Effect of cryoprotectants on hatching rate of red seabream (Pagrus major) embryos

The objectives were to investigate the effect of cryoprotectants on the hatching rate of red seabream embryos. Heart-beat embryos were immersed in: five permeable cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (Gly), methanol (MeOH), 1,2-propylene glycol (PG), and ethylene glycol (EG). in concentrations of 5-30% for 10, 30, or 60 min; and two non-permeable cryoprotectants: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and sucrose (in concentrations of 5-20% for 10 or 30 min). The embryos were then washed and incubated in filtered seawater until hatching occurred. The hatching rate of the embryos treated with permeable cryoprotectants decreased (P < 0.05) with increased concentration and duration of exposure. In addition, PG was the least toxic permeable cryoprotectant, followed by DMSO and EG, whereas Gly and MeOH were the most toxic. At a concentration of 15% and 30 min exposure, the hatching rate of the embryos immersed in PG was 93.3 +/- 7.0% (mean +/- S.D.), however. in DMSO. EG, Gly. and MeOH, it was 82.7 +/- 10.4, 22.0 +/- 5.7, 0.0 +/- 0.0, and 0.0 +/- 0.0%, respectively. Hatching rate of embryos treated with PVP decreased (P < 0.05) with the increase of concentration and exposure time, whereas for embryos treated with sucrose, there was no significant decrease in comparison with the control at the concentrations used. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

兔胚胎干细胞冷冻保存的研究

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells, ES 细胞)起源于着床前胚胎内的细胞群，对 鼠ES 细胞研究已经有20 多年，但直到1998 年才首次报道从人的胚胎中获得ES 细胞，2006 年本实验室从兔体外受精胚胎的内细胞团分离建立了兔胚胎干细胞 系RF。ES 细胞是能在体外长期培养，高度未分化的全能细胞系，可在适合的条 件下分化为胎儿或成体的各种类型的组织细胞。根据这一特性，它们可用于再生 细胞或组织移植。胚胎干细胞的成功冻存是其应用于临床的前提。成功的冻存是 在冷冻、解冻和复苏培养过程中，细胞具有较高的存活率，且仍能保持胚胎干细 胞的自我更新和全能性的特性。目前除了小鼠ES 细胞用常规慢速冷冻方法可以 达到95%以上的未分化集落复苏率外(Yao & Yuan, 2005)，其它物种尤其是灵长 类的许多ES 细胞系用常规慢速冷冻方法的复苏率极低，极大地限制了这些细胞 的临床应用。为提高兔胚胎干细胞RF 在慢速冷冻中的保存效果, 本研究比较了 二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和乙二醇（ethylene glycol，EG）对兔胚胎干细胞冷冻保护效 果。对冷冻复苏后的细胞进行台盼蓝染色，并研究其胚胎干细胞的分子特性，结 果表明， DMSO 比EG 具有更好的冷冻保护效果。再在以10% DMSO 为基础的 防冻液中添加膜稳定剂海藻糖或谷氨酰胺，细胞冷冻复苏后结果显示, 谷氨酰胺 对兔胚胎干细胞有明显的冷冻保护作用，使细胞存活率从71%提高到83.7%。当 谷氨酰胺浓度为0、5、10、20、40mmol/L 分别加入防冻液中后，20mmol/L 的 谷氨酰胺具有最佳的冷冻保护效果。以上结果得出兔胚胎干细胞慢速冷冻的防冻 液改进配方为：胚胎干细胞培养液中添加10% DMSO+20 mmol/L 谷氨酰胺.

Epitaxial growth on 4H-SiC by TCS as a silicon precursor

Epitaxial growth on n-type 4H-SiC 8°off-oriented substrates with a size of 10 × 10 mm~2 at different tem-peratures with various gas flow rates has been performed in a horizontal hot wall CVD reactor, using trichlorosilane (TCS) as a silicon precursor source together with ethylene as a carbon precursor source. The growth rate reached 23 μm/h and the optimal epilayer was obtained at 1600 ℃ with a TCS flow rate of 12 sccm in C/Si of 0.42, which has a good surface morphology with a low RMS of 0.64 nm in an area of 10 × 10μm~2. The homoepitaxial layer was oh-tained at 1500 ℃ with low growth rate (< 5μm/h) and the 3C-SiC epilayers were obtained at 1650 ℃ with a growth rate of 60-70μm/h. It is estimated that the structural properties of the epilayers have a relationship with the growth temperature and growth rate. Silicon droplets with different sizes are observed on the surface of the homoepitaxial layer in a low C/Si ratio of 0.32.