997 resultados para espectro atômico
Resumo:
A abordagem da doença alérgica, nomeadamente da alergia respiratória, surge reforçada com o contributo da Aerobiologia no conhecimento, evolução e controlo da doença. Por seu turno, a caracterização bioquímica dos aeroalergénios de uma região pemite avaliar a sua composição e potencial alergénico, com particular interesse para espécies vegetais cuja introdução e/ou proximidade a áreas populacionais, potenciam o aparecimento ou o aumento de sensibilização a aeroalergénios. O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação incidiu em duas vertentes de investigação distintas, porém complementares e interdependentes: numa primeira parte, no estudo da composição aerobiológica da atmosfera da cidade do Funchal no período 2002-2004 (Capítulo I), e numa segunda parte, na caracterização bioquímica dos alergénios polínicos mais frequentes detectados no referido período (Capítulo II). Assim, numa primeira parte, a monitorização aerobiológica (incluindo pólenes, esporos de fungos e demais partículas de origem biológica), foi realizada com um polinómetro do tipo volumétrico, tipo Hirst (Burkard). Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados com os parâmetros meteorológicos e avaliado o seu significado estatístico, permitindo antever a influência das variáveis ambientais em cada tipo particular de pólen e de fungo. Constataram-se algumas diferenças no conteúdo aerobiológico comparativamente ao restante território nacional. No espectro polínico dominaram as Poaceae e Urticaceae, plantas ornamentais (Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Cupressaceae) e as representativas da faixa norte da cidade (Ericaceae, Myrtaceae e Pinaceae). Comparativamente a outras regiões do País, o espectro polínico foi no cômputo geral semelhante, embora se destaque para esta região, a expressividade do tipo Corylus no total polínico anual. A Primavera e o início de Verão, corresponderam às épocas de maior diversidade e concentração de pólenes. As diferenças encontradas no espectro polínico da cidade do Funchal são explicadas por variáveis intrínsecas desta região, tais como a composição vegetal, a localização da cidade, condições geo-climáticas inerentes, e a influência dos parâmetros meteorológicos, nomeadamente a temperatura e humidade relativa. Verificou-se a ocorrência de um maior número de pólenes quando a humidade se situa entre os 50 e 60 %, com a precipitação e a velocidade do vento a atingir valores mais baixos. A análise da variação intra-diurna observada revelou que há uma maior representação de pólenes entre as 11 e as 16 horas. Este estudo aerobiológico confere dados para o estabelecimento do primeiro calendário polínico da região e a definição de padrões de sazonalidade. Por seu turno, a fenologia dos principais tipos polínicos observados no Funchal permite definir um padrão anual de ocorrências polínicas. Relativamente à aeromicologia, verifica-se que, durante o período de estudo foram observados esporos de fungos sobretudo na Primavera (particularmente em Abril e Maio), início do Verão e no Outono. Os Deuteromicetes representaram a classe predominante, sendo Cladosporium o fungo mais abundante na atmosfera do Funchal, cujas concentrações mais elevadas ocorrem a humidades relativas de 40 a 70%. Tal como os pólenes, os esporos apresentam um dinâmica de variação intra-diurna particular: ocorreram em maior concentração entre as 13 e as 15 horas, surgindo igualmente nas primeiras horas da madrugada e da noite. O coberto vegetal do Funchal poderá afectar a aeromicologia local, na medida em que constitui um substrato importante para o crescimento de fungos, tal como as gramíneas que proliferam em quantidade e variedade ao longo de todo o ano. Constatou-se a existência de correlação entre a ocorrência de alguns esporos de fungos e taxa polínicos mais frequentes na atmosfera do Funchal. A análise de Spearman sugere a existência de correlação entre a ocorrência de Parietaria com a de Alternaria e Drechslera. Os esporos de fungos, incluindo esporos de fetos constituem uma fracção significativa das partículas na atmosfera do Funchal, sendo cerca de 11 vezes superior à dos pólenes. Na segunda parte do trabalho, o estudo bioquímico dos aeroalergénios polínicos implicou a optimização dos procedimentos de extracção, apurando-se três técnicas para a obtenção dos perfis proteicos de extractos de pólen desde a sua fonte natural. Esta análise permitiu detectar e identificar através das técnicas de SDS-PAGE-Imunoblotting, proteínas IgE específicas do pólen de plantas