Development of a triple stage heat transformer for the recycling of low temperature heat energy

Absorption heat transformers are thermodynamic systems which are capable of recycling industrial waste heat energy by increasing its temperature. Triple stage heat transformers (TAHTs) can increase the temperature of this waste heat by up to approximately 145˚C. The principle factors influencing the thermodynamic performance of a TAHT and general points of operating optima were identified using a multivariate statistical analysis, prior to using heat exchange network modelling techniques to dissect the design of the TAHT and systematically reassemble it in order to minimise internal exergy destruction within the unit. This enabled first and second law efficiency improvements of up to 18.8% and 31.5% respectively to be achieved compared to conventional TAHT designs. The economic feasibility of such a thermodynamically optimised cycle was investigated by applying it to an oil refinery in Ireland, demonstrating that in general the capital cost of a TAHT makes it difficult to achieve acceptable rates of return. Decreasing the TAHT's capital cost may be achieved by redesigning its individual pieces of equipment and reducing their size. The potential benefits of using a bubble column absorber were therefore investigated in this thesis. An experimental bubble column was constructed and used to track the collapse of steam bubbles being absorbed into a hotter lithium bromide salt solution. Extremely high mass transfer coefficients of approximately 0.0012m/s were observed, showing significant improvements over previously investigated absorbers. Two separate models were developed, namely a combined heat and mass transfer model describing the rate of collapse of the bubbles, and a stochastic model describing the hydrodynamic motion of the collapsing vapour bubbles taking into consideration random fluctuations observed in the experimental data. Both models showed good agreement with the collected data, and demonstrated that the difference between the solution's temperature and its boiling temperature is the primary factor influencing the absorber's performance.

Biogas production from novel substrates

Biogas production is the conversion of the organic material into methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is widely used in continental and Scandinavian communities as both a waste treatment option and a source of renewable energy. Ireland however lags behind this European movement. Numerous feedstocks exist which could be digested and used to fuel a renewable transport fleet in Ireland. An issue exists with the variety of feedstocks; these need to be assessed and quantified to ascertain their potential resource and application to AD. From literature the ideal C:N ratio is between 25 and 30:1. Low levels of C:N (<15) can lead to problems with ammonia inhibition. Within the digester a plentiful supply of nutrients and a balanced C:N is required for stable performance. Feedstocks were sampled from a range of over 100 different substrates in Ireland including for first, second and third generation feedstocks. The C:N ranged from 81:1 (Winter Oats) to 7:1 (Silage Effluent). The BMP yields were recorded ranging from 38 ± 2.0 L CH4 kg−1 VS for pig slurry (weaning pigs) to 805 ± 57 L CH4 kg−1 VS for used cooking oil (UCO). However the selection of the best preforming feedstock in terms of C:N ratio or BMP yield alone is not sufficiently adequate. A total picture has to be created which includes C:N ratio, BMP yield, harvest yield and availability. Potential feedstocks which best meet these requirements include for Grass silage, Milk processing waste (MPW) and Saccharina latissima. MPW has a potential of meeting over 6 times the required energy for Ireland’s 2020 transport in energy targets. S. Latissima recorded a yield of over 10,000 GJ ha-1 yr-1 which out ranks traditional second generation biofuels by a factor of more than 4.

Expert assessments of retrofitting coal-fired power plants with carbon dioxide capture technologies

A set of 13 US based experts in post-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion CO2 capture systems responded to an extensive questionnaire asking their views on the present status and future expected performance and costs for amine-based, chilled ammonia, and oxy-combustion retrofits of coal-fired power plants. This paper presents the experts' responses for technology maturity, ideal plant characteristics for early adopters, and the extent to which R&D and deployment incentives will impact costs. It also presents the best estimates and 95% confidence limits of the energy penalties associated with amine-based systems. The results show a general consensus that amine-based systems are closer to commercial application, but potential for improving performance and lowering costs is limited; chilled ammonia and oxy-combustion offer greater potential for cost reductions, but not without greater uncertainty regarding scale and technical feasibility. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Instrument independent diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with a fiber optic probe is a powerful tool for quantitative tissue characterization and disease diagnosis. Significant systematic errors can arise in the measured reflectance spectra and thus in the derived tissue physiological and morphological parameters due to real-time instrument fluctuations. We demonstrate a novel fiber optic probe with real-time, self-calibration capability that can be used for UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in biological tissue in clinical settings. The probe is tested in a number of synthetic liquid phantoms over a wide range of tissue optical properties for significant variations in source intensity fluctuations caused by instrument warm up and day-to-day drift. While the accuracy for extraction of absorber concentrations is comparable to that achieved with the traditional calibration (with a reflectance standard), the accuracy for extraction of reduced scattering coefficients is significantly improved with the self-calibration probe compared to traditional calibration. This technology could be used to achieve instrument-independent diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in vivo and obviate the need for instrument warm up and post∕premeasurement calibration, thus saving up to an hour of precious clinical time.

