Fault delineation and stress orientations from the analysis of background, low magnitude seismicity in Southern Apennines (Italy)

The aim of this work was to show that refined analyses of background, low magnitude seismicity allow to delineate the main active faults and to accurately estimate the directions of the regional tectonic stress that characterize the Southern Apennines (Italy), a structurally complex area with high seismic potential. Thanks the presence in the area of an integrated dense and wide dynamic network, was possible to analyzed an high quality microearthquake data-set consisting of 1312 events that occurred from August 2005 to April 2011 by integrating the data recorded at 42 seismic stations of various networks. The refined seismicity location and focal mechanisms well delineate a system of NW-SE striking normal faults along the Apenninic chain and an approximately E-W oriented, strike-slip fault, transversely cutting the belt. The seismicity along the chain does not occur on a single fault but in a volume, delimited by the faults activated during the 1980 Irpinia M 6.9 earthquake, on sub-parallel predominant normal faults. Results show that the recent low magnitude earthquakes belongs to the background seismicity and they are likely generated along the major fault segments activated during the most recent earthquakes, suggesting that they are still active today thirty years after the mainshock occurrences. In this sense, this study gives a new perspective to the application of the high quality records of low magnitude background seismicity for the identification and characterization of active fault systems. The analysis of the stress tensor inversion provides two equivalent models to explain the microearthquake generation along both the NW-SE striking normal faults and the E- W oriented fault with a dominant dextral strike-slip motion, but having different geological interpretations. We suggest that the NW-SE-striking Africa-Eurasia convergence acts in the background of all these structures, playing a primary and unifying role in the seismotectonics of the whole region.

Caratterizzazione geochimica dei sedimenti di alcuni siti di alimentazione e di riproduzione del Fenicottero (Phoenicopterus roseus) nel Mediterraneo