possivelmente relacionadas com a sensibilização alérgica. Em consonância com a monitorização aerobiológica, foram preparados extractos de pólen de 10 espécies de plantas. Os resultados em SDS-PAGE revelaram um elevado polimorfismo proteico em todos os extractos. Obtiveram-se extractos de pólen de 7 plantas acerca das quais não se conheciam estudos desta natureza: Acacia mearnsii, Avena barbata, Carduus squarrosus, Carlina salicifolia, Datura candida, Echium nervosum e Urtica membranosa. Por imunoblotting detectou-se no soro de dois pacientes IgE específica a proteínas de D. candida, com pesos moleculares entre 150,71 ± 0,05 e 58,92 ± 5,67 KDa. O soro de um deles reagiu igualmente com 5 alergénios de P. pinaster com 42,02 ± 0,05; 38,61 ± 0,46 ; 35,70 ± 7,78 ; 31,82 ± 2,11 e 27,45 ± 0,46 KDa. No soro de outro indivíduo foi detectada IgE específica para uma proteína de A. mearnsii com 66,66 ± 0,13 KDa, e outra de C. squarrosus,de 67,53 ± 0,29 KDa. É de destacar a sensibilidade e fiabilidade da técnica de Imunoblotting, e o interesse em incluila na metodologia de diagnóstico complementar da alergia respiratória. A ampla difusão de espécies como Ricinus communis, Urtica spp. ou A. mearnsii e sua proximidade à presença humana, reforçam, por um lado, a importância da vigilância aerobiológica, e por outro lado, requer uma definição do seu carácter alergénico para a população desta região.
Resumo:
O propósito principal desta tese é a extensão do espaço S′ (IR) das distribuições temperadas de Schwartz, usando o mesmo método de dualidade utilizado por Laurent Schwartz na sua Teoria das Distribuições (ver [Sch66]). Neste sentido, construímos um espaço de ultradistribuições exponenciais, X′, que é fechado para os operadores de derivação, translação complexa e transformação de Fourier. Para além destes operadores serem lineares e contínuos de X′ em X′, a translação complexa e a transformação de Fourier definem um isomorfismo vectorial e topológico neste espaço de ultradistribuições o que, como sabemos, generaliza o belo resultado de Schwartz para as distribuições temperadas. Estudamos as propriedades topológicas de X′ e demonstramos que o espaço S′ (IR) está contido com injecção canónica contínua e densa no nosso espaço de ultradistribuições exponenciais. A construção do espaço X′ baseia-se na estruturação de um espaço de funções teste X, que se injecta canónica, contínua e densamente em S (IR) . Este espaço X é um limite projectivo maximal de um espectro projectivo, constituído por espaços localmente convexos; definimos X′ como sendo o dual forte de X. Por fim, identificamos algumas ultradistribuições de X′, obtemos algumas séries de multipolos convergentes neste espaço e vemos que estas séries têm grande aplicabilidade na resolução de equações diferenciais ordinárias.
Resumo:
Os danos provocados por sismos encontram-se diretamente relacionados com os movimentos do solo que este possa provocar, com a vulnerabilidade da estrutura geológica e com a capacidade das construções para resistirem a tais ações. A preocupação na salvaguarda da vida humana e no mitigar dos danos provocados por eventos sísmicos conduziu a um grande avanço e aperfeiçoamento na compreensão do fenómeno, nas suas consequências e nas técnicas de conceção e de dimensionamento sismo-resistentes. À medida que as exigências técnicas evoluem, procura-se desenvolver métodos de análise que descrevam melhor o comportamento real das estruturas. Embora atualmente as análises dinâmicas tridimensionais lineares com base em análises modais e em coeficientes de comportamento sejam muito utilizadas, devido essencialmente à sua simplicidade e rapidez de execução, tem-se verificado uma crescente aderência a novas metodologias que têm diretamente em conta o comportamento não linear das estruturas quando sujeitas a ações sísmicas. Esta tese tem como principal objetivo estudar diferentes técnicas de simulação numérica do comportamento sísmico de estruturas de betão armado. São descritas as principais características das metodologias de simulação numérica mais utilizadas tanto em gabinete de projeto como em estudos de investigação. É dada especial atenção às análises dinâmicas não lineares, uma vez que esta técnica foi utilizada para simular o comportamento de uma estrutura de betão armado de um piso, que foi ensaiada no âmbito da 15ª Conferência Mundial em Engenharia Sísmica. Para avaliar a capacidade de simulação desta técnica, os resultados numéricos são diretamente comparados com os resultados experimentais, sendo possível verificar uma boa concordâncias entre ambos.