In situ concentration of semi-volatile aerosol using water-condensation technology

The effect of concentrating semi-volatile aerosols using a water-condensation technology was investigated using the Versatile Aerosol Concentration Enrichment System (VACES) and the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) during measurements of ambient aerosol in Pittsburgh, PA. It was found that the shape of the sulfate mass-weighed size distribution was approximately preserved during passage through the concentrator for all the experiments performed, with a mass enhancement factor of about 10-20 depending on the experiment. The size distributions of organics, ammonium and nitrate were preserved on a relatively clean day (sulfate concentration around 7μg/m3), while during more polluted conditions the concentration of these compounds, especially nitrate, was increased at small sizes after passage through the concentrator. The amount of the extra material, however, is rather small in these experiments: between 2.4% and 7.5% of the final concentrated PM mass is due to "artifact" condensation. An analysis of thermodynamic processes in the concentrator indicates that the extra particle material detected can be explained by redistribution of gas-phase material to the aerosol phase in the concentrator. The analysis shows that the condensation of extra material is expected to be larger for water-soluble semi-volatile material, such as nitrate, which agrees with the observations. The analysis also shows that artifact formation of nitrate will be more pronounced in ammonia-limited conditions and virtually undetectable in ammonia-rich conditions. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental evaluation of evolution and coevolution as agents of ecosystem change in Trinidadian streams.

Evolution has been shown to be a critical determinant of ecological processes in some systems, but its importance relative to traditional ecological effects is not well known. In addition, almost nothing is known about the role of coevolution in shaping ecosystem function. Here, we experimentally evaluated the relative effects of species invasion (a traditional ecological effect), evolution and coevolution on ecosystem processes in Trinidadian streams. We manipulated the presence and population-of-origin of two common fish species, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and the killifish (Rivulus hartii). We measured epilithic algal biomass and accrual, aquatic invertebrate biomass, and detrital decomposition. Our results show that, for some ecosystem responses, the effects of evolution and coevolution were larger than the effects of species invasion. Guppy evolution in response to alternative predation regimes significantly influenced algal biomass and accrual rates. Guppies from a high-predation site caused an increase in algae relative to guppies from a low-predation site; algae effects were probably shaped by observed divergence in rates of nutrient excretion and algae consumption. Rivulus-guppy coevolution significantly influenced the biomass of aquatic invertebrates. Locally coevolved populations reduced invertebrate biomass relative to non-coevolved populations. These results challenge the general assumption that intraspecific diversity is a less critical determinant of ecosystem function than is interspecific diversity. Given existing evidence for contemporary evolution in these fish species, our findings suggest considerable potential for eco-evolutionary feedbacks to operate as populations adapt to natural or anthropogenic perturbations.

