Two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis involving capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis

Capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was on-line hyphenated by a dialysis interface to achieve a 2D capillary electrophoresis (CE) system. The system was used with just one high-voltage power supply and three electrodes (one cathode shared by the two dimensions). The focused zone in the first dimension (i.e. the cIEF) was driven to the dialysis interface by electroosmotic flow (EOF), besides chemical mobilization from the first anode to the shared cathode. And then in the second dimension (i.e. the CZE), the separated zone was further separated and driven by an inverted EOF, which originated from the charged layer of a cationic surfactant adsorbed onto the inner wall of the capillary. Finally, a solution of ribonuclease was rapidly separated to assess the feasibility of the two-dimensional CE implement. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of arsenic species by capillary zone electrophoresis with large-volume field-amplified stacking injection

Determination of arsenic species by large-volume field amplified stacking injection-capillary zone electrophoresis (LV-FASI-CZE) is reported in this paper. Whole column injection was employed. The optimum buffer pH for the separation of weak acids was discussed. It was found that the optimum buffer to analyze the stacked arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA) was 25 mm phosphate at pH 6.5. However, the optimum buffer to analyze the concentrated arsenite (As(III)) was 20 mm phosphate - 10 mm borate at pH 9.28. The limits of detection of the method developed were 0.026 mg/L for As(III), 0.023 mg/L for As(V), 0.043 mg/L for MMA, and 0.018 mg/L for DMA. An enrichment factor of 34-100 for several arsenic species was obtained. In the end, this method was applied to determine the arsenic concentration in the environmental reference materials to show the usefulness of the method developed.

Quantitative evaluation of the interaction between pUC19DNA and ovalbumin by capillary zone electrophoresis

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used to study the interaction between pUC19DNA (pUC19) and ovalbumin (Ova). Samples containing pUC19 and Ova at various ratios were incubated at room temperature and were then separated by CZE with tris-acetate buffer at pH 7.2. Reduction in ultraviolet (UV) absorbance of pUC19 was due to the decrease of free pUC19 after binding to Ova. The binding constant of the interaction calculated from the Scatchard plot was (1.46+/-0.15) x 10(5) M-1. The use of polyacrylamide-coated capillary showed better effects than that of uncoated capillary. The results show that it is important to keep a constant ionic strength in the samples in order to obtain accurate quantitative data in binding assays by CZE.

Interaction between netropsin and double-stranded DNA in capillary zone electrophoresis and affinity capillary electrophoresis

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) were applied to study the interaction between netropsin and a 14mer double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The use of a polyacrylamide coated capillary can suppress the electroosmotic flow (EOF) and the adsorption of DNA onto the wall. Better analysis of the DNA was achieved in a coated capillary upon Tris-acetate. In CZE, the peak width broadened due to the affinity interaction between dsDNA and netropsin. In ACE, o-toluic acid, a negatively charged molecule was used as the indicator to monitor the changes of EOF when netropsin was added to the running buffer. The 14mer dsDNA showed different mobilities upon various concentrations of netropsin due to the affinity interaction between the dsDNA and netropsin. The binding constants of this interaction were (1.07 +/- 0.10) . 10(5) M-1 calculated from CZE and (4.75 +/- 0.30) . 10(4) M-1 from ACE using a Scatchard plot. The binding stoichiometry was 1:1 calculated from CZE which was superior to ACE in this study. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Climate change, sea level rise and integrated coastal zone management: An IPCC approach

Expansion of economic activities, urbanisation, increased resource use and population growth are continuously increasing the vulnerability of the coastal zone. This vulnerability is now further raised by the threat of climate change and accelerated sea level rise. The potentially severe impacts force policy-makers to also consider long-term planning for climate change and sea level rise. For reasons of efficiency and effectiveness this long-term planning should be integrated with existing short-term plans, thus creating an Integrated Coastal Zone Management programme. As a starting point for coastal zone management, the assessment of a country's or region's vulnerability to accelerated sea level rise is of utmost importance. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has developed a common methodology for this purpose. Studies carried out according to this Common Methodology have been compared and combined, from which general conclusions on local, regional and global vulnerability have been drawn, the latter in the form of a Global Vulnerability Assessment. In order to address the challenge of coping with climate change and accelerated sea level rise, it is essential to foresee the possible impacts, and to take precautionary action. Because of the long lead times needed for creating the required technical and institutional infrastructures, such action should be taken in the short term. Furthermore, it should be part of a broader coastal zone management and planning context. This will require a holistic view, shared by the different institutional levels that exist, along which different needs and interests should be balanced.

