Application of gel-casting to the fabrication of 1-3 piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites for high-frequency ultrasound devices

A modified gel-casting technique was used to fabricate a 1-3 piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composite substrate formed by irregular-shaped pillar arrays of small dimensions and kerfs. This technique involves the polymerization of aqueous piezoelectric (PZT) suspensions with added water-soluble epoxy resin and polyamine-based hardener that lead to high strength, high density and resilient ceramic bodies. Soft micromoulding was used to shape the ceramic segments, and micropillars with lateral features down to 4 m and height-to-width aspect ratios of ∼10 were achieved. The composite exhibited a clear thickness resonance mode at approximately 70 MHz and a k eff ∼ 0.51, demonstrating that the ceramic micropillars possess good electrical properties. Furthermore, gel-casting allows the fabrication of ceramic structures with non-conventional shapes; hence, device design is not limited by the standard fabrication methods. This is of particular benefit for high-frequency transducers where the critical design dimensions are reduced. © 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Isothermal and nonisothermal transition kinetics of trans-1,4-polybutadiene

Analysis of the isothermal and nonisothermal transitions of hexagonal crystal formation from the melt (transition 1) and of monoclinic crystal formation from hexagonal crystals (transition 2) for trans-1,4-polybutadiene (TPBD) was carefully carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Isothermal transitions I and 2 are described by Avrami exponents (n) of approximate to1, whereas nonisothermal transitions I and 2 are described by n approximate to 4. These different eta values indicate that different crystallization mechanisms took place for different crystallization driving forces under isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization. The Ozawa equation was also used to analyze the nonisothermal crystallization data. For transition I at lower temperature, the Ozawa equation fits the data well; however, at higher temperature, there is an inflection that shifts to lower crystallinity with increasing temperature. Inflections are also observed with the Ozawa analysis for transition 2. Furthermore, the crystallinities at the turning points are almost in the same range as those determined by Avrami analysis for nonisothermal transitions I and 2, which suggests that the Ozawa analysis inflections are due to secondary crystallization. However, TEM revealed no morphology discrepancy between the TPBD hexagonal crystals formed from melt by isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization.

A novel way to enhance electroluminescence performance based on soluble binary and ternary europium 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonate

Five rare earth complexes (Gd(acae)(3), Gd(TFacaC)(3), Eu(acaC)(3), Eu(TFacaC)(3) and Eu(TFacaC)(3)bipy; acac, acetylacetone; TFacac, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetone; bipy, 2,2'-bipyridyl) were synthesized. By comparing the phosphorescence spectra of Gd(acac)(3) and Gd(TFacac)(3) the effect of the replacement of hydrogen by fluorine was examined. Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on the corresponding europium complexes as emissive layers were also fabricated by the spin-coating method. The triple-layer-type device with the structure glass substrate/ITO (indium-tin oxide)/PVK [poly(N-vinylcarbazole)]/(PVKEu)-Eu-.(TFacac)(3)bipy:PBD[2-(4-bibipyyl)-5-(4-t-butylbipyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole)]/PBD/Al (aluminum) exhibits a brighter red luminescence than those devices with Eu(acac)(3) and Eu(TFacac)(3) complexes as emissive centers upon applying a d.c. voltage.

Networks with hexagonal circuits in co-ordination polymers of metal ions (Zn-II, Cd-II) with 1,1 '-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(imidazole)

Three new compounds, [ZnL1.5(H2O)(SO4)]. 6H(2)O 1, [ZnL1.5(H2O)(2)][NO3](2). 2H(2)O 2 and [CdL1.5(H2O)(2)(SO4)]. 4H(2)O 3 were obtained from self-assembly of the corresponding metal salts with 1,1'-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(imidazole) (L). In both 1 and 2 zinc ion is five-co-ordinated, showing a less-common trigonal bipyramidal co-ordination polyhedron, while cadmium ion of 3 is six-co-ordinated with a common octahedral arrangement. The sulfate ions of 1 and 3 are co-ordinated, however the nitrate ions of 2 are not. Each of the three compounds is composed of a (6, 3) network with the hexagonal smallest circuit containing six metal ions and six L; each L is co-ordinated to two metal ions, acting as a bridging ligand. In 1 the 2-D sheet of (6, 3) networks is interpenetrated in an inclined mode by symmetry related, identical sheets to give an interlocked 3-D structure, while the (6, 3) networks of both 2 and 3 stack in a parallel fashion to construct frameworks having channels.