Eficiencia en la adquisición de fósforo en cultivos de soja, girasol y maíz

Los cultivos de soja, girasol y maíz difieren en los umbrales críticos de fósforo (P), lo cual sugiere que poseen diferente eficiencia fosfatada. Un mejor conocimiento de los mecanismos de la eficiencia fosfatada es agronómicamente significativo para avanzar en el diseño de esquemas de manejo que permitan incrementar la eficiencia del P y reducir el requerimiento de fertilizantes. La eficiencia fosforada se define como la habilidad de la planta para adquirir P y/o utilizarlo en la producción de biomasa. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue realizar un análisis comparativo de la eficiencia fosfatada de los cultivos de soja, girasol y maíz. Se realizaron experimentos a campo y en invernáculo con plantas creciendo bajo diferentes niveles de P disponible. Primero se comparó la habilidad de estos cultivos para adquirir y utilizar P y se evaluaron algunas características radicales que determinan la eficiencia fosfatada. Mientras soja y girasol mostraron una alta eficiencia de adquisición de P, el maíz fue más eficiente en su utilización. Se observó que soja y girasol, por su morfología y arquitectura radical, son capaces de absorber más P por unidad de C invertido en biomasa radical. En segundo lugar se evaluó la generación de porosidad radical y su efecto sobre la eficiencia de adquisición de P. Aunque la deficiencia fosfatada indujo la formación de porosidad en las tres especies, esta respuesta fue mayor en soja. La presencia de esta mayor porosidad en soja contribuyó a que sea más eficiente que girasol y maíz en absorber P. Finalmente se evaluó el impacto de la micorrización sobre la eficiencia fosfatada. En soja micorrizada, el incremento en la eficiencia fosfatada fue intensificado bajo condiciones deficientes en P. Por el contrario, la mayor eficiencia de adquisición del girasol no estuvo asociada a las micorrizas sino a su morfología radical (raíces más finas). El relevamiento de la colonización micorrícica nativa en suelos de la Región Pampeana demostró que las micorrizas están muy presentes en estos sistemas. En soja, el incremento de la colonización ocurre justo en el punto donde el P edáfico se vuelve limitante para el crecimiento del cultivo. En esta tesis se identificaron características radicales que permiten incrementar la eficiencia de adquisición de P en soja y girasol, y que ayudan a explicar los diferentes requerimientos externos de P de estos cultivos con el maíz.

Estudio del funcionamiento y la estructura espacial de los paisajes urbano - rurales argentinos como base para la generación de pautas de ordenamiento territorial sustentable

El paisaje urbano-rural argentino ha sido sometido a profundos cambios en los últimos años. Entre ellos, la despoblación progresiva de la fase rural como fuente de aumento de la población en la fase urbana y la expansión e intensificación de la agricultura en relación al mercado global han sido los más importantes. Estos cambios modifican los flujos de energía, materia y/o información que vinculan las fases urbana y rural. La posibilidad de lograr un uso sustentable de recursos en un paisaje urbano-rural está asociada al grado de acoplamiento entre las fases, tanto para satisfacer al consumo como para absorber los desechos generados. Sin embargo, esta interrelación entre la demanda de las ciudades sobre la oferta de los ecosistemas que los contienen ha sido poco estudiada. En esta tesis se describen y cuantifican las interacciones, en términos de intercambio de materia y energía, entre una serie de ciudades argentinas de tamaño medio (25 a 41 mil habitante) y sus ecosistemas circundantes. La caracterización del funcionamiento del paisaje se realizó a través de las metodologías de Huella Ecológica y Análisis de Flujos de Materia y Energía. En segunda instancia, la caracterización de la estructura espacial se realizó a través de metodologías geoestadísticas y mediante una modificación de la Huella Ecológica, la cual incorpora la heterogeneidad del paisaje. Los resultados muestran que, en términos funcionales, los paisajes urbanorurales, aunque contrastantes, presentaron características similares: alto consumo energético y gran capacidad de producir bienes agrícolas y/o ganaderos, los cuales son exportados en su mayoría, satisfaciendo también gran parte del consumo local. Sin embargo, todos los paisajes resultaron fuertemente dependientes de sistemas externos, tanto para ubicar su producción como para suplir la demanda energética. A su vez, el consumo de energía muestra un nivel de impacto alto en términos de emisiones de carbono, mostrando un déficit en la capacidad de mitigar estas emisiones a escala de paisaje. El proceso de agriculturización ha generado una homogeneización de los distintos paisajes urbano-rurales, afectando distintos aspectos de los ecosistemas, que generalmente no son considerados en los an⭩sis de la sustentabilidad regionales. Generar cambios en el territorio que permitan aumentar el nivel de vinculación entre las fases urbana y rural así como establecer estrategias para la mitigación de emisiones de carbono puede mejorar considerablemente el nivel de sustentabilidad de los paisajes urbano-rurales

Estudio del funcionamiento y la estructura espacial de los paisajes urbano - rurales argentinos como base para la generación de pautas de ordenamiento territorial sustentable