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Cada vez mais, surgem novos casos de Perturbação do espectro do Autismo. Esta nova realidade faz com que haja um aumento dos estudos empíricos e científicos sobre o tema, onde se procura responder a questões como a causa, as suas principais características e qual a melhor forma de lidar com a problemática no seu meio familiar, escolar e social. Como não podia ser diferente, esta investigação teve como objetivo central compreender as perceções e conhecimentos dos docentes, face à inclusão de alunos com autismo no ensino regular. A amostra obtida foi de 89 docentes, sendo 74 do sexo feminino e 15 do sexo masculino, que lecionam em escolas da Região Autónoma da Madeira, mais especificamente na cidade do Funchal. A recolha dos dados foi feita através de um questionário elaborado para este estudo. Os resultados do estudo indicam que os professores conhecem a perturbação assim como identificam de forma correta os sinais que definem a problemática. Além disso, verifica-se que os docentes defendem e acreditam na inclusão, no entanto, quando questionados se os alunos com autismo devem ser todos incluídos, constata-se que muitos docentes salientam que essa inclusão deve ter em conta o nível de autismo que a criança apresenta. Os docentes salientaram também algumas mudanças que são fulcrais para a inclusão, como a redução das turmas, materiais de apoio, professora de educação especial para dar apoio mais individualizado a estes alunos, e ainda formação na área.
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A pesquisa aborda o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação, que vem revolucionando as atividades e ocasionando muitas mudanças relacionadas ao acesso e uso de informações. O objetivo foi analisar o grau de utilização do conhecimento científico produzido pelos Programas de Pós-Graduação das Universidades Públicas Brasileiras, através da BDTD, pelos mestrandos dos referidos programas. Nos procedimentos metodológicos realizados, procurou-se inicialmente analisar o amplo espectro da população do corpus da pesquisa. Em razão da impossibilidade de trabalhar com os Programas de Pós-Graduação como um todo, optou-se por fazer um recorte, elegendo os cursos de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação, vez que estes representam o principal segmento social de interesse da pesquisa. Foi utilizado o método de estudo de usuários, onde se optou por adotar o grupo, “estudos orientados aos usuários”, que identifica as necessidades e comportamento de acesso e uso da informação. Para coletar os dados, elaborou-se um questionário semi-estruturado com 25 questões, que versavam sobre o uso, dificuldades de acesso e recuperação da informação, bem como a satisfação na utilização dessa fonte informacional. Dentre os vários resultados obtidos, podemos destacar o fato de que a maioria dos mestrandos (71,8%) só teve contato com a BDTD somente no momento em que se encontrava cursando o mestrado e, somente 24,3%, tiveram contato durante a graduação. Estes resultados representam um problema, que pode afetar o bom desempenho do projeto BDTD, o qual consiste em disseminar e divulgar a produção científica dos Programas de Pós-Graduação das Universidades Públicas Brasileiras para a sua comunidade. Foi observado também, que os mestrandos oriundos do curso de Biblioteconomia tende a ter contato com a BDTD bem mais cedo do que mestrandos de outros cursos de graduação. A fim de minimizar o problema detectado, propõe-se uma divulgação mais eficaz na graduação através de dois procedimentos: Primeiro, o docente deve fazer uma divulgação mais eficaz da BDTD junto aos discentes de todos os cursos de graduação; segundo: deverá ser feita a divulgação na mídia eletrônica, através da inserção de ícones da BDTD, nos portais dos Departamentos dos Cursos de Graduação das Universidades Públicas Brasileiras. Acredita-se que com estes procedimentos seja possível aperfeiçoar o uso dessa fonte de informação científica.
