Educação, política e militância na jesuíta Antônio Vieira

Esta é uma análise do Sermão da Sexagésima, proferido pelo padre Antônio Vieira em1655, na Capela Real da cidade de Lisboa, Portugal. Aborda os problemas da perseguição dos jesuítas na província do Maranhão no Brasil Colônia, porque defendiam as populações indígenas exploradas economicamente por colonos e proprietários de terra. Vieira discorre sobre o significado da prédica como ação militante. Este artigo trata o referido sermão como um texto clássico da ciência política moderna e estabelece uma terminologia própria: o termo sermão é empregado como parte de uma teoria política; o termo pregação é entendido como ação política orientada ou militância propriamente dita. Neste contexto, é possível interrogar-se acerca dos significados de uma educação militante que se dê por meio de estratégias didáticas da socialização da teoria.

Agricultura e integración: potencialidades de la CAN frente a la crisis mundial

La crisis alimentaria mundial de 2007-2008 marca una nueva etapa en la inseguridad alimentaria mundial y presenta una naturaleza bien distinta a la de crisis anteriores. Dos son las principales características que definen la naturaleza de la actual crisis alimentaria mundial: factores de corto plazo y factores estructurales o de largo plazo. Esta compleja naturaleza de la actual crisis alimentaria estuvo en la raíz de la enorme dificultad de los Gobiernos y de las instituciones internacionales para afrontar la crisis y aliviar los impactos negativos sobre la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Algunos de los factores que inciden en la crisis están en manos de los Gobiernos, como las políticas, pero otros son muy volátiles y no están en sus manos sino que son dirigidos por los mercados. En los mercados de Sudamérica, aquellos países ricos en materias primas, la crisis se presenta como una oportunidad para el crecimiento sostenido y la posibilidad de pasar a una producción con mayor valor agregado: de las materias primas a la agroindustria. El desafío en Sudamérica hoy por hoy es crecer sostenidamente, al tiempo que se enfrentan las nuevas condiciones globales y regionales. Dentro de Sudamérica han existido, por muchas décadas, iniciativas de integración subregional que buscan profundizar el comercio agrícola. Según la FAO y ALADI una de las regiones que se vería menos afectada es la zona andina (con excepción de Bolivia y Ecuador que tienen mayor grado de vulnerabilidad). Es dentro de ese escenario de desarrollo rural e integración donde se plantean potencialidades que tiene la CAN para enfrentar la crisis alimentaria, mediante políticas compartidas en el sector agrícola que permita mejorar las convergencias de la subregión andina para alcanzar acuerdos mínimos de cooperación, tales como: Organismo Supranacional, Comité de Monitoreo de precios, Intercambio de tecnología e investigación, Ventajas competitivas y Aumento de la Productividad.

¿Quiénes sostienen la alimentación en Ecuador?: un derecho aún no resuelto

Hablar del derecho a la alimentación (DaA) va más allá de la medición de los índices de nutrición que reflejarían de esta manera la situación alimentaria en el país, implica el cumplimiento de las condiciones necesarias en el entorno de los seres humanos para que este derecho pueda ser ejercido a cabalidad. Según las Directrices Voluntarias del Derecho a la Alimentación establecidas por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), implica el acceso a la tierra, agua, tecnología, crédito, trabajo, participación en la elaboración de leyes, entre otras. FIAN Ecuador como parte de la vigilancia del cumplimiento de este derecho en el país ha realizado el seguimiento de algunas de estas directrices desde una perspectiva de género en las políticas gubernamentales y sus impactos en las condiciones de vida de la población, de manera más específica en las mujeres.

¿Quiénes sostienen la alimentación en Ecuador?: un derecho aún no resuelto

Analiza los índices de nutrición que pueden reflejar la situación alimentaria en el país, implica el cumplimiento de las condiciones necesarias en el entorno de los seres humanos para que este derecho pueda ser ejercido a cabalidad. Según las Directrices Voluntarias del Derecho a la Alimentación establecidas por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), implica el acceso a la tierra, agua, tecnología, crédito, trabajo, participación en la elaboración de leyes, entre otras. FIAN Ecuador como parte de la vigilancia del cumplimiento de este derecho en el país ha realizado el seguimiento de algunas de estas directrices desde una perspectiva de género en las políticas gubernamentales y sus impactos en las condiciones de vida de la población, de manera más específica en las mujeres.

Predicted soil organic carbon stocks and changes in the Brazilian Amazon between 2000 and 2030