Studies on the structure of tricyclohexyltin-2-(1,2-dithioethylene)methylene-3-oxo-5-aryl-4-pentenicate

Three title compounds were prepared and the structure of title compound 2 was characterized by IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, Sn-119 NMR spectroscopy and the crystal structure of compound 2a was determined by X-ray analysis with the final R indices[I >2 sigma (I)] R-1 = 0.0350 and R-2,R-omega = 0.0888. The crystal of compound 2a belongs to triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 1.0598(6) nm, b = 1.307 4(10) nm, c = 1.378 6(10) nm, alpha = 62.666(7)degrees, beta = 72.530(2)degrees, gamma = 80. 680(2)degrees, V = 1.618 0 nm(3), D-x = 1. 444 g (.) cm(-3), Z = 1, F (000) = 728. The bond length of Sn1-O1 is 0. 2076 nm and Sn1 . . . O2 distance is 0.301 3 nm. The coordination about the tin atom can be considered as a distorted tetrahedral. The detail values of H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, Sn-119 NMR, (2)J(119Sn-1H) and J(119Sn-13C) were obtained. delta (119Sn) = 23.836, (2)J(119Sn-1H) = 88.0 Hz, (1)J(119Sn-13C) = 347.1 Hz, (2)J(119Sn-13C) = 45.6 Hz.

Pre-column derivatization of amines with 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-isopropyl chloroformate followed by LC-fluorescence and LC-APCI-MS

A pre-column derivatization method for the sensitive determination of amines using the labeling reagent 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-isopropyl chloroformate (BCIC-Cl) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been developed. Identification of derivatives is carried out by high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCl-MS-MS). The chromophore of 2-(9-carbazole)-ethyl chloroformate (CEOC) reagent is replaced by 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-isopropyl functional group, which results in a sensitive fluorescence derivatizing reagent BCIC-Cl. BCIC-Cl can easily and quickly label amines. Derivatives are stable enough to be efficiently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and show an intense protonated molecular ion corresponding m/z [MH](+) under APCl in positive-ion mode. The collision-induced dissociation of protonated molecular ion formed a product at m/z 260 corresponding to the cleavage of CH2-OCO bond. Studies on derivatization demonstrate excellent derivative yields over the pH 9.0-10.0. Maximal yields close to 100% are observed with a 3 to 4-fold molar reagent excess. In addition, the detection responses for BCIC derivatives are compared with those obtained using CEOC and FMOC as derivatization reagents. The ratios of l(BCIC)/l(CEOC) and l(BCIC)/l(FMOC) are, respectively, 1.23-3.14 and 1.25-3.08 for fluorescent (FL) responses (here, l is relative fluorescence intensity). Separation of the derivatized amines had been optimized on reversed-phase Eclipse XDB-C-8 column. Detection limits are calculated from 1.0 pmol injection, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, are 10.6-37.8 fmol. The mean interday accuracy ranges from 94 to 105% for fluorescence detection with the largest mean %CV < 7.5. The mean interday precision for all standards is < 6.0% of the expected concentration. Excellent linear responses are observed with coefficients of > 0.9997.

