, pose a hectic problem for the builders. Adding fuel to the fire, the demand of these materials increases day by day, since the housing and habitat requirements exponentially increase time to time. There is an international concern over this crisis and researchers are reorienting themselves, so as to evolve appropriate masonry units, using locally available cheap materials and technology. The concept of green material and construction has been well conceived in the research so that marginal materials and unskilled labour can be employed for the mass production of building blocks. In this context, considering earth as a sustainable material, there is a growing interest in the use of it, as a modern construction material. Solid waste management is one of the current major environmental concerns in our country. Our country is left with millions of cubic metre of waste plastics. One of the methods to satisfactorily address this solid waste management and the environmental issues is to suitably accommodate the waste in some form (as fibres). Their employability in block making in the form of fibres (plastic fibre- mud blocks) can be investigated through a fundamental research. Also, the review of the existing literature shows that most studies on natural fibres are focussed on cellulose based/ vegetable fibres obtained from renewable plant resources except in very few cases, where animal fibre, plastic fibre and polystyrene fabric were used. At this context, for the plastic fibre-mud blocks to be more widely applicable, a systematic quantification of the relevant physical and mechanical properties of the fibre masonry units is crucial, to enable an objective evaluation of the composite material’s response to actual field condition. This research highlights the salient observations from the detailed investigation of a systematic study on the effect of embedded fibres, made of plastic wastes on the performance of stabilised mud blocks.

Form-invariant bivariate weighted models

In this paper the class of continuous bivariate distributions that has form-invariant weighted distribution with weight function w(x1, x2) ¼ xa1 1 xa2 2 is identified. It is shown that the class includes some well known bivariate models. Bayesian inference on the parameters of the class is considered and it is shown that there exist natural conjugate priors for the parameters

Jugendliche Alltagsgestaltung und Identitätsbildung mit Fantasy-Rollenspielen - Schule öffnen für Elemente des Spiels und spielerische Aktionsformen

Gerade männliche Jugendliche nutzen in ihrer Pubertät und Adoleszenz zu einer gelingenden Gestaltung ihres Alltags und zur Ausbildung ihrer Identität zahlreiche Erscheinungsformen des Fantasy-Rollenspielens. In einem Prozess von Aneignung und Entäußerung integrieren dabei die Jugendlichen das überaus reiche multimediale Angebot, welches die Spiele bieten, in ihre Alltagsgestaltung, indem sie sich daraus spezifische Medien-, Text- und Ereignisarrangements bauen. Diese dienen einerseits der sozialen Integration und Distinktion, andererseits der Präsentation ihrer Identitätsentwürfe sich und anderen. Die Jugendlichen schaffen sich mittels dieser spezifischen Medien-, Text- und Ereignisarrangements eine in weiten Teilen von ihnen selbst bestimmte Welt, in der sie ihre Phantasie wie Kreativität mit großer Intensität, ja Obsession, innerhalb integrativer und solidarischer Interaktionsformen selbststeuernd und professionell ausleben. Diese Medien-, Text- und Ereignisarrangements zeigen Angebots- und Nutzungsformen, die sich nach einem medienkommunikativen Aneignungs- und Entäußerungsmodell in der Tradition der Cultural Studies (Stuart Hall) beschreiben lassen. Die Langzeitbeobachtung der Jugendlichen zeigt, dass sie alltagspragmatische Kulturtechniken zur selbstbestimmten Gestaltung von Alltag entwickeln: zunächst eine Strukturierung ihrer kognitiven, affektiven und pragmatischen Interaktion nach Kriterien erfolgreicher intrinsischer Interaktion, mit dem Ziel derer Perpetuierung im Flow-Erleben (Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi), dann eine Ästhetisierung von Alltagswirklichkeit mittels kollektiver Fiktionalisierung in der Tradition des Collective Story Telling (Janet H. Murray). Diese Kulturtechniken stellen vor dem Hintergrund der Enkodierung und Dekodierung sozialer Codes spezifische Adaptionen von Prozessen der Bedeutungszuweisung und Subjekt- bzw. Identitätskonstitution dar. Die sie evozierenden und mit ihnen korrespondierenden handlungsleitenden Themen der Jugendlichen sind der Wunsch nach Rekonstitution von Gesamtheit in einer sich fragmentarisierenden Wirklichkeit, die Affirmation von Selbstbestimmung- und Autonomieerfahrungen, das Erleben von Reintegration und Solidarität für das sich dissoziiert erfahrende Individuum. Das Handeln der Jugendlichen basiert damit auf dem momentan dominanten Prozess einer Individualisierung von Lebenswelt unter den Bedingungen von Reflexivität und Erlebnisrationalität in der postmodernen Gesellschaft. Mit ihren Versuchen selbstbestimmter Gestaltung folgen sie dem aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Auftrag einer weitgehend in eigener Regie vorzunehmenden Lokalisierung dieses Prozesses. Zunehmend tritt diese von den Jugendlichen selbstgesteuerte Sozialisation neben die traditionell heteronome Sozialisation von gesellschaftlichen Instituten wie etwa die von Schule. Damit wird das Handeln der Jugendlichen zu einer Herausforderung an Pädagogik und Schule. Schule muss, wenn sie ihrem eigentlichen Auftrag von Förderung gerecht werden will, eine Sensibilität für diese Eigenständigkeit von Jugendlichen entwickeln und in der Beobachtung ihres Handelns didaktische Innovationen für Lehren und Lernen entwickeln. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Wiederentdeckung des pädagogischen Dialogs, besonders aber die Entwicklung einer individualisierten Lernkultur und die Förderung jugendlicher Gestaltungskompetenzen, welche von deren alltagsästhetischen Erfahrungen und Kompetenzen im Umgang mit multimedialen Kulturprodukten ausgeht. Schule kann und muss für diese Prozesse selbstgesteuerten Lernens angemessene pädagogische Räume bereitstellen, in denen die Jugendlichen innerhalb eines geschützten Kontextes in der Auseinandersetzung mit eigenen wie fremden Entwürfen ihre Identität entwickeln können.