Il presente lavoro è stato avviato per caratterizzare dal punto di vista geochimico i siti di alimentazione e di riproduzione del Fenicottero ed ottenere così un dataset relativo alle concentrazioni di metalli nei sedimenti di alcune zone umide, utilizzate da questa specie per alimentarsi e riprodursi e scarsamente studiate in passato. Il lavoro di tesi qui presentato si è articolato in due differenti studi: • Un’indagine dettagliata sulla presenza e distribuzione di metalli ed elementi potenzialmente tossici nei sedimenti provenenti da alcune delle principali aree di alimentazione del Fenicottero nell’Alto Adriatico; • Un’indagine preliminare relativa ai metalli contenuti nei sedimenti provenienti da alcuni siti riproduttivi del Fenicottero nel Mediterraneo occidentale. Per quanto riguarda i siti di alimentazione sono state campionate tre zone umide dell’area deltizia del fiume Po: le Valli di Rosolina, Valle Bertuzzi e le Valli di Comacchio. Riguardo i siti riproduttivi sono state campionate cinque aree umide nel Mediterraneo occidentale: le Paludi dell’Odiel nel sud-ovest della Spagna, la Camargue in Francia, lo Stagno di Cagliari in Sardegna, le Valli di Comacchio in Emilia-Romagna e Valle Dogà in Laguna di Venezia. I 57 campioni raccolti sono stati analizzati mediante analisi XRF ed analisi termiche, presso il Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, dell’Università di Bologna, e mediante analisi ICP-MS, presso l’AcmeLabs di Vancouver (Canada). Il complesso deltizio del fiume Po ha registrato concentrazioni anomale di Cd, Pb, Sb e Sn mostrando un generale arricchimento nei sedimenti delle aree umide investigate rispetto al valore di riferimento. Analizzando le correlazioni di questo elemento con le frazioni dei sedimenti, si è evidenziata una buona correlazione con la componente organica del sedimento. Ciò potrebbe indicare la presenza di fenomeni di adsorbimento di questo elemento ad opera della matrice organica. L’area di studio non è apparentemente interessata da importanti attività industriali, che potrebbero in parte spiegare le elevate concentrazioni di Cd, Pb, Sb e Sn. Due potenziali sorgenti antropogeniche di contaminazione sono rappresentate da un’estensiva attività agricola nelle zone limitrofe alle valli considerate e da un elevata pressione venatoria esercitata proprio all’interno di queste zone umide. In particolare, quest’ultima attività umana, potrebbe rappresentare una spiegazione più che plausibile per l’elevata presenza di Pb, messa in evidenza dallo studio, dato che fino ad pochissimi anni venivano utilizzate munizioni al Pb con conseguente rilascio in ambiente di ingenti quantitativi di questo metallo. Il Cu e lo Zn si distribuiscono invece in modo relativamente omogeneo nelle tre zone umide investigate, con un debole arricchimento di questi due elementi nei sedimenti delle Valli di Rosolina. Per quanto riguarda l’As, la sua distribuzione nell’area di studio, confrontata con i valori di background, non sembra sollevare particolare preoccupazione, cosi come la presenza di Hg in tutti e tre i siti investigati. Le Valli di Comacchio e Valle Bertuzzi sono inoltre caratterizzate da concentrazioni elevate di Cr e Ni, dati che confermano il naturale arricchimento di questi due elementi nell’area di studio evidenziato da un ampia letteratura e riconducibile ad apporti litologici provenienti dai depositi ofiolitici delle Alpi occidentali trasportati dal fiume Po verso l’Adriatico. Tuttavia, in alcuni campioni la concentrazione di Cr è molto superiore a quella caratteristica delle ofioliti di origine alpina, soprattutto per Valle Bertuzzi. Per spiegare queste anomalie sono necessarie indagini più approfondite sulla presenza e distribuzione di Cr nell’area di Comacchio e Bertuzzi. Riguardo ai 5 siti riproduttivi del Fenicottero, la colonia di Odiel (Spagna) si distingue per essere il sito maggiormente contaminato tra quelli investigati. Si sono infatti riscontrate elevate concentrazioni di As, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn e Zn, se confrontate con quelle degli altri siti campionati. Questo risultato non sorprende. Il sito è infatti riconosciuto in letteratura come uno dei sistemi estuarini più inquinati dell’Europa occidentale, in quanto interessato dall’attività mineraria della IPB (Iberian Pyrite Belt), uno dei più importanti siti minerari mondiali, e dall’attività del polo industriale di Huelva. La colonia francese della Camargue si distingue invece per essere il sito meno impattato dall’attività antropica, non mostrando concentrazioni anomale per nessuno degli elementi in traccia analizzati. I sito riproduttivo situato nei pressi di Cagliari, in Sardegna, ha riportato elevate concentrazioni di Cd, Hg e Pb. La contaminazione di questo sito a seguito di ingenti scarichi di rifiuti industriali contenenti Hg e Pb a partire dagli anni ’60 è ben documentata in letteratura. Sebbene negli anni ’90 siano stati realizzati progetti di bonifica del sito, le concentrazioni ottenute nel presente studio sono ancora elevate suggerendo la possibilità che il processo di rimozione di Hg e Pb messo in atto in passato possa aver avuto scarsa efficacia. La colonia riproduttiva di Comacchio ha registrato concentrazioni elevate di Cr, Ni e Pb. Come già detto riguardo ai siti di alimentazione l’abbondanza di Cr e Ni nell’area è da ricondurre a fattori naturali, mentre le elevate concentrazioni di Pb non trovano riscontri in precedenti studi. La presenza di alcuni campioni con concentrazioni anomale di Cr e il generale arricchimento di Pb nel sito suggeriscono la necessità di studi più approfonditi e specifici sulla presenza di questi elementi nell’area di Comacchio. Infine, la colonia situata in Laguna di Venezia si caratterizza per avere concentrazioni relativamente elevate di Cd e Hg riconducibili all’attività del polo industriale di Porto Marghera, come già evidenziato da numerosi studi. Tuttavia, i dati del presente studio non confermano le concentrazioni anomale di Zn messe in evidenza da molti studi effettuati nell’intera laguna veneta. Ciò può trovare una spiegazione nel fatto che il sito indagato in questo studio corrisponde ad un piccola porzione dell’intera laguna, molto raramente investigato negli studi passati. Mediante il presente studio è stato quindi possibile implementare le scarse conoscenze geochimiche relative ai sedimenti di alcune zone umide frequentate dai fenicotteri nell’Alto Adriatico e, al contempo, mettere in luce alcune importanti criticità, in particolar modo riguardo Cd, Cr, Pb, Sb e Sn, la cui presenza e distribuzione nell’area dovrebbero essere ulteriormente investigate da studi futuri.

Geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of ophiolites and mafic-ultramafic complexes in the Northeastern Aegean Region

In this study two ophiolites and a mafic-ultramafic complexes of the northeastern Aegean Sea, Greece, have been investigated to re-evaluate their petrogenetic evolution and tectonic setting. These complexes are: the mafic-ultramafic complex of Lesvos Island and the ophiolites of Samothraki Island and the Evros area. In order to examine these complexes in detail whole-rock major- and trace-elements as well as Sr and Nd isotopes, and minerals were analysed and U-Pb SHRIMP ages on zircons were determined. The mafic-ultramafic complex of Lesvos Island consists of mantle peridotite thrusted over a tectonic mélange containing metasediments, metabasalts and a few metagabbros. This succession had previously been interpreted as an ophiolite of Late Jurassic age. The new field and geochemical data allow a reinterpretation of this complex as representing an incipient continental rift setting that led to the subsequent formation of the Meliata-Maliac-Vardar branches of Neotethys in Upper Permian times (253 ± 6 Ma) and the term “Lesvos ophiolite” should be abandoned. With proceeding subduction and closure of the Maliac Ocean in Late Jurassic times (155 Ma) the Lesvos mafic-ultramafic complex was obducted. Zircon ages of 777, 539 and 338 Ma from a gabbro strongly suggest inheritance from the intruded basement and correspond to ages of distinct terranes recently recognized in the Hellenides (e.g. Florina terrane). Geochemical similar complexes which contain rift associations with Permo-Triassic ages can be found elsewhere in Greece and Turkey, namely the Teke Dere Thrust Sheet below the Lycian Nappes (SW Turkey), the Pindos subophiolitic mélange (W Greece), the Volcanosedimentary Complex on Central Evia Island (Greece) and the Karakaya Complex (NW Turkey). This infers that the rift-related rocks from Lesvos belong to an important Permo-Triassic rifting episode in the eastern Mediterranean. The ‘in-situ’ ophiolite of Samothraki Island comprises gabbros, sparse dykes and basalt flows as well as pillows cut by late dolerite dykes and had conventionally been interpreted as having formed in an ensialic back-arc basin. The results of this study revealed that none of the basalts and dolerites resemble mid-ocean ridge or back-arc basin basalts thus suggesting that the Samothraki ophiolite cannot represent mature back-arc basin crust. The age of the complex is regarded to be 160 ± 5 Ma (i.e. Oxfordian; early Upper Jurassic), which precludes any correlation with the Lesvos mafic-ultramafic complex further south (253 ± 6 Ma; Upper Permian). Restoration of the block configuration in NE Greece, before extensional collapse of the Hellenic hinterland and exhumation of the Rhodope Metamorphic Core Complex (mid-Eocene to mid-Miocene), results in a continuous ophiolite belt from Guevgueli in the NW to Samothraki in the SE, thus assigning the latter to the Innermost Hellenic Ophiolite Belt. In view of the data of this study, the Samothraki ophiolite represents a rift propagation of the Sithonia ophiolite spreading ridge into the Chortiatis calc-alkaline arc. The ophiolite of the Evros area consists of a plutonic sequence comprising cumulate and non-cumulate gabbros with plagiogranite veins, and an extrusive sequence of basalt dykes, massive and pillow lavas as well as pyroclastic rocks. Furthermore, in the Rhodope Massif tectonic lenses of harzburgites and dunites can be found. All rocks are spatially separated. The analytical results of this study revealed an intra-oceanic island arc setting for the Evros ophiolitic rocks. During late Middle Jurassic times (169 ± 2 Ma) an intra-oceanic arc has developed above a northwards directed intra-oceanic subduction zone of the Vardar Ocean in front of the Rhodope Massif. The boninitic, island arc tholeiitic and calc-alkaline rocks reflect the evolution of the Evros island arc. The obduction of the ophiolitic rocks onto the Rhodope basement margin took place during closure of the Vardar ocean basins. The harzburgites and dunites of the Rhodope Massif are strongly depleted and resemble harzburgites from recent oceanic island arcs. After melt extraction they underwent enrichment processes by percolating melts and fluids from the subducted slab. The relationship of the peridotites and the Evros ophiolite is still ambiguous, but the stratigraphic positions of the peridotites and the ophiolitic rocks indicate separated origin. The harzburgites and dunites most probably represent remnants of the mantle wedge of the island arc of the Rhodope terrane formed above subducted slab of the Nestos Ocean in late Middle Jurassic times. During collision of the Thracia terrane with the Rhodope terrane thrusting of the Rhodope terrane onto the Thracia terrane took place, whereas the harzburgites and dunites were pushed between the two terranes now cropping out on top of the Thracia terrane of the Rhodope Massif.

