Efficient syntheses of benzothiazepines as antagonists for the mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchanger: Potential therapeutics for type II diabetes

Type II diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that can lead to serious cardiovascular, renal, neurologic, and retinal complications. While several drugs are currently prescribed to treat type II diabetes, their efficacy is limited by mechanism-related side effects (weight gain, hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal distress), inadequate efficacy for use as monotherapy, and the development of tolerance to the agents. Consequently, combination therapies are frequently employed to effectively regulate blood glucose levels. We have focused on the mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchanger (mNCE) as a novel target for diabetes drug discovery. We have proposed that inhibition of the mNCE can be used to regulate calcium flux across the mitochondrial membrane, thereby enhancing mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, which in turn enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in the pancreatic beta-cell. In this paper, we report the facile synthesis of benzothiazepines and derivatives by S-alkylation using 2-aminobenzhydrols. The syntheses of other bicyclic analogues based on benzothiazepine, benzothiazecine, benzodiazecine, and benzodiazepine templates are also described. These compounds have been evaluated for their inhibition of mNCE activity, and the results from the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies are discussed.

Efficient visible light induced nuclease activity of a ternary mono-1,10-phenanthroline copper(II) complex containing 2-(methylthio)ethylsalicylaidimine

Ternary Schiff base copper(II) complex [CuL(phen)](ClO4), where HL is 2-(methylthio)ethylsalicylaldimine and phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, has been prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The complex shows a CuN3OS coordination in a square-pyramidal (4 + 1) geometry with the sulfur as an equatorial ligand. The complex is an avid binder to double-stranded DNA in the minor groove and exhibits both photonuclease and chemical nuclease activity. When exposed to UV light of 312 nm (96 W) or visible light of 532 nm (125 W) under aerobic conditions, the complex causes significant cleavage of supercoiled pUC19 DNA in the absence of any externally added reducing agent or H2O2.

Mathematical model of COREX melter gasifier: Part II. Dynamic model

A dynamic model of the COREX melter gasifier is developed to study the transient behavior of the furnace. The effect of pulse disturbance and step disturbance on the process performance has been studied. This study shows that the effect of pulse disturbance decays asymptotically. The step change brings the system to a new steady state after a delay of about 5 hours. The dynamic behavior of the melter gasifier with respect to a shutdown/blow-on condition and the effect of tapping are also studied. The results show that the time response of the melter gasifier is much less than that of a blast furnace.

Ternary copper(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazones and heterocyclic bases showing N3OS coordination as models for the type-2 centers of copper monooxygenases

Six ternary copper(II) complexes of general formulation [CuLB] (1-6), where L is dianionic ONS-donor thiosemicarbazones derived from the condensation of salicylaldehyde with thiosemicarbazides and B is NN-donor heterocyclic bases like 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, are prepared from a reaction of copper(II) acetate hydrate with the heterocyclic base (B) and the thiosemicarbazone (H2L) in MeOH, and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction technique. Crystal structures of the complexes display a distorted square-pyramidal (4 + 1) coordination geometry having the ONS-donor thiosemicarbazone bonded at the basal plane. The chelating heterocyclic bases exhibit axial-equatorial mode of bonding. The complexes are one-electron paramagnetic and they show axial X-band EPR spectra in DMF-toluene glass at 77 K giving g(parallel to)(A(parallel to)) and g(perpendicular to) values of similar to2.2 (175 x 10(-4) cm(-1)) and similar to2.0 indicating a {d(x2-y2)}(1) ground state. The complexes show a d-d band near 570 nm and a charge transfer band near 400 nm in DMF. The complexes are redox active and exhibit a quasireversible Cu(II)-Cu(I) couple in DMF-0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate near 0.1 V vs. SCE. They are catalytically active in the oxidation of ascorbic acid in presence of dioxygen. The complexes with a CuN3OS coordination model the ascorbate oxidation property of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and peptidylglycine a-hydroxylating monooxygeanase. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Dicopper(II) complexes showing DNA hydrolase activity and monomeric adduct formation with bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate

Ferromagnetic dicopper(II) complexes [Cu(2)(mu-O(2)CCH(3))(mu-OH)(L)(2)(mu-L(1))](PF(6))(2), where L = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), L(1) = H(2)O in 1 and L = dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq), L(1) = CH(3)CN in 2, are prepared and structurally characterized. Crystals of 1 and 2 belong to the monoclinic space group of P2(1)/n and P2(1)/m, respectively. The copper(II) centers display distorted square-pyramidal geometry having a phenanthroline base and two oxygen atoms of the bridging hydroxo and acetate group in the basal plane. The fifth coordination site has weak axially bound bridging solvent molecule H(2)O in 1 and CH(3)CN in 2. The Cu center dot center dot center dot Cu distances are 3.034 and 3.046 angstrom in 1 and 2, respectively. The complexes show efficient hydrolytic cleavage of supercoiled pUC19 DNA as evidenced from the mechanistic studies that include T4 DNA ligase experiments. The binuclear complexes form monomeric copper(II) adducts [Cu(L)(2)(BNPP)](PF(6)) (L = phen, 3; dpq, 4) with bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP) as a model phosphodiester. The crystal structures of 3 and 4 reveal distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which BNPP binds through the oxygen atom of the phosphate. The kinetic data of the DNA cleavage reactions of the binuclear complexes under pseudo- and true-Michaelis-Menten conditions indicate remarkable enhancement in the DNA hydrolysis rate in comparison to the control data. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Theoretical determination of HI vertical scale heights in the dwarf galaxies DDO 154, Ho II, IC 2574 and NGC 2366