Estudo de hábitos de higiene oral em crianças da Escola do 1º ciclo com Jardim de Infância de Sousel

Monografia apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Medicina Dentária

Structure and denaturation of 4-chlorobenzoyl coenzyme A dehalogenase from Arthrobacter sp. strain TM-1

The secondary structure of the trimeric protein 4-chlorobenzoyl coenzyme A dehalogenase from Arthrobacter sp. strain TM-1, the second of three enzymes involved in the dechlorination of 4-chlorobenzoate to form 4-hydroxybenzoate, has been examined. E(mM) for the enzyme was 12.59. Analysis by circular dichroism spectrometry in the far uv indicated that 4-chlorobenzoyl coenzyme A dehalogenase was composed mostly of alpha-helix (56%) with lesser amounts of random coil (21%), beta-turn (13%) and beta-sheet (9%). These data are in close agreement with a computational prediction of secondary structure from the primary amino acid sequence, which indicated 55.8% alpha-helix, 33.7% random coil and 10.5% beta-sheet; the enzyme is, therefore, similar to the 4-chlorobenzoyl coenzyme A dehalogenase from Pseudomonas sp. CBS-3. The three-dimensional structure, including that of the presumed active site, predicted by computational analysis, is also closely similar to that of the Pseudomonas dehalogenase. Study of the stability and physicochemical properties revealed that at room temperature, the enzyme was stable for 24 h but was completely inactivated by heating to 60 degrees C for 5 min; thereafter by cooling at 1 degrees C min(-1) to 45 degrees C, 20.6% of the activity could be recovered. Mildly acidic (pH 5.2) or alkaline (pH 10.1) conditions caused complete inactivation, but activity was fully recovered on returning the enzyme to pH 7.4. Circular dichroism studies also indicated that secondary structure was little altered by heating to 60 degrees C, or by changing the pH from 7.4 to 6.0 or 9.2. Complete, irreversible destruction of, and maximal decrease in the fluorescence yield of the protein at 330-350 nm were brought about by 4.5 M urea or 1.1 M guanidinium chloride. Evidence was obtained to support the hypothetical three-dimensional model, that residues W140 and W167 are buried in a non-polar environment, whereas W182 appears at or close to the surface of the protein. At least one of the enzymes of the dehalogenase system (the combined 4-chlorobenzoate:CoA ligase, the dehalogenase and 4-hydroxybenzoyl coenzyme A thioesterase) appears to be capable of association with the cell membrane.

Downregulation of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 inhibits CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11; also named PITSLRE) is part of the large family of p34(cdc2)-related kinases whose functions appear to be linked with cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis, and apoptotic signaling. The mechanism that CDK11(p58) induces apoptosis is not clear. Some evidences suggested beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (beta1,4-GT 1) might participate in apoptosis induced by CDK11(p58). In this study, we demonstrated that ectopically expressed beta1,4-GT 1 increased CDK11(p58)-mediated apoptosis induced by cycloheximide (CHX). In contrast, RNAi-mediated knockdown of beta1,4-GT 1 effectively inhibited apoptosis induced by CHX in CDK11(p58)-overexpressing cells. For example, the cell morphological and nuclear changes were reduced; the loss of cell viability was prevented and the number of cells in sub-G1 phase was decreased. Knock down of beta1,4-GT 1 also inhibited the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and caspase-3 processing. Therefore, the cleavage of CDK11(p58) by caspase-3 was reduced. We proposed that beta1,4-GT 1 might contribute to the pro-apoptotic effect of CDK11(p58). This may represent a new mechanism of beta1,4-GT 1 in CHX-induced apoptosis of CDK11(p58)-overexpressing cells.

Voltammetry of oxygen in the room-temperature ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide and hexyltriethylammonium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide: One-electron reduction to form superoxide. Steady-state and transient behavior in the same cyclic voltammogram resulting from widely different diffusion coefficients of oxygen and superoxide