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The definition of the boundaries of the firms is subject that has occupied the organizational theorists long ago, being the seminal work of Coase (1937) indicated as the trigger for one theoretical evolution, with emphasis on governance structures, which led to a modern theory of incomplete contracts. The Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Agency Theory arise within this evolution, being widely used in studies related to the theme. Empirically, data envelopment analysis (DEA) has established itself as a suitable tool for analysis of efficiency. Although TCE argues that specific assets must be internalized, recent studies outside the mainstream of theory show that, often, firms may decide, for various reasons, hire them on the market. Researches on transaction costs face with the unavailability of information and methodological difficulties in measuring their critical variables. There`s still the need for further methodological deepening. The theoretical framework includes classic works of TCE and Agency Theory, but also more recent works, outside the mainstream of TCE, which warn about the existence of strategies in use of specific assets that aren`t necessarily aligned with the classical ideas of TCE. The Brazilian oil industry is the focus of this thesis, that aimed to evaluate the efficiency of contracts involving high specificity service outsourced by Petrobras. In order to this, we made the categorization of outsourced services in terms of specificity, as well the description of services with higher specificity. Then, we verified the existence of relationship between the specificity of services and a number of variables, being found divergent results than those that are preached by the mainstream of TCE. Then, we designed a DEA model to analyze the efficiency in the use of onshore drilling rigs, identified among the services of highest specificity. The next step was the application of the model to evaluate the performance of drilling rigs contracts. Finally, we verified the existence of relationship between the efficiency of contracts and a number of variables, being found, again, results not consistent with the theory mainstream. Regarding to analyze of efficiency of drilling rigs contracts, the model developed is compatible with what is found in academic productions in efficiency of drilling rigs. The results on efficiency show a wide range of scores, with efficiencies ranging from 31.79% to 100%, being low the sample efficiency average. There is consonance between the model results and the practices adopted by Petrobras. The results strengthen the DEA as an important tool in studies of efficiency with possibility to use for analysis other types of contracts. In terms of theoretical findings, the results reinforce the arguments that there are situations in which the strategies of the organizations, in terms of use of assets and services of high specificity, do not necessarily follow what is recommended by the mainstream of TCE
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Nowadays, evaluation methods to measure thermal performance of buildings have been developed in order to improve thermal comfort in buildings and reduce the use of energy with active cooling and heating systems. However, in developed countries, the criteria used in rating systems to asses the thermal and energy performance of buildings have demonstrated some limitations when applied to naturally ventilated building in tropical climates. The present research has as its main objective to propose a method to evaluate the thermal performance of low-rise residential buildings in warm humid climates, through computational simulation. The method was developed in order to conceive a suitable rating system for the athermal performance assessment of such buildings using as criteria the indoor air temperature and a thermal comfort adaptive model. The research made use of the software VisualDOE 4.1 in two simulations runs of a base case modeled for two basic types of occupancies: living room and bedroom. In the first simulation run, sensitive analyses were made to identify the variables with the higher impact over the cases´ thermal performance. Besides that, the results also allowed the formulation of design recommendations to warm humid climates toward an improvement on the thermal performance of residential building in similar situations. The results of the second simulation run was used to identify the named Thermal Performance Spectrum (TPS) of both occupancies types, which reflect the variations on the thermal performance considering the local climate, building typology, chosen construction material and studied occupancies. This analysis generates an index named IDTR Thermal Performance Resultant Index, which was configured as a thermal performance rating system. It correlates the thermal performance with the number of hours that the indoor air temperature was on each of the six thermal comfort bands pre-defined that received weights to measure the discomfort intensity. The use of this rating system showed to be appropriated when used in one of the simulated cases, presenting advantages in relation to other evaluation methods and becoming a tool for the understanding of building thermal behavior