In this paper, we model dwarf galaxies as a two-component system of gravitationally coupled stars and atomic hydrogen gas in the external force field of a pseudo-isothermal dark matter halo, and numerically obtain the radial distribution of HI vertical scale heights. This is done for a group of four dwarf galaxies (DDO 154, Ho II, IC 2574 and NGC 2366) for which most necessary input parameters are available from observations. The formulation of the equations takes into account the rising rotation curves generally observed in dwarf galaxies. The inclusion of self-gravity of the gas into the model at par with that of the stars results in scale heights that are smaller than what was obtained by previous authors. This is important as the gas scale height is often used for deriving other physical quantities. The inclusion of gas self-gravity is particularly relevant in the case of dwarf galaxies where the gas cannot be considered a minor perturbation to the mass distribution of the stars. We find that three out of four galaxies studied show a flaring of their HI discs with increasing radius, by a factor of a few within several disc scale lengths. The fourth galaxy has a thick HI disc throughout. This flaring arises as a result of the gas velocity dispersion remaining constant or decreasing only slightly while the disc mass distribution declines exponentially as a function of radius.

Synthesis and DNA binding studies of Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes of N(1),N(5)-bis[pyridine-2-methylene]-thiocarbohydrazone Schiff-base ligand

The thiocarbohydrazone Schiff-base ligand with a nitrogen and sulphur donor was synthesized through condensation of pyridine-2-carbaldehyde and thiocarbohydrazide. Schiff-base ligands have the ability to conjugate with metal salts. A series of metal complexes with a general formula [MCl(2)(H(2)L)]center dot nH(2)O (M=Ni, Co, Cu and Zn) were synthesized by forming complexes of the N(1),N5-bis[pyridine-2-methylene]thiocarbohydrazone (H2L) Schiff-base ligand. These metal complexes and ligand were characterized by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, physicochemical characterization, CHNS and conductivity. The biological activity of the synthesized ligand was investigated by using Escherichia coli DNA as target. The DNA interaction of the synthesized ligand and complexes on E. coli plasmid DNA was investigated in the aqueous medium by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the binding constant (K(b)) was calculated. The DNA binding studies showed that the metal complexes had an improved interaction due to trans-geometrical isomers of the complexes than ligand isomers in cis-positions. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CO adsorption on ionic Pt, Pd and Cu sites in Ce(1-x)M(x)O(2-delta) (M = Pt(2+), Pd(2+), Cu(2+))

Noble metal ion substituted CeO(2) in the form of Ce(0.98)M(0.02)O(2-delta) solid solution (where M = Pt, Pd, Cu) are the new generation catalysts with applications in three-way exhaust catalysis. While adsorption of CO on noble metals ions is well-known, adsorption of CO on noble metal ions has not been studied because creating exclusive ionic sites has been difficult. Using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) we have shown that CO gets adsorbed on the noble metal Pt(2+), Pd(2+), Cu(2+) ionic sites in the respective compounds, and the net energy of the overall system decreases. Adsorption of CO on metal ions is also confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Beta-structure of polypeptides in non-aqueous solutions. II. Side-chain orientation

The specific side-chain orientations of the phenyl group in the polypeptides poly-S-benzyl-L-cysteine, poly-S-carbobenzoxy-L-cysteine and poly-O-carbobenzoxy-L-serine in the beta-structure have been studied by spectral measurements in solutions. All the three polypeptides exhibit aromatic CD bands, indicating the asymmetric placement of the side-chain phenyl rings when the polypeptide backbone takes up the antiparallel beta-structure. Supporting evidence for this is derived from n.m.r. spectra of the polypeptides, which show upfield shift of the phenyl protons due to the stacking of the aromatic rings. Molecular model building studies reveal the stacking of alternate phenyl groups along the polypeptide chain.

Ferrocene-Conjugated L-Tryptophan Copper(II) Complexes of Phenanthroline Bases Showing DNA Photocleavage Activity and Cytotoxicity

Ferrocene-conjugated L-tryptophan (L-Trp) reduced Schiff base (Fc-TrpH) copper(II) complexes [Cu(Fc-Trp)(L)](ClO(4)) of phenanthroline bases (L), viz. 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy in 1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen in 2), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq in 3), and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz in 4), were prepared and characterized and their photocytotoxicity studied. Cationic reduced Schiff base (Ph-TrpH) complexes [Cu(Ph-Trp)(L)(H(2)O)] (ClO(4)) (L = phen in 5; dppz in 6) having the ferrocenyl moiety replaced by a phenyl group and the Zn(II) analogue (7) of complex 4 were prepared and used as control species. The crystal structures of 1 and 5 with respective square-planar CuN(3)O and square-pyramidal CuN(3)O(2) coordination geometry show significantly different core structures. Complexes 1-4 exhibit a Cu(II)-Cu(I) redox couple near -0.1 V and the Fc(+)-Fc couple at similar to 0.5 V vs SCE in DMF-0.1 M [Bu(4)(n)N] (ClO(4)) (Fc = ferrocenyl moiety). The complexes display a copper(II)-based d-d band near 600 nm and a Fc-centered band at similar to 450 nm in DMF-Tris-HCl buffer. The complexes are efficient binders to calf thymus DNA. They are synthetic chemical nucleases in the presence of thiol or H(2)O(2), forming hydroxyl radicals. The photoactive complexes are cleavers of pUC19 DNA in visible light, forming hydroxyl radicals. Complexes 2-6 show photocytotoxicity in HeLa cancer cells, giving IC(50) values of 4.7, 10.2, 1.3, 4.8, and 4.3 mu M, respectively, in visible light with the appearance of apoptotic bodies. The complexes also show photocytotoxicity in MCF-7 cancer cells. Nuclear chromatin cleavage has been observed with acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual staining with complex 4 in visible light. The complexes induce caspase-independent apoptosis in the HeLa cells.