El paisaje urbano-rural argentino ha sido sometido a profundos cambios en los últimos años. Entre ellos, la despoblación progresiva de la fase rural como fuente de aumento de la población en la fase urbana y la expansión e intensificación de la agricultura en relación al mercado global han sido los más importantes. Estos cambios modifican los flujos de energía, materia y/o información que vinculan las fases urbana y rural. La posibilidad de lograr un uso sustentable de recursos en un paisaje urbano-rural está asociada al grado de acoplamiento entre las fases, tanto para satisfacer al consumo como para absorber los desechos generados. Sin embargo, esta interrelación entre la demanda de las ciudades sobre la oferta de los ecosistemas que los contienen ha sido poco estudiada. En esta tesis se describen y cuantifican las interacciones, en términos de intercambio de materia y energía, entre una serie de ciudades argentinas de tamaño medio (25 a 41 mil habitante) y sus ecosistemas circundantes. La caracterización del funcionamiento del paisaje se realizó a través de las metodologías de Huella Ecológica y Análisis de Flujos de Materia y Energía. En segunda instancia, la caracterización de la estructura espacial se realizó a través de metodologías geoestadísticas y mediante una modificación de la Huella Ecológica, la cual incorpora la heterogeneidad del paisaje. Los resultados muestran que, en términos funcionales, los paisajes urbanorurales, aunque contrastantes, presentaron características similares: alto consumo energético y gran capacidad de producir bienes agrícolas y/o ganaderos, los cuales son exportados en su mayoría, satisfaciendo también gran parte del consumo local. Sin embargo, todos los paisajes resultaron fuertemente dependientes de sistemas externos, tanto para ubicar su producción como para suplir la demanda energética. A su vez, el consumo de energía muestra un nivel de impacto alto en términos de emisiones de carbono, mostrando un déficit en la capacidad de mitigar estas emisiones a escala de paisaje. El proceso de agriculturización ha generado una homogeneización de los distintos paisajes urbano-rurales, afectando distintos aspectos de los ecosistemas, que generalmente no son considerados en los an⭩sis de la sustentabilidad regionales. Generar cambios en el territorio que permitan aumentar el nivel de vinculación entre las fases urbana y rural así como establecer estrategias para la mitigación de emisiones de carbono puede mejorar considerablemente el nivel de sustentabilidad de los paisajes urbano-rurales

Comparison of crash dynamics of articulated and non-articulated trains

This paper presents a comparison of impact dynamic performance between articulated trains and non-articulated trains. This is carried out by investigation of the characteristics of the two trains types and analysis of their effects on impact dynamics. The analysis shows that the differences in bogie support positions on the carbody and coupling devices lead to differences in several structural and compositional characteristics. These characteristics result in different impact responses for the two types of train and are directly related to their impact stablity. Articulated trains have stiff connection and integral performance in collisions but with less capability for absorbing impact energy between carriages, whereas non-articulated trains show loose connection and scattered performance in collisions but with more options for energy absorber installation between carriages.

Coordinated Rhythms Of Digestion Absorption And Excretion In Mytilus-Edulis (Bivalvia Mollusca)

Sequential alternation of extracellular digestion in the stomach and intracellular digestion in the diverticula appears widespread among bivalves. The present study documents some physiological consequences of such processes in Mytilus edulis L. collected during 1981 from Whitsand Bay, Cornwall, England. Pronounced temporal fluctuations in faecal deposition are described that relate, in terms of amplitude and period, to both sinusoidal rhythmicity established for ammonia excretion and changes in the morphology of digestive tubules. Although at least partially synchronised among replicate groups of mussels, these cycles bore no consistent relationship with exogenous influences. Hourly fluctuation in the net absorption efficiency for nitrogen, as evidenced by the mean percentage ±2 SE, measured over 24 h sampling periods, was considerable (16.0±53.7, 49.3±10.9 and 52.8±6.6 for mussels acclimated in March, June and October, respectively). This variation in absorption derived from an inverse relationship between the percentage nitrogen within faeces and the rate of faecal egestion. Accordingly, peaks of faecal deposition presumably represented the pulsed remnants of intracellular digestion. Co-ordinated rhythms of digestion, absorption and excretion were thus evident in M. edulis. These processes displayed seasonally dependent periodicities of approximately 8, 3 and 4 h in March, June and October, respectively. It was concluded that, at least for M. edulis, this previously unquantified rhythmicity of physiological processes warrants careful consideration during assays commonly undertaken in the complication of nutrient and energy budgets.