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Considering their commercial importance, as these are the species of freshwater fish more commercialized in Brazil, their occurence in different kinds of aquatic environments (lakes, rivers and dams) and for being tolerant to a wide range of variation of various physical parameters and chemical water, the fish species Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio and Colossoma macropomum were chosen for this study, furthermore, to test the toxicity we used the herbicide Roundup. The fingerlings of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), commun carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) were submitted to the herbicide roundup in the following concentrations: 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, 0.0 (control); 13,89; 14,86; 15,83; 16,81 and 17,78 mg.L-1, and 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, respectively, three for 96 hours. The LC50 - 96h for O. niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum was 21,63, 15,33 and 20,06 mg.L-1 of the herbicide roundup, respectively. The results show that this herbicide is classified as slightly toxic to the three species. The values of dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature recorded in the aquarium control and aquarium experimental of the three fish species have remained without significant variations during the tests, which reduces the possibility of death caused by sudden variations of these parameters during the 96 hours the experiment. The values of LC50 between different species of fish were observed, noting that the species O.niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum showed no expressive differences. The values of environmental risk of Roundup were calculated to obtain more stringent parameters in assessing the dangerousness of those on nontargets. The risk of environmental contamination by Roundup for the Nile tilapia, common carp, and tambaqui are low for the lowest application rate (1 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m). The dilution of 100%, the highest recommended dose (5 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m) the risk is moderate for the three species. The values of the Risk Ratio (QR) were greater than 0,1, indicating that the values of the CAE and LC50 are above acceptable levels and there is a need, this study, a refinement in ecotoxicological tests
Influência do vírus da hepatite G (GBV-C) na resposta imune frente à infecção por Leishmania chagasi
Resumo:
GB virus type C (GBV-C) appears to promote a Th1 response and is associated with prolonged survival in HIV-infected people. L. chagasi causes a spectrum of illness that varies from severe visceral leishmaniasis, a disease that in the majority of cases is fatal if not treated, to self resolution of infection and development of positive DTH response that is protective against symptomatic disease. To determine if GBV-C viremia might influence the outcome of Leishmania infection, we characterized GBV-C status in a cohort of subjects residing in a L. chagasi endemic area in Brazil. GBV-C viremia was more prevalent in blood donors from urban than in periurban regions of Natal, Brazil (16% and 7.5% respectively). Evidence of prior GBV-C (anti-E2 antibodies) was detected in 24% and 12%of these groups respectively. Anti-E2 increased with age (p= 0.0121). No difference in GBV-C viremia was found in the DTH+ and VL groups (p= 0.269); however, subjects with visceral leishmaniasis were more likely to have anti-E2 than DTH+ subjects (p=0.0012), and DTH induration was smaller in subjects with E2 antibodies (4.5 mm) compared those without (7.12 mm) (p= 0.002). Furthermore, the size of the Leishmania DTH response was greater in GBV-C viremica subjects (6.8 mm) compared to non-viremic subjects (3.3 mm; p= 0.0054). There findings suggest that GBV-C virus may promote a type 1 immune response that could influence the outcome of Leishmania infection
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Berberine is an alkaloid used as a fluorochrome in the identification of heparin and DNA. Enerback, 1974, described the technique used until today to study granules rich in heparin of vertebrate mast cells. Santos et al., 2003, studied mast cells of the mollusk Anomalocardia brasiliana using biochemical and histological analysis. This work used the fluorescent dye berberine technique to improve characterization of these cells. Mollusk organs (ctenidium and mantle) were processed with routine histological techniques. Tissue sections were treated with berberine 0,02% in redistilled water acidified to pH 4, by the addition of citric acid for 20 minutes. The visualization was made through fluorescence microscopy with ultraviolet region emission. The mast cell fluorescence had a strong yellow color, where cell nuclei appeared more greenish. This result was very similar to the ones reported before. Mast cells are location at the epithelium surface is the same in both organs, mantle and ctenidium. The fluorescence was easily observed in the granules. Therefore, this technique showed to be good and sensitive to study mast cell of invertebrates
