DRIS Norms for Pera Orange

Chemical analysis of leaves is an effective tool for detecting nutritional imbalances and providing data for fertilizer recommendations. Therefore, it is extremely important to establish criteria for interpreting these results. The DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) method is an alternative to the interpretation of results of leaf analysis as it allows the calculation of indexes for each nutrient, using its relations with others and comparing them with a reference population. Thus, we aimed to establish preliminary DRIS norms, by both Beaufils's and Jones's methods, and to derive critical levels and nutrient sufficiency ranges in the leaf tissue for Pera orange, by studying a commercial crop in the growing conditions of the Sao Paulo state. The methods (Beaufils and Jones) differed in the limiting nutrients in the Pera orange orchard. The use of regional norms must be prioritized because of differences between the management methods applied. In the methods used, the nutrients that had a greater number of concordant cases in decreasing order: Mn > Mg > B > N > Cu > Fe > Zn > K > P > Ca. Amplitudes related to the DRIS methods used were narrower than the conventional literature.

Maternal Western Style Diet Increases Susceptibility to Chemically-Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in Female Rats Offspring

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A insurreição contestada: William Styron e As confissões de Nat Turner

This work presents intricacies of "truth" in the historical novel Confessions of Nat Turner, by William Styron, considering the point-of-view of the novel's narrator. When speaking about the black, Styron somehow keeps the white's perspective, and also perpetuates the distance created by the slavery and segregationist system of the United States of America.

A revisão do complexo de William Wilson em O médico e o monstro, de Robert Louis Stevenson

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Priestley-Taylor parameter α for the Amazon forest

Priestley and Taylor provided a practical formulation of the partitioning of net radiation between heat flux and evaporation contained within a parameter α. Their model (PTM) needs verification under a range of environmental conditions. Micrometeorological data sets collected over the Amazon forest at the Ducke Reserve site (2°57′S; 59°57′W) gave an opportunity to evaluate α. Evidence presented here and by others shows that there is pronounced diurnal variation in α, with minimum values around midday and maximum values in the morning and evening hours. During unstable and stable conditions in the daylight hours, the Bowen ratio (B) varied from 0.10 to 0.57 and -0.71 to -0.08, respectively, whereas α varied from 0.67 to 1.16 and 1.28 to 3.12, respectively. A mean value of α = 1.16±0.56 was obtained from daytime hourly values for two days. The daily data sets from three expeditions gave a mean of α = 1.03±0.13. This work confirms that α is a function of atmospheric stability over the Amazon forest. Thus the PTM should be applied with caution over time-intervals of one day or less because of the sensitivity to variation in α. The calculated values of α are in general agreement with those reported in literature. © 1991.

Taylor's power law for ecological communities: an explanation on nonextensive/nonlinear statistical grounds

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

William Boyce White, Jr. Papers - Accession 1488

The William Boyce White, Jr. Papers consists of his genealogical research as well as his research related to the history of York County and Rock Hill, SC. The papers also include records and manuscripts relating to several of his published works. Mr. White is a Rock Hill native and taught at the Winthrop Training School (WTS) from 1958-1965 and taught at Rock Hill High School following the closing of the high school portion of the WTS. He also taught in Clover before coming to Winthrop. He was the organist at First Presbyterian Church in Rock Hill from 1945 until he moved to Virginia. His interest in local history covers the Rock Hill train depot (included in the collection is a tintype of the original depot ca. 1860s), Colonel William Hill, the Catawba River, Catawba Indians, Rock Hill and York County schools, historic homes (includes several photographs, many of which were used by Elizabeth Reed in her long running series on historic homes in Rock HillEvening Herald), local churches, as well as Rock Hill, Fort Mill, Blackstocks, and York County in general. Of special interest is a copy of the Indian Land Chronicle dated January 21, 1859. Only three copies of the Chronicle are known to exist in the state of South Carolina. The genealogical research conducted by Mr. White covers many of the prominent names of York County and of South Carolina in general. Below is a list of the prominent family names covered in Mr. White’s research: Anderson; Bankhead; Barringer; Bell; Black; Button; Campbell; Carpenter; Coffey; Cowan; Crawford; Culp; Davis; Fennell; Fewell; Graham; Hanna; Hayes; Hill; Hutchison; Irwin/ Erwin; Johnson; Lee; Martin; Massey; McClain; McConnell; McCullough; McFadden; Miller; Mobley; Morrow; Neely; Neil; Patton; Pettus; Plexico/Plaxco; Rives; Robinson; Roddey; Setzer; Stephenson; Strait; Sturgis; Sutton; Templeton; Waggoner; Wallace; Wherry; White; Williams; Williamson; Workman; Wylie.