Accesorios de indumentaria del regnum visigodo temprano (siglos V-VI)

Los accesorios metálicos de indumentaria constituyen uno de las fuentes materiales principales para aproximarse a la realidad social, cultural y económica de la población del Mediterráneo tardoantiguo. En el caso de los hallazgos de los siglos V y VI procedentes de la Península Ibérica y del suroeste de Francia, numerosos problemas de documentación han impedido extraer y desarrollar todo su potencial, tanto en lo referente al encuadre tipológico y cronológico de estos objetos como en la consiguiente fase interpretativa. Se hacía necesario acometer un nuevo estudio monográfico que actualizara el panorama de la investigación. El trabajo cataloga, data y clasifica tipológicamente más de cuatro millares de fíbulas y accesorios de cinturón recuperados en casi medio millar de yacimientos localizados en los actuales Portugal, España, Andorra y Francia. El resultado permite aproximarse a las áreas de producción y modalidades de circulación y utilización de cada uno de los tipos individualizados. Una veintena de indumentarias distintas, definidas por combinaciones de distintos tipos de accesorios en contextos funerarios, ha sido identificada. Parte de éstas constituye la base principal de un sistema cronológico organizado en seis fases distintas que cubren una cronología situada aproximadamente entre las últimas décadas del siglo IV y las últimas décadas del siglo VI. La investigación acomete asimismo el análisis de la implantación de los accesorios y de las indumentarias relacionadas con ellos en el paisaje tardoantiguo de Hispania y la Galia. El resultado permite reconstruir secuencias regionales de evolución indumentaria y establecer relaciones entre diversas tipologías de contextos funerarios y habitativos y los tipos de indumentaria previamente definidos. Los resultados permiten renovar la mirada sobre este tipo de objetos y el lugar que ocuparon en la vida cotidiana de muchos de los habitantes del regnum visigodo temprano.

Flash floods and their effects on the development in El-Qaá plain area in South Sinai, Egypt

The arid regions are dominated to a much larger degree than humid regions by major catastrophic events. Although most of Egypt lies within the great hot desert belt; it experiences especially in the north some torrential rainfall, which causes flash floods all over Sinai Peninsula. Flash floods in hot deserts are characterized by high velocity and low duration with a sharp discharge peak. Large sediment loads may be carried by floods threatening fields and settlements in the wadis and even people who are living there. The extreme spottiness of rare heavy rainfall, well known to desert people everywhere, precludes any efficient forecasting. Thus, although the limitation of data still reflects pre-satellite methods, chances of developing a warning system for floods in the desert seem remote. The relatively short flood-to-peak interval, a characteristic of desert floods, presents an additional impediment to the efficient use of warning systems. The present thesis contains introduction and five chapters, chapter one points out the physical settings of the study area. There are the geological settings such as outcrop lithology of the study area and the deposits. The alluvial deposits of Wadi Moreikh had been analyzed using OSL dating to know deposits and palaeoclimatic conditions. The chapter points out as well the stratigraphy and the structure geology containing main faults and folds. In addition, it manifests the pesent climate conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind and evaporation. Besides, it presents type of soils and natural vegetation cover of the study area using unsupervised classification for ETM+ images. Chapter two points out the morphometric analysis of the main basins and their drainage network in the study area. It is divided into three parts: The first part manifests the morphometric analysis of the drainage networks which had been extracted from two main sources, topographic maps and DEM images. Basins and drainage networks are considered as major influencing factors on the flash floods; Most of elements were studied which affect the network such as stream order, bifurcation ratio, stream lengths, stream frequency, drainage density, and drainage patterns. The second part of this chapter shows the morphometric analysis of basins such as area, dimensions, shape and surface. Whereas, the third part points the morphometric analysis of alluvial fans which form most of El-Qaá plain. Chapter three manifests the surface runoff through rainfall and losses analysis. The main subject in this chapter is rainfall which has been studied in detail; it is the main reason for runoff. Therefore, all rainfall characteristics are regarded here such as rainfall types, distribution, rainfall intensity, duration, frequency, and the relationship between rainfall and runoff. While the second part of this chapter concerns with water losses estimation by evaporation and infiltration which are together the main losses with direct effect on the high of runoff. Finally, chapter three points out the factors influencing desert runoff and runoff generation mechanism. Chapter four is concerned with assessment of flood hazard, it is important to estimate runoff and tocreate a map of affected areas. Therefore, the chapter consists of four main parts; first part manifests the runoff estimation, the different methods to estimate runoff and its variables such as runoff coefficient lag time, time of concentration, runoff volume, and frequency analysis of flash flood. While the second part points out the extreme event analysis. The third part shows the map of affected areas for every basin and the flash floods degrees. In this point, it has been depending on the DEM to extract the drainage networks and to determine the main streams which are normally more dangerous than others. Finally, part four presets the risk zone map of total study area which is of high inerest for planning activities. Chapter five as the last chapter concerns with flash flood Hazard mitigation. It consists of three main parts. First flood prediction and the method which can be used to predict and forecast the flood. The second part aims to determine the best methods which can be helpful to mitigate flood hazard in the arid zone and especially the study area. Whereas, the third part points out the development perspective for the study area indicating the suitable places in El-Qaá plain for using in economic activities.