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Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disease of unknown etiology that features with wide clinical symptoms, ranging from mild preeclampsia to severe forms, as eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. As a complex disease, preeclampsia is also influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Aiming to identify preeclampsia susceptibility genes, we genotyped a total of 22 genetic markers (single nucleotides polymorphisms SNPs) distributed in six candidates genes (ACVR2A, FLT1, ERAP1, ERAP2, LNPEP e CRHBP). By a case-control approach, the genotypic frequencies were compared between normotensive (control group) and preeclamptic women. The case s group was classified according to the disease clinical form in: preeclampsia, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. As results we found the following genetic association: 1) ACVR2A and preeclampsia; 2) FLT1 and severe preeclampsia; 3) ERAP1 and eclampsia; 4) FLT1 and HELLP syndrome. When stratifying preeclampsia group according to symptoms severity (mild and severe preeclampsia) or according to the time of onset (early and late preeclampsia), it was detected that early preeclampsia is strongly associated to risk preeclampsia, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome have different genetic bases, although FLT1 gene seems to be involved in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome pathophisiology
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Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis of considerable medical and economical importance that affects humans in both urban and rural contexts, as well as domestic animals and wild fauna. Leptospira interrogans is the causative agent and is transmitted to humans by indirect contact with contaminated soil or water. The clinical syndromes include sub clinical infection, self-limited anicteric febrile illness, and severe and potentially fatal illness, known as Weil´s syndrome. In developed countries, leptospirosis is related to occupational or recreational activities while in developing countries, outbreaks occur during floods. In those regions, traditional strategies to prevent the transmission are difficulties to be implemented because of costs and lack of community acceptance. In addition, no efficient vaccine is available for human use. Several studies have suggested that chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline pre and post-exposure may be effective to prevent leptospirosis. Leptospirosis has been reported in rural areas of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil since 1985 in rice farmers who present the anicteric illness. The disease cause great social and economics impact. The study was conducted in São Miguel where an epidemic of leptospirosis in rice farmers was reported. The main objective was to determine the efficacy of doxycycline in preventing Leptospira exposure. A taxa de soroprevalência de leptospirose na população estudada antes e após a colheita foi de 14,2% (n=22) e de 16.6% (n=27) respectivamente. Anti-Leptospira serology was determined for 61 subjects in two instances, pre and post-exposure to potential contaminated water. There was an increased risk of 29.0 per cent in acquiring infection for individuals that did not use doxycycline. In addition, an increased risk of 30.0 % observed in farmers who did not use protection when exposed to Leptospira. The adhesion to preventive chemoprophylaxis was 55.7%. Therefore doxycycline, under specific circunstances appears to be an effective alternative to protect against leptosprirosis infection. A large sample composed of individuals to adhere to preventive therapy is needed to define time, dosage and length of use of doxycycline in this area
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Chitosan membranes have been modified by plasma, utilizing the following gases: nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), argon (Ar), oxygen (O2) and hydrogen. The modified membranes by plasma were compared to the unmodified ones. The membranes were characterized by absorption assay, contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, permeability assay of sodium sulfamerazine from such membranes were carried out. Through the absorption assay and contact angle it was possible to obtain information of the wettability of the membranes and what changes the plasma treatment can promote in relation to it. The plasma treatment using oxygen promoted increase of the wetability and swelling while the samples treated with methane decrease of the wetability and swelling. Through the Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) it was possible to identify which species were present in the plasma during the treatment. And through the AFM analysis it was possible to observe the changes nanotopography occurred on the surface of the samples. Permeability assay were archived for all treated membranes and compared to no treated ones. Due to that assay it was possible verify which the plasma treatment increased the permeability spectrum of the membranes which has varied from 1,4548 *10-5cm2.min-1 to 2,7713*10-5cm2.min-1. Chitosan membranes with permeability varied are importance in systems drug delivery, to liberate a wide variety of drugs