The electrochemical reduction of oxygen in two different room-temperature ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][N(Tf)(2)]) and hexyltriethylammonium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide ([N-6222][N(Tf)(2)]) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry at a gold microdisk electrode. Chronoamperometric measurements were made to determine the diffusion coefficient, D, and concentration, c, of the electroactive oxygen dissolved in the ionic liquid by fitting experimental transients to the Aoki model. [Aoki, K.; et al. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1981, 122, 19]. A theory and simulation designed for cyclic voltammetry at microdisk electrodes was then employed to determine the diffusion coefficient of the electrogenerated superoxide species, O-2(.-), as well as compute theoretical voltammograms to confirm the values of D and c for neutral oxygen obtained from the transients. As expected, the diffusion coefficient of the superoxide species was found to be smaller than that of the oxygen in both ionic liquids. The diffusion coefficients of O-2 and O-2(.-) in [N-6222][N(Tf)(2)], however, differ by more than a factor of 30 (D-O2 = 1.48 x 10(-10) m(2) s(-1), DO2.- = 4.66 x 10(-12) m(2) s(-1)), whereas they fall within the same order of magnitude in [EMIM][N(Tf)(2)] (D-O2 = 7.3 x 10(-10) m(2) s(-1), DO2.- = 2.7 x 10(-10) m(2) s(-1)). This difference in [N-6222][N(Tf)(2)] causes pronounced asymmetry in the concentration distributions of oxygen and superoxide, resulting in significant differences in the heights of the forward and back peaks in the cyclic voltammograms for the reduction of oxygen. This observation is most likely a result of the higher viscosity of [N-6222][N(Tf)(2)] in comparison to [EMIM][N(Tf)(2)], due to the structural differences in cationic component.

Evaluation of an algorithm to guide patients with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on how to respond to real-time continuous glucose levels:A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE - To evaluate an algorithm guiding responses of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)-treated type 1 diabetic patients using real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Sixty CSII-treated type 1 diabetic participants (aged 13-70 years, including adult and adolescent subgroups, with A1C =9.5%) were randomized in age-, sex-, and A1C-matched pairs. Phase 1 was an open 16-week multicenter randomized controlled trial. Group A was treated with CSII/RT-CGM with the algorithm, and group B was treated with CSII/RT-CGM without the algorithm. The primary outcome was the difference in time in target (4-10 mmol/l) glucose range on 6-day masked CGM. Secondary outcomes were differences in A1C, low (=3.9 mmol/l) glucose CGM time, and glycemic variability. Phase 2 was the week 16-32 follow-up. Group A was returned to usual care, and group B was provided with the algorithm. Glycemia parameters were as above. Comparisons were made between baseline and 16 weeks and 32 weeks. RESULTS - In phase 1, after withdrawals 29 of 30 subjects were left in group A and 28 of 30 subjects were left in group B. The change in target glucose time did not differ between groups. A1C fell (mean 7.9% [95% CI 7.7-8.2to 7.6% [7.2-8.0]; P <0.03) in group A but not in group B (7.8% [7.5-8.1] to 7.7 [7.3-8.0]; NS) with no difference between groups. More subjects in group A achieved A1C =7% than those in group B (2 of 29 to 14 of 29 vs. 4 of 28 to 7 of 28; P = 0.015). In phase 2, one participant was lost from each group. In group A, A1C returned to baseline with RT-CGM discontinuation but did not change in group B, who continued RT-CGM with addition of the algorithm. CONCLUSIONS - Early but not late algorithm provision to type 1 diabetic patients using CSII/RT-CGM did not increase the target glucose time but increased achievement of A1C =7%. Upon RT-CGM cessation, A1C returned to baseline. © 2010 by the American Diabetes Association.

Toluene dioxygenase-catalysed oxidation route to angular cis-monohydrodiols and other bioproducts from bacterial metabolism of 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobutene and derivatives

A mutant strain (UV4) of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida, containing toluene dioxygenase, has been used in the metabolic oxidation of 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobutene 12 dagger and the related substrates 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobuten-1-ol 13 and biphenylene 33. Stable angular cis-monohydrodiol metabolites (1R,2S)-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-3,5-diene-1,2 7, (1S,2S,8S)-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-3,5-diene-1,2,8-triol 8 and biphenylene-cis-1,8b-diol 9, isolated from each of these substrates, have been structurally and stereochemically assigned. The structure, enantiopurity and absolute configuration of the other cis-diol metabolites, (2R,3S)-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1(6),4-diene-2,3-diol 14 and cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobutene 16, and the benzylic oxidation bioproducts, 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobuten-1-ol 13, 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobuten-1-one 15 and 2-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobuten-1-one 17, obtained from 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobutene and 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobuten-1-ol, have been determined with the aid of chiral stationary-phase HPLC, NMR and CD spectroscopy, and stereochemical correlation. X-Ray crystallographic methods have been used in the determination of absolute configuration of the di-camphanates 27 (from diol 7) and 32 (from diol 9), and the di-MTPA ester 29 (from diol 14) of the corresponding cis-diol metabolites. The metabolic sequence involved in the formation of bioproducts derived from 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobutene 12 has been investigated.