William Douglas Beer - Accession 290 - M123 (156)

The William Douglas Beer Journals collection consists of photocopied journals which are accounts of Mr. Beer’s preparation for and participation in World War I. The journal gives an account of the hardships of war and its effects on American soldiers. Willie Beer was born in Columbia, Missouri on September 20, 1891 and died on February 4, 1950.

William Joseph Miller Civil War Reminiscence - Accession 41 - M16 (26)

The collection consists of a photocopy of a typescript account of William Joseph Miller’s experiences as a soldier in the Confederate army, 12th Regiment, South Carolina Volunteers detailing his role in campaigns in South Carolina, Virginia and Maryland. Also included is a genealogy of William Joseph Miller’s family with his dates of birth and death and a photograph of Miller.

Whaling as Science

In an open letter published last year in the New York Times, 21 distinguished scientists (including three Nobel laureates) criticized Japan's program of scientific research whaling, noting its poor design and unjustified reliance upon lethal sampling. In a recent Forum article in BioScience, Aron, Burke, and Freeman (2002) castigate the letter's signers and accuse them of meddling in political issues without sufficient knowledge of the science involved in those issues.

A Memorial for William V. Sliter

William V. (Bill) Sliter, an internationally known micropaleontologist and research geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey, passed away suddenly, October, 1997, while talking to a colleague in his office. In his honor, B. Huber, T. Bralower, and M. Leckie organized a keynote symposium ‘‘Paleoecological and Geochemical Signatures of Cretaceous Anoxic Events’’ at the 1998 annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Toronto, Canada. This theme issue of the Journal of Foraminiferal Research contains the published papers from the symposium and is dedicated to his memory.

Subgroup-specific structural variation across 1,000 medulloblastoma genomes

Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, is currently treated with nonspecific cytotoxic therapies including surgery, whole-brain radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy. As medulloblastoma exhibits marked intertumoural heterogeneity, with at least four distinct molecular variants, previous attempts to identify targets for therapy have been underpowered because of small samples sizes. Here we report somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) in 1,087 unique medulloblastomas. SCNAs are common in medulloblastoma, and are predominantly subgroup-enriched. The most common region of focal copy number gain is a tandem duplication of SNCAIP, a gene associated with Parkinson's disease, which is exquisitely restricted to Group 4 alpha. Recurrent translocations of PVT1, including PVT1-MYC and PVT1-NDRG1, that arise through chromothripsis are restricted to Group 3. Numerous targetable SCNAs, including recurrent events targeting TGF-beta signalling in Group 3, and NF-kappa B signalling in Group 4, suggest future avenues for rational, targeted therapy.

Studio e caratterizzazione del colore rosso dell'epicarpo nella pera Max Red Bartlett, mutante della cv William