Petrogenetic evolution of Uralian-Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complexes in the southern and middle Urals, Russia

The PhD thesis at hand consists of three parts and describes the petrogenetic evolution of Uralian-Alaskan-type mafic ultramafic complexes in the Ural Mountains, Russia. Uralian-Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complexes are recognized as a distinct class of intrusions. Characteristic petrologic features are the concentric zonation of a central dunite body grading outward into wehrlite, clinopyroxenite and gabbro, the absence of orthopyroxene and frequently occurring platinum group element (PGE) mineralization. In addition, the presence of ferric iron-rich spinel discriminates Uralian-Alaskan-type complexes from most other mafic ultramafic rock assemblages. The studied Uralian-Alaskan-type complexes (Nizhnii Tagil, Kytlym and Svetley Bor) belong to the southern part of a 900 km long, N–S-trending chain of similar intrusions between the Main Uralian Fault to the west and the Serov-Mauk Fault to the east. The first chapter of this thesis studies the evolution of the ultramafic rocks tracing the compositional variations of rock forming and accessory minerals. The comparison of the chemical composition of olivine, clinopyroxene and chromian spinel from the Urals with data from other localities indicates that they are unique intrusions having a characteristic spinel and clinopyroxene chemistry. Laser ablation-ICPMS (LA-ICPMS ) analyses of trace element concentrations in clinopyroxene are used to calculate the composition of their parental melt which is characterized by enriched LREE (0.5-5.2 prim. mantle) and other highly incompatible elements (U, Th, Ba, Rb) relative to the HREE (0.25-2.0 prim. mantle). A subduction-related geotectonic setting is indicated by a positive anomaly for Sr and negative anomalies for Ti, Zr and Hf. The mineral compositions monitor the evolution of the parental magmas and decipher differences between the studied complexes. In addition, the observed variation in LREE/HREE (for example La/Lu = 2-24) can be best explained with the model of an episodically replenished and erupted open magma chamber system with the extensive fractionation of olivine, spinel and clinopyroxene. The data also show that ankaramites in a subduction-related geotectonic setting could represent parental magmas of Uralian-Alaskan-type complexes. The second chapter of the thesis discusses the chemical variation of major and trace elements in rock-forming minerals of the mafic rocks. Electron microprobe and LA-ICPMS analyses are used to quantitatively describe the petrogenetic relationship between the different gabbroic lithologies and their genetic link to the ultramafic rocks. The composition of clinopyroxene identifies the presence of melts with different trace element abundances on the scale of a thin section and suggests the presence of open system crustal magma chambers. Even on a regional scale the large variation of trace element concentrations and ratios in clinopyroxene (e.g. La/Lu = 3-55) is best explained by the interaction of at