Mobile Books: Effect of Engagement on Students’ Motivation and Cognitive Strategy Use

This mixed methods research explores the role of reading engagement in 30 grade 1 students’ motivation to read mobile electronic storybooks (eBooks) and cognitive strategies used during eBook reading. Data collection comprised motivation and parent questionnaires, behavioural observation checklists, cognitive strategies rubric, and teacher interviews. Students’ emotional engagement with and enjoyment of mobile eBooks corresponded to 4 motivational aspects of intrinsic motivation: curiosity, control, choice, and challenge. Post-intervention results indicated that most student participants enjoyed answering eBook comprehension questions and preferred eBooks to print books; by the end of the study, all had access to a mobile device at home. A majority of participants were actively engaged during mobile eBook reading sessions and persisted in answering embedded eBook comprehension questions, which together reflected students’ behavioural engagement and time-on-task during mobile reading. Students’ off-task behaviours related to iPads’ accessibility features and inherent reader-friendliness. All participants successfully answered evaluative questions requiring them to activate prior knowledge, and experienced higher levels of difficulty with making personal connections. The study highlights the importance of making school-based literacy practices relevant to students’ outside worlds, and discusses implications for teacher educators, administrators, curriculum developers, and eBook and other digital developers concerning the need for greater collaboration in order to more closely align technology resources with national curriculum expectations.

Deletion of the RNR4 gene causes hyperresistance to the carcinogen 4-NQO in the yeast model

La stabilité génomique, qui est essentielle à la vie, est possible grâce à la réplication et la réparation de l’ADN. Une des enzymes responsables de la réplication et de la réparation de l’ADN est la ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), qui est retrouvée chez la levure et chez l’humain. Cette enzyme catalyse la formation de déoxyribonucléotides et maintien le pool de dNTP requis pour la réparation et la réplication de l’ADN. L’enzyme RNR est un tétramère α2β2 constitué d’une grande (R1, α2) et d’une petite (R2, β2) sous-unité. Chez S. cerevisiae, les gènes RNR1 et RNR3 encodent la sous-unité α2 (R1). L’activité catalytique de RNR dépend d’une interaction avec le fer et de la formation d’un complexe entre R1 et R2. L’expression de toutes les sous-unités est inductible par les dommages causés à l’ADN. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons que des cellules qui n’expriment pas une des sous-unités, Rnr4, du complexe RNR sont sensibles à divers agents endommageant l’ADN, tels que le méthyl méthane sulfonate, la bléomycine, le péroxyde d’hydrogène et les rayons ultraviolets (UVC 254 nm). Au contraire, le mutant est résistant au 4-nitroquinoline-1- oxide (4-NQO), un composé qui engendre des lésions encombrantes. Par conséquent, le mutant rnr4Δ démontre une réduction marquée en mutations induites par le 4-NQO comparativement à la souche parentale. Nous voulions identifier la voie de réparation de l’ADN qui conférait cette résistance au 4-NQO ainsi que les protéines impliquées. Les voies BER, NER et MMR n’ont pas aboli la résistance au 4-NQO de la souche rnr4Δ. La protéine recombinante Rad51 ne joue pas un rôle critique dans la réparation de l’ADN et dans la résistance au 4-NQO. La délétion du gène REV3, qui encode une polymérase de contournement, impliquée dans la réparation post-réplication, a partiellement aboli la résistance au 4-NQO dans rnr4Δ. Ces résultats suggèrent que la polymérase Rev3 et possiblement d’autres polymérases translésion (Rev1, Rev7, Rad30) pourraient être impliquées dans la réparation de lésions encombrantes dans l’ADN dans des conditions de carence en dNTP. La réparation de l’ADN, un mécanisme complexe chez la levure, implique une vaste gamme de protéines, dont certaines encore inconnues. Nos résultats indiquent qu’il y aurait plus qu’une protéine impliquée dans la résistance au 4-NQO. Des investigations plus approfondies seront nécessaires afin de comprendre la recombinaison et la réparation post-réplication.