Zur Erfassung von form- und materialbedingten Oberflächenstrukturen mit Mikro-Deflexions-Ellipsometrie

Die vorliegende Arbeit berichtet über ein neuartiges, kombiniertes Messverfahren zur gleichzeitigen Erfassung von Form und Material einer glänzenden Probenoberfläche. Die Materialerkennung erfolgt über die polarisationsoptische Brechzahlbestimmung im Messpunkt mit Mikroellipsometrie. Die Mikroellipsometrie ist ein fokussierendes Ellipsometer, das aus der Polarisationsänderung, bedingt durch die Wechselwirkung Licht – Materie, die materialcharakteristische komplexe Brechzahl eines reflektierenden Materials ermitteln kann. Bei der fokussierenden Ellipsometrie ist die Anordnung der fokussierenden Optiken von Bedeutung. Die hier vorgestellte ellipsometerexterne Fokussierung vermeidet Messfehler durch optische Anisotropien und ermöglicht die multispektrale ellipsometrische Messung. Für die ellipsometrische Brechzahlbestimmung ist zwingend die Kenntnis des Einfallswinkels des Messstrahls und die räumliche Orientierung der Oberflächenneigung zum Koordinatensystem des Ellipsometers notwendig. Die Oberflächenneigung wird mit einem Deflektometer ermittelt, das speziell für den Einsatz in Kombination mit der Ellipsometrie entwickelt wurde. Aus der lokalen Oberflächenneigung kann die Topographie einer Probe rekonstruiert werden. Der Einfallswinkel ist ebenfalls aus den Oberflächenneigungen ableitbar. Die Arbeit stellt die Systemtheorie der beiden kombinierten Messverfahren vor, außerdem werden Beiträge zu Messunsicherheiten diskutiert. Der experimentelle Teil der Arbeit beinhaltet die separate Untersuchung zur Leistungsfähigkeit der beiden zu kombinierenden Messverfahren. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse erlauben die Schlussfolgerung, dass ein Mikro-Deflexions-Ellipsometer erfolgreich realisierbar ist.

Tomographic imaging of molecular orbitals in length and velocity form

Recently Itatani et al. [Nature 432, 876 (2004)] introduced the new concept of molecular orbital tomography, where high harmonic generation (HHG) is used to image electronic wave functions. We describe an alternative reconstruction form, using momentum instead of dipole matrix elements for the electron recombination step in HHG. We show that using this velocity-form reconstruction, one obtains better results than using the original length-form reconstruction. We provide numerical evidence for our claim that one has to resort to extremely short pulses to perform the reconstruction for an orbital with arbitrary symmetry. The numerical evidence is based on the exact solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for 2D model systems to simulate the experiment. Furthermore we show that in the case of cylindrically symmetric orbitals, such as the N2 orbital that was reconstructed in the original work, one can obtain the full 3D wave function and not only a 2D projection of it. Vor kurzem führten Itatani et al. [Nature 432, 876 (2004)] das Konzept der Molelkülorbital-Tomographie ein. Hierbei wird die Erzeugung hoher Harmonischer verwendet, um Bilder von elektronischen Wellenfunktionen zu gewinnen. Wir beschreiben eine alternative Form der Rekonstruktion, die auf Impuls- statt Dipol-Matrixelementen für den Rekombinationsschritt bei der Erzeugung der Harmonischen basiert. Wir zeigen, dass diese "Geschwindigkeitsform" der Rekonstruktion bessere Ergebnisse als die ursprüngliche "Längenform" liefert. Wir zeigen numerische Beweise für unsere Behauptung, dass man zu extrem kurzen Laserpulsen gehen muss, um Orbitale mit beliebiger Symmetrie zu rekonstruieren. Diese Ergebnisse basieren auf der exakten Lösung der zeitabhängigen Schrödingergleichung für 2D-Modellsysteme. Wir zeigen ferner, dass für zylindersymmetrische Orbitale wie das N2-Orbital, welches in der oben zitierten Arbeit rekonstruiert wurde, das volle 3D-Orbital rekonstruiert werden kann, nicht nur seine 2D-Projektion.