Effects Of Temperature And Salinity On Oxygen-Consumption And Nitrogen-Excretion In Thais (Nucella) Lapillus (L)

The 2-wk TLm of stepwise-acclimated Thais lapillus (L.) (>20 mm long) was 14.2–16.2%. salinity (S) at 5, 10, 15, and 20°C. The same TLm occurred at 10 °C after direct transfer of snails to the final salinity but stepwise-acclimated small snails (<20 mm) tolerated a significantly lower salinity (12.7%. S). Oxygen consumption rates () fit the allometric equation . Salinity and temperature had a significant effect on , which was highest at 30%. S and depressed at 17.5%. S and at 5°C. Ammonia excretion rates fit the allometric equation . Both salinity and temperature affected . Ammonia excretion was significantly lower at 17.5 %. S than at higher salinities at 10, 15, and 20°C, but did not vary as a function of salinity at 5°C. Primary amines were lost from snails under all conditions without any obvious relationship with temperature or salinity. Primary-amine loss, expressed as a percentage of , was significantly higher at 17.5 %. S than at higher salinities. Oxygen : nitrogen ratios ranged from 4.2–15.6, indicating protein was the primary metabolic substrate, and were highest at 15 °C and lowest at 5 °C. Snails withstood 89 days starvation without mortality at 10°C. Oxygen consumption of snails declined by 28% during starvation due to a 37% decline in dry weight; consequently, weight-specific respiration rate increased by 17%. The intercept (a) for the allometric equations did not change during starvation. Ammonia excretion increased during starvation, and primary-amine loss increased until Day 21, then declined. Oxygen: nitrogen ratios declined from 14 to 8, indicating an increased catabolism of protein during starvation.

Particle Dynamics Particulate Carbon And The Oxygen Minimum In An Estuary

Profiles of suspended particulate load and its organic and inorganic carbon contents as well as salinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and divalent manganese have been recorded throughout the mixing region of the Tamar Estuary,Southwest England, in late summer when there was pronounced net oxygen consumption. The results indicate that trapping of particulate organic detritus (of both riverine and marine origins) within the high turbidity zone contributes to the localisation and buffering of the seasonal oxygen demand exerted within the low salinity region of the estuary.

Combined Effects Of Body Size Food Concentration And Season On Physiology Of Mytilus-Edulis

Multivariate experiments are used to study the effects of body size, food concentration, and season on the oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, food assimilation efficiency and filtration rate of Mytilus edulis adults. Food concentrations and season affect both the intercept and the slope of the allometric equation describing oxygen uptake as a function of body size. Multiple regression and response surface techniques are used to describe and illustrate the complex relationship between metabolic rate, ration, season and the body size of M. edulis. Filtration rate has a relatively low weight exponent Q> = 038) and the intercept for the allometric equation is not significantly affected by food concentration, season or acclimation temperatures between 5 and 20 °C. Food assimilation efficiency declines exponentially with increasing food concentration and is dependent on body size at high food levels. The rate of ammonia excretion shows a similar seasonal cycle to that of oxygen consumption. They are both minimal in the autumn/winter and reach a maximum in the spring /summer.

Physiological Ecology Of 2 Populations Of Mytilus-Edulis-L

Seasonal cycles in the rates of oxygen consumption, feeding, absorption efficiency and ammonia-nitrogen excretion in two populations of Mytilus edulis were measured in the field under ambient conditions and related to body size, the gametogenic cycle, the concentration of suspended particulate matter in the water and temperature. Relationships between the various physiological variables are also considered and protein and energy budgets estimated. Both the “scope for growth” and the “relative maintenance cost” were seasonally variable, demonstrating a minimum capacity for growth in the winter and a maximum capacity in the summer. In one population subjected to abnormally high temperatures in the winter the scope for growth was negative for four or five months between January and May. These population differences are discussed and the potential for using physiological integrations in intra-specific comparisons of fitness is identified.