4,5-Dihydro-1,3-dioxepine als chirale Bausteine in der enantioselektiven organischen Synthese

Durch asymmetrische Doppelbindungsisomerisierung mittels Me-DuPHOS-modifizierter Dihalogen-Nickel-Komplexe als Katalysatorvorstufen lassen sich aus 2-Alkyl-4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepinen hochenantiomerenreine 2-Alkyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-dioxepine erhalten. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die bisher noch unbekannte Absolutkonfiguration dieses Verbindungstyps zu bestimmen und darüber hinaus ihre Einsatzfähigkeit in der enantioselektiven organischen Synthese zu untersuchen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden enantiomerenangereichertes 2-Isopropyl- und 2-tert-Butyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-dioxepin mit m-Chlorperbenzoesäure epoxidiert. Dabei bildeten sich die entsprechenden 3-Chlorbenzoesäure-(2-alkyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxepan-4yl)-ester in hohen Ausbeuten und Diastereoselektivitäten. Von den vier zu erwartenden Diastereomeren wurden jeweils nur zwei mit einer Selektivität von mehr als 95:5 gebildet. Im Fall des 3-Chlorbenzoesäure-(2-isopropyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxepan-4yl)-esters konnte das Haupt-diastereomer kristallin erhalten werden. Durch röntgenspektroskopische Untersuchung war es möglich, die Relativ-Konfiguration dieser Verbindung zu bestimmen. Die Ester lassen sich unter Ringverengung in 2-Alkyl-1,3-dioxan-4-carbaldehyde umlagern. Ausgehend von diesen Carbaldehyden stehen zwei Synthesewege zur Verfügung, welche zu Verbindungen führen deren Absolutkonfiguration bereits bekannt ist. So erhält man durch Reduktion 2-Alkyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl-methanole, welche sich in 1,2,4-Butantriol überführen lassen. Oxidation ergibt die 2-Alkyl-1,3-dioxan-4-carbonsäuren, aus denen 3-Hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-on gewonnen werden kann. Messung des Drehwertes dieser beiden literaturbekannten Verbindungen liefert nicht nur Information über deren Enantiomerenreinheit sondern ebenfalls über die Konfiguration ihres Stereozentrums. In Kombination mit der Relativ-Konfiguration des Esters ist somit ein Rückschluss auf die Absolutkonfiguration der eingesetzten 4,5-Dihydro-1,3-dioxepine möglich. Die auf den beschriebenen Wegen gewonnenen Substanzen finden Anwendung in der stereoselektiven organischen Synthese. Löst man die Chlorbenzoesäureester in Dichlormethan und behandelt sie mit wässriger Salzsäure, so entstehen die bicyclischen 2-Alkyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxole. Auch bei diesen Verbindungen konnten hohe Enantio- und Diastereoselektivitäten erzielt werden. Der intermolekular verlaufende Reaktionsmechanismus der Bicyclus-Bildung, welcher unter Abspaltung eines den Alkylrest tragenden Aldehyds und dessen Neuanlagerung unter Ausbildung eines Acetals verläuft, konnte in dieser Arbeit durch ein Kreuzungsexperiment bestätigt werden. Umacetalisierung der Bicyclen liefert 2-Methoxytetrahydrofuran-3-ol, aus dem durch Acetalspaltung Tetrahydrofuran-2,3-diol erhalten wird, das die Halbacetalform der entsprechenden Desoxytetrose darstellt, die auf diese Weise in einer de novo-Synthese hergestellt werden kann.