Evolving Distributed Algorithms with Genetic Programming

Distributed systems are one of the most vital components of the economy. The most prominent example is probably the internet, a constituent element of our knowledge society. During the recent years, the number of novel network types has steadily increased. Amongst others, sensor networks, distributed systems composed of tiny computational devices with scarce resources, have emerged. The further development and heterogeneous connection of such systems imposes new requirements on the software development process. Mobile and wireless networks, for instance, have to organize themselves autonomously and must be able to react to changes in the environment and to failing nodes alike. Researching new approaches for the design of distributed algorithms may lead to methods with which these requirements can be met efficiently. In this thesis, one such method is developed, tested, and discussed in respect of its practical utility. Our new design approach for distributed algorithms is based on Genetic Programming, a member of the family of evolutionary algorithms. Evolutionary algorithms are metaheuristic optimization methods which copy principles from natural evolution. They use a population of solution candidates which they try to refine step by step in order to attain optimal values for predefined objective functions. The synthesis of an algorithm with our approach starts with an analysis step in which the wanted global behavior of the distributed system is specified. From this specification, objective functions are derived which steer a Genetic Programming process where the solution candidates are distributed programs. The objective functions rate how close these programs approximate the goal behavior in multiple randomized network simulations. The evolutionary process step by step selects the most promising solution candidates and modifies and combines them with mutation and crossover operators. This way, a description of the global behavior of a distributed system is translated automatically to programs which, if executed locally on the nodes of the system, exhibit this behavior. In our work, we test six different ways for representing distributed programs, comprising adaptations and extensions of well-known Genetic Programming methods (SGP, eSGP, and LGP), one bio-inspired approach (Fraglets), and two new program representations called Rule-based Genetic Programming (RBGP, eRBGP) designed by us. We breed programs in these representations for three well-known example problems in distributed systems: election algorithms, the distributed mutual exclusion at a critical section, and the distributed computation of the greatest common divisor of a set of numbers. Synthesizing distributed programs the evolutionary way does not necessarily lead to the envisaged results. In a detailed analysis, we discuss the problematic features which make this form of Genetic Programming particularly hard. The two Rule-based Genetic Programming approaches have been developed especially in order to mitigate these difficulties. In our experiments, at least one of them (eRBGP) turned out to be a very efficient approach and in most cases, was superior to the other representations.

Mathematical modelling in mathematics education and instruction

This paper aims at giving a concise survey of the present state-of-the-art of mathematical modelling in mathematics education and instruction. It will consist of four parts. In part 1, some basic concepts relevant to the topic will be clarified and, in particular, mathematical modelling will be defined in a broad, comprehensive sense. Part 2 will review arguments for the inclusion of modelling in mathematics teaching at schools and universities, and identify certain schools of thought within mathematics education. Part 3 will describe the role of modelling in present mathematics curricula and in everyday teaching practice. Some obstacles for mathematical modelling in the classroom will be analysed, as well as the opportunities and risks of computer usage. In part 4, selected materials and resources for teaching mathematical modelling, developed in the last few years in America, Australia and Europe, will be presented. The examples will demonstrate many promising directions of development.

Analysis of applications and of conceptions for an application-oriented mathematics instruction

In connection with the (revived) demand for considering applications in the teaching of mathematics, various schemata or lists of criteria have been developed since the end of the sixties, which set up requirements about closeness to the real world or about the type of mathematics being used, and which have made it possible to analyze the available applications in their light. After having stated the problem (in section 1), we present (in section 2) a sketch of some of the best known of these and of some earlier schemata, although we are not aiming for a complete picture. Then (in section 3) we distinguish among different dimensions.in the analysis of applications. With this as a basis, we develop (in section 4) our own suggestion for categorizing types of applications and conceptions for an application-oriented mathematics instruction. Then (in section 5) we illustrate our schemata by some examples of performed evaluations. Finally (in section 6), we present some preliminary first results of the analysis of teaching conceptions.