Essential elements of integrated coastal zone management

The coastal zone comprises a narrow strip of coastal lowlands and a vast area of coastal waters. While the coastal zone represents approximately 10% of the earth's surface, its coastal lowlands are inhabited by more than 50% of the world population. The coastal zone has become the major site for extensive and diverse economic activities. Many of the coastal developing countries depend heavily on the scarce coastal resources for their economic growth.

On the meaning of integration in coastal zone management

This paper discusses the definition and use of the term ‘integrated management’ in the context of coastal and ocean resources. It identifies several components which appear to be needed to establish an integrated management system for a large area subject to multiple use and jurisdiction. It suggests that the basis of integrated management should be a clear articulation of common purpose which addresses long term needs and vision. Once developed, this common purpose should be securely established to provide the setting against which sectoral and agencies managers and the community conduct and co-ordinate their activities.

The integration of coastal zone management into national development planning

The broad acceptance and collective commitment of countries to the tasks involved in the implementation of Agenda 21, Chapter 17, have profound implications vis-à-vis the interplay between coastal zone management (CZM) and national development planning (NDP). It appears that in many countries, CZM has evolved in isolation from the mainstream of national development processes. The paper examines various forms and elements for the effective integration of CZM into NDP.

Integration' in the US coastal zone management program

The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which the existing US Coastal Zone Management (CZM) program represents Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). The actions taken at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 as part of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) could eventually impact the policies of the US in such a way as to encourage better integration of US coastal and ocean management efforts.

燕儿沟流域水保治理措施优化配置示范研究

作为综合治理试验示范区 ,燕儿沟流域在水土保持技术措施配置中 ,坚持以土地利用结构调整为中心的综合治理方略 ,贯彻强化基本农田建设、退耕还林 (草 )的指导思想 ,强调降雨就近拦蓄 ,合理利用土地 ,减少水土流失 ,取得最大效益。同时 ,在配置实施过程中兼顾退耕与基本农田建设同步 ,发展粮食与水土保持同步的主导思想 ,探索生态环境建设的合理模式 ,并取得了可喜成效

Research on extracting method of micro-scale remote sensing information combination and application in coastal zone

973 Project of China [2006CB701305]; "863" Project of China [2009AA12Z148]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40971224]

Synthesis and structure of new low dimensional polymeric haloplumbate(II) complexes [Pb4Br12(C40H40N8)] and [Pb4Cl12(C40H40N8)]center dot H2O

New low dimensional polymeric haloplumbate(II) complexes of the dication of (4,4'-bis(imidazolyl-ylmethyl)biphenyl) were synthesised and their crystal structures determined. Complex 1, [Pb4Br12(C40H40N8)], has cis-edge-shared, octahedral, lead bromide double chains. In compound 2 [Pb4Cl12(C40H40N8)]center dot H2O, the inorganic chains are corner-shared, square pyramidal chains of lead chloride. In both compounds the organic ammoniums form regular layers that alternate with the inorganic chains.

Studies of the intermolecular DNA triplexes of C+center dot GC and T center dot AT triplets by electrospray ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Formation and stabilities of four 14-mer intermolecular DNA triplexes, consisting of third strands with repeating sequence CTCT, CCTT, CTT, or TTT, were studied by electrospray ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS) in the gas phase. The gas-phase stabilities of the triplexes were compared with their CD spectra and melting behaviors in solution, and parallel correlation between two phases were obtained. In the presence of 20 mm NH4+ (pH 5.5), the formation of the TTT triplex was not detected in both solution and the gas phase.

Nucleation and growth of CUSO4 center dot 5H(2)O crystals on the liquid state stearic acid Langmuir-Blodgett film

Oriented crystallization of CUSO4 center dot 5H(2)O on a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film of stearic acid has been studied in the temperature ranges of 73-68 degrees C and 53-20 degrees C, respectively. This is the first time that the LB film at temperature above its melting point has been served as a template to induce nucleation and growth of crystals. The experimental results demonstrated that the LB film in the liquid state has the ability of directing the nucleation and growth of crystals. Moreover, X-ray diffraction patterns of the as prepared crystals revealed that the orientation of the attached crystals on the LB film is affected by temperature greatly.

Extraction kinetics of thorium(IV) with primary amine N1923 in sulfate media using a constant interfacial cell with laminar flow

Extraction kinetics of thorium(IV) with primary amine N1923 in sulfate media has been investigated by a constant interfacial cell with laminar flow. Studies of interfacial tension and effects of the stirring rate, temperature, and specific interfacial area on mass transfer rate show that the most probable reaction zone takes place at the liquid-liquid interface. According to the experimental data correlated as a function of the concentration of the relevant species involved in the extraction reaction, the rate equation of extracting thorium has been obtained as follows: -d[Th(IV)]((o))/dt = 10(-3.10)center dot[Th(IV)](0.89)center dot[(RNH3)(2)SO4](0.74).