Currently we have little understanding of the impacts of land use change on soil C stocks in the Brazilian Amazon. Such information is needed to determine impacts'6n the global C cycle and the sustainability of agricultural systems that are replacing native forest. The aim of this study was to predict soil carbon stocks and changes in the Brazilian Amazon during the period between 2000 and 2030, using the GEFSOC soil carbon (C) modelling system. In order to do so, we devised current and future land use scenarios for the Brazilian Amazon, taking into account: (i) deforestation, rates from the past three decades, (ii) census data on land use from 1940 to 2000, including the expansion and intensification of agriculture in the region, (iii) available information on management practices, primarily related to well managed pasture versus degraded pasture and conventional systems versus no-tillage systems for soybean (Glycine max) and (iv) FAO predictions on agricultural land use and land use changes for the years 2015 and 2030. The land use scenarios were integrated with spatially explicit soils data (SOTER database), climate, potential natural vegetation and land management units using the recently developed GEFSOC soil C modelling system. Results are presented in map, table and graph form for the entire Brazilian Amazon for the current situation (1990 and 2000) and the future (2015 and 2030). Results include soil organic C (SOC) stocks and SOC stock change rates estimated by three methods: (i) the Century ecosystem model, (ii) the Rothamsted C model and (iii) the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) method for assessing soil C at regional scale. In addition, we show estimated values of above and belowground biomass for native vegetation, pasture and soybean. The results on regional SOC stocks compare reasonably well with those based on mapping approaches. The GEFSOC system provided a means of efficiently handling complex interactions among biotic-edapho-climatic conditions (> 363,000 combinations) in a very large area (similar to 500 Mha) such as the Brazilian Amazon. All of the methods used showed a decline in SOC stock for the period studied; Century and RothC simulated values for 2030 being about 7% lower than those in 1990. Values from Century and RothC (30,430 and 25,000 Tg for the 0-20 cm layer for the Brazilian Amazon region were higher than those obtained from the IPCC system (23,400 Tg in the 0-30 cm layer). Finally; our results can help understand the major biogeochemical cycles that influence soil fertility and help devise management strategies that enhance the sustainability of these areas and thus slow further deforestation. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Kasparov-World Match

The Kasparov-World match was initiated by Microsoft with sponsorship from the bank First USA. The concept was that Garry Kasparov as White would play the rest of the world on the Web: one ply would be played per day and the World Team was to vote for its move. The Kasparov-World game was a success from many points of view. It certainly gave thousands the feeling of facing the world’s best player across the board and did much for the future of the game. Described by Kasparov as “phenomenal ... the most complex in chess history”, it is probably a worthy ‘Greatest Game’ candidate. Computer technology has given chess a new mode of play and taken it to new heights: the experiment deserves to be repeated. We look forward to another game and experience of this quality although it will be difficult to surpass the event we have just enjoyed. We salute and thank all those who contributed - sponsors, moderator, coaches, unofficial analysts, organisers, technologists, voters and our new friends.

Features of the Atlantic diet and its healthiness: Theory and evidence from social science

In order to understand diets, why and how they change and can be influenced, it is important to understand how food choices are made. The has been the subject of, considerable study within many of the social science disciplines and the humanities. The paper draws on the theoretical and empirical work of psychologists, sociologists, economists, market researchers, anthropologists, geographers and historians to understand better the forces behind food choice, derive some general empirical messages from the literature, to shed light on food choice in a European context and to address the question of whether there is, or has been, a recognisably Atlantic diet. The paper proceeds to analyse the characteristics of the food consumption patterns in the Atlantic diet countries, examines whether their food consumption patterns are homogenous (i.e. similar across the countries of this group), whether they are specific (i.e. different from the ones in other country groups) and finally evaluates the nutritional composition of the Atlantic diet against the WHO/FAO recommendations for a healthy and wholesome diet.

Stock assessment for fishery management - A framework guide to the stock assessment tools of the Fisheries Management Science Programme (FMSP)

This document provides guidelines for fish stock assessment and fishery management using the software tools and other outputs developed by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development's Fisheries Management Science Programme (FMSP) from 1992 to 2004. It explains some key elements of the precautionary approach to fisheries management and outlines a range of alternative stock assessment approaches that can provide the information needed for such precautionary management. Four FMSP software tools, LFDA (Length Frequency Data Analysis), CEDA (Catch Effort Data Analysis), YIELD and ParFish (Participatory Fisheries Stock Assessment), are described with which intermediary parameters, performance indicators and reference points may be estimated. The document also contains examples of the assessment and management of multispecies fisheries, the use of Bayesian methodologies, the use of empirical modelling approaches for estimating yields and in analysing fishery systems, and the assessment and management of inland fisheries. It also provides a comparison of length- and age-based stock assessment methods. A CD-ROM with the FMSP software packages CEDA, LFDA, YIELD and ParFish is included.

A value chain approach to animal diseases risk management: technical foundations and practical framework for field application

Classical risk assessment approaches for animal diseases are influenced by the probability of release, exposure and consequences of a hazard affecting a livestock population. Once a pathogen enters into domestic livestock, potential risks of exposure and infection both to animals and people extend through a chain of economic activities related to producing, buying and selling of animals and products. Therefore, in order to understand economic drivers of animal diseases in different ecosystems and to come up with effective and efficient measures to manage disease risks from a country or region, the entire value chain and related markets for animal and product needs to be analysed to come out with practical and cost effective risk management options agreed by actors and players on those value chains. Value chain analysis enriches disease risk assessment providing a framework for interdisciplinary collaboration, which seems to be in increasing demand for problems concerning infectious livestock diseases. The best way to achieve this is to ensure that veterinary epidemiologists and social scientists work together throughout the process at all levels.

Designing and implementing livestock value chain studies: a practical aid for Highly Pathogenic and Emerging Disease (HPED) control

Value chain studies, including production system and market chain studies, are essential to value chain analysis, which when coupled with disease risk analysis is a powerful tool to identify key constraints and opportunities for disease control based on risk management in a livestock production and marketing system. Several production system and market chain studies have been conducted to support disease control interventions in South East Asia. This practical aid summarizes experiences and lessons learned from the implementation of such value chain studies in South East Asia. Based on these experiences it prioritizes the required data for the respective purpose of a value chain study and recommends data collection as well as data analysis tools. This practical aid is intended as an adjunct to the FAO value chain approach and animal diseases risk management guidelines document. Further practical advice is provided for more effective use of value chain studies in South and South East Asia as part of animal health decision support.