Durante il secolo scorso sono state individuate alcune mutazioni per il colore della buccia della varietà William che invece di essere giallo arriva a maturazione con diverse tonalità di colore rosso. L’intensità e la tipologia del fenotipo dovuto a questa mutazione mostra una variabilità all’interno dei diversi cloni rossi di questa cultivar: Max Red Bartlett, Rosired e Sensation. Questa mutazione è ereditabile e usando come genitore uno dei sopra-citati mutanti per il rosso sono state prodotte altre cultivar caratterizzate da buccia rossa come Cascade. Max Red Bartlett presenta una intensa colorazione rossa nelle prime fasi di maturazione per poi striarsi perdendo di lucentezza e non ricoprendo totalmente la superficie del frutto. Max Red Bartlett ha inoltre il problema di regressione del colore. Questa mutazione infatti non è stabile e dopo qualche anno può regredire e presentare il fenotipo di William. Diverso è invece lo sviluppo per esempio di Rosired che durante le prime fasi di accrescimento del frutto è identica a Williams (di colore verde con la parte del frutto rivolta verso il sole leggermente rossastra) per poi virare e mantenere un vivo colore rosso su tutta la superficie del frutto. Questa tesi si è proposta di caratterizzare questa mutazione che coinvolge in qualche modo la via biosintetica per la sintesi del colore. In particolare si è cercato di investigare sui probabili geni della via degli antociani coinvolti e in quale modo vengono espressi durante la maturazione del frutto, inoltre si è cercato di trovare quali specifiche molecole venissero diversamente sintetizzate. Le cultivar utilizzate sono state William e Max Red Bartlett. Di quest’ultima era già disponibile una mappa molecolare, ottenuta sulla popolazione di’incrocio di Abate Fetel (gialla) x MRB (rossa) con AFLP e SSR, quest’ultimi hanno permesso di denominare i diversi linkage group grazie alla sintenia con le altre mappe di pero e di melo. I semenzali appartenenti a questa popolazione, oltre a dimostrare l’ereditarietà del carattere, erano per il 50% gialli e 50% rossi. Questo ha permesso il mappaggio di questo carattere/mutazione che si è posizionato nel linkage group 4. Una ricerca in banca dati eseguita in parallelo ha permesso di trovare sequenze di melo dei geni coinvolti nella via biosintetica degli antociani (CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS e UFGT), sulle quali è stato possibile disegnare primer degenerati che amplificassero su DNA genomico di pero. Le amplificazioni hanno dato frammenti di lunghezza diversa. Infatti nel caso di F3H e DFR l’altissima omologia tra melo e pero ha permesso l’amplificazione quasi totale del gene, negli altri casi invece è stato necessario utilizzare primer sempre più vicini in modo da facilitare l’amplificazione. I frammenti ottenuti sono stati clonati sequenziati per confermare la specificità degli amplificati. Non sono stati evidenziati polimorfismi di sequenza in nessuna delle sei sequenze tra William e Max Red Bartlett e nessun polimorfismo con Abate, per questo motivo non è stato possibile mapparli e vedere se qualcuno di questi geni era localizzato nella medesima posizione in cui era stato mappato il “colore/mutazione”. Sulle le sequenze ottenute è stato possibile disegnare altri primer, questa volta specifici, sia per analisi d’espressione. Inizialmente è stato sintetizzato il cDNA dei geni suddetti per retrotrascrizione da RNA estratto sia da bucce sia da foglie appena germogliate (le quali presentano solo in questa fase una colorazione rossastra in MRB ma non in William). Al fine di osservare come varia l’espressione dei geni della via biosintetica delle antocianine durante la fase di maturazione dei frutti, sono stati fatti 4 campionamenti, il primo a 45gg dalla piena fioritura, poi a 60, 90, 120 giorni. Foglie e bucce sono state prelevate in campo e poste immediatamente in azoto liquido. Dai risultati con Real Time è emerso che vi è una maggiore espressione nelle prime fasi di sviluppo in Max Red Bartlett per poi calare enormemente in giugno. Si potrebbe ipotizzare che ci sia una reazione di feed back da parte della piante considerando che in questa fase il frutto non si accresce. I livelli di espressione poi aumentano verso la fase finale della maturazione del frutto. In agosto, con l’ultimo campionamento vi è una espressione assai maggiore in Max Red Bartlett per quei geni posti a valle della via biosintetica per la sintesi delle antocianine. Questo risultato è confermato anche dal livello di espressione che si riscontra nelle foglie. In cui i geni F3H, LDOX e UFGT hanno un livello di espressione nettamente maggiore in Max Red Bartlett rispetto a William. Recentemente Takos et al (2006) hanno pubblicato uno studio su un gene regolatore della famiglia Myb e ciò ha permesso di ampliare i nostri studi anche su questo gene. L’altissima omologia di sequenza, anche a livello di introni, non ha permesso di individuare polimorfismi tra le varietà Abate Fetel e Max Red Bartlett, per nessun gene ad eccezione proprio del gene regolatore Myb. I risultati ottenuti in questa tesi dimostrano che in pero l’espressione relativa del gene Myb codificante per una proteina regolatrice mostra una netta sovra-espressione nel primo stadio di maturazione del frutto, in Max Red Bartlett 25 volte maggiore che in William. All’interno della sequenza del gene un polimorfismo prodotto da un microsatellite ha permesso il mappaggio del gene nel linkage group 9 in Max Red Bartlett e in Abate Fetel. Confrontando questo dato di mappa con quello del carattere morfologico rosso, mappato nel linkage group 4, si deduce che la mutazione non agisce direttamente sulla sequenza di questo gene regolatore, benché sia espresso maggiormente in Max Red Bartlett rispetto a William ma agisca in un altro modo ancora da scoprire. Infine per entrambe le varietà (William e Max Red Bartlett) sono state effettuate analisi fenotipiche in diversi step. Innanzi tutto si è proceduto con una analisi preliminare in HPLC per osservare se vi fossero differenze nella produzione di composti con assorbenza specifica delle antocianine e dei flavonoidi in generale. Si è potuto quindi osservare la presenza di due picchi in Max Red Bartlett ma non in William. La mancanza di standard che coincidessero con i picchi rilevati dallo spettro non ha permesso in questa fase di fare alcuna ipotesi riguardo alla loro natura. Partendo da questo risultato l’investigazione è proceduta attraverso analisi di spettrometria di massa associate ad una cromatografia liquida identificando con una certa precisione due composti: la cianidina-3-0-glucoside e la quercitina-3-o-glucoside. In particolare la cianidina sembra essere la molecola responsabile della colorazione della buccia nei frutti di pero. Successive analisi sono state fatte sempre con lo spettrometro di massa ma collegato ad un gas cromatografo per verificare se vi fossero delle differenze anche nella produzione di zuccheri e più in generale di molecole volatili. L’assenza di variazioni significative ha dimostrato che la mutazione coinvolge solo il colore della buccia e non le caratteristiche gustative e organolettiche di William che restano inalterate nel mutante.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.