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The oily sludge is a complex mix of hydrocarbons, organic impurities, inorganic and water. One of the major problems currently found in petroleum industry is management (packaging, storage, transport and fate) of waste. The nanomaterials (catalysts) mesoporous and microporous are considered promising for refining and adsorbents process for environment protection. The aim of this work was to study the oily sludge from primary processing (raw and treated) and vacuum residue, with application of thermal analyses technique (pyrolysis), thermal and catalytic pyrolysis with nanomaterials, aiming at production petroleum derived. The sludge and vacuum residue were analyzed using a soxhlet extraction system, elemental analysis, thin layer chromatography, thermogravimetry and pyrolysis coupled in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py GC MS). The catalysts AlMCM-41, AlSBA-15.1 e AlSBA-15.2 were synthesized with molar ratio silicon aluminum of 50 (Si/Al = 50), using tetraethylorthosilicante as source of silicon and pseudobuhemita (AlOOH) as source of aluminum. The analyzes of the catalysts indicate that materials showed hexagonal structure and surface area (783,6 m2/g for AlMCM-41, 600 m2/g for AlSBA-15.1, 377 m2/g for AlSBA-15.2). The extracted oily sludge showed a range 65 to 95% for organic components (oil), 5 to 35% for inorganic components (salts and oxides) and compositions different of derivatives. The AlSBA-15 catalysts showed better performance in analyzes for production petroleum derived, 20% increase in production of kerosene and light gas oil. The energy potential of sludge was high and it can be used as fuel in other cargo processed in refinery
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The decoction of Brazilian pepper tree barks (Schinus terebinthifolius, Raddi), is used in medicine as wound healing and antiinflamatory. Once extracts from this plant are used for acceleration of scar s process, it is important to study their mutagenic and genotoxic potential. In previous works in our laboratory, it was observed mutagenicity caused by the decoction when in high concentrations. Among the chemical compounds of this plant that could be able to induce mutation, the flavonoids were the only group that was referred to have either an oxidant or antioxidant potential. The flavonoids were isolated, purified and quantified by adsorptive column chromatography under silica gel, bacterial and in vitro genotoxic tests were realized to determine if the flavonoids were the responsible agents for this mutagenicity found. The tests realized with plasmidial DNA were indicative that the flavonoids are probably genotoxic, due to the presence of correlation between increase of the flavonoid concentration and in plasmidial DNA double strand breakage visualized in agarose gel, as well as they were capable to generated abasic sites shown by the in vitro treatment with exonuclease III. The same tests with plasmidial DNA in the presence of copper [10 µM] and of a Tris-HCl pH 7.5 [10 µM] buffer were realized with the isolated flavonoids to determine if there would be or not participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The transformation of plasmidial DNA in different bacterial strains proficient and deficient in DNA repair enzymes in the presence or not of a Tris-HCl buffer, suggests that the enzymes that repair oxidative lesions are necessary to repair the lesions generated by the flavonoids and that ROS are generated and are necessary to promote the lesions. Bacterial tests with Escherichia coli strains of the CC collection (deficient or not for DNA repair enzymes), showed that the flavonoids are able to increase the frequency of mutations, mainly in strains mutated in repair enzymes (MutM, MutY-glicosylases and double mutant), suggesting that these agents are responsible for the enhancement in the mutation rate. In order to determine the mutation spectrum caused by the flavonoids of the Brazilian pepper tree stem bark, plasmidial DNA previously treated with the flavonoids were transformed in bacterial strains deficient and proficient in the DNA repair enzymes, followed by a blue-white selection with X-gal, DNA amplification by PCR and sequencing the positive mutant clones. Analysis of the mutants obtained from strains CC104, CC104mutM, CC104mutY, CC104mutMmutY, BW9101, BW9109 indicated a predominance of some mutations like G:C to C:G that can be correlated with the origin of 8-oxoG, due to oxidative lesions caused by the flavonoids. So it can concluded that the flavonoid isolated or in fractions enriched on them are genotoxic and mutagenic, and their mutations are predominantly oxidative, mediated by ROS, and the lesions are recognized by the BER system. In this way it is proposed that the flavonoids can act in two different ways to generate the DNA lesion: 1. in a Fenton-like reaction, when the flavonoid are in the presence of metal ions and that together with the water generate ROS that promotes the DNA lesions; 2. in another way the lesions can be generated by the formation of ROS due to the internal chemical structure of the flavonoid molecule due to the quantity and location of hydroxyl groups, and so producing the DNA lesions, those lesions can be directly (suggested by the in vitro experiments) or indirectly done (supported by the experiments using the CC bacterial strains)