More than irrigation - The Balinese Subak system as a unique form of cooperative water resource management in Indonesia

For over 1,000 years, the Balinese have developed a unique system of democratic and sustainable water irrigation. It has shaped the cultural landscapes of Bali and enables local communities to manage the ecology of terraced rice fields at the scale of whole watersheds. The Subak system has made the Balinese the most productive rice growers in Indonesia and ensures a high level of food sovereignty for a dense population on the volcanic island. The Subak system provides a vibrant example of a diverse, ecologically sustainable, economically productive and democratic water management system that is also characterized by its nonreliance on fossil fuel derivatives or heavy machinery. In 2012, UNESCO has recognized five rice terraces and their water temples as World Heritage site and supports its conservation and protection. However, the fragile Subak system is threatened for its complexity and interconnectedness by new agricultural practices and increasing tourism on the island.

Form??ndonos para el empleo : educaci??n de personas adultas

El cuaderno incluye una gu??a did??ctica para el profesor

Reconfigurable Architectures for General-Purpose Computing

General-purpose computing devices allow us to (1) customize computation after fabrication and (2) conserve area by reusing expensive active circuitry for different functions in time. We define RP-space, a restricted domain of the general-purpose architectural space focussed on reconfigurable computing architectures. Two dominant features differentiate reconfigurable from special-purpose architectures and account for most of the area overhead associated with RP devices: (1) instructions which tell the device how to behave, and (2) flexible interconnect which supports task dependent dataflow between operations. We can characterize RP-space by the allocation and structure of these resources and compare the efficiencies of architectural points across broad application characteristics. Conventional FPGAs fall at one extreme end of this space and their efficiency ranges over two orders of magnitude across the space of application characteristics. Understanding RP-space and its consequences allows us to pick the best architecture for a task and to search for more robust design points in the space. Our DPGA, a fine- grained computing device which adds small, on-chip instruction memories to FPGAs is one such design point. For typical logic applications and finite- state machines, a DPGA can implement tasks in one-third the area of a traditional FPGA. TSFPGA, a variant of the DPGA which focuses on heavily time-switched interconnect, achieves circuit densities close to the DPGA, while reducing typical physical mapping times from hours to seconds. Rigid, fabrication-time organization of instruction resources significantly narrows the range of efficiency for conventional architectures. To avoid this performance brittleness, we developed MATRIX, the first architecture to defer the binding of instruction resources until run-time, allowing the application to organize resources according to its needs. Our focus MATRIX design point is based on an array of 8-bit ALU and register-file building blocks interconnected via a byte-wide network. With today's silicon, a single chip MATRIX array can deliver over 10 Gop/s (8-bit ops). On sample image processing tasks, we show that MATRIX yields 10-20x the computational density of conventional processors. Understanding the cost structure of RP-space helps us identify these intermediate architectural points and may provide useful insight more broadly in guiding our continual search for robust and efficient general-purpose computing structures.

Reciprocal Interactions Between Motion and Form Perception

The processes underlying the perceptual analysis of visual form are believed to have minimal interaction with those subserving the perception of visual motion (Livingstone and Hubel, 1987; Victor and Conte, 1990). Recent reports of functionally and anatomically segregated parallel streams in the primate visual cortex seem to support this hypothesis (Ungerlieder and Mishkin, 1982; VanEssen and Maunsell, 1983; Shipp and Zeki, 1985; Zeki and Shipp, 1988; De Yoe et al., 1994). Here we present perceptual evidence that is at odds with this view and instead suggests strong symmetric interactions between the form and motion processes. In one direction, we show that the introduction of specific static figural elements, say 'F', in a simple motion sequence biases an observer to perceive a particular motion field, say 'M'. In the reverse direction, the imposition of the same motion field 'M' on the original sequence leads the observer to perceive illusory static figural elements 'F'. A specific implication of these findings concerns the possible existence of (what we call) motion end-stopped units in the primate visual system. Such units might constitute part of a mechanism for signalling subjective occluding contours based on motion-field discontinuities.

CoDaPack. An Excel and Visual Basic based software of compositional data analysis. Current version and discussion form upcoming versions

In the eighties, John Aitchison (1986) developed a new methodological approach for the statistical analysis of compositional data. This new methodology was implemented in Basic routines grouped under the name CODA and later NEWCODA inMatlab (Aitchison, 1997). After that, several other authors have published extensions to this methodology: Marín-Fernández and others (2000), Barceló-Vidal and others (2001), Pawlowsky-Glahn and Egozcue (2001, 2002) and Egozcue and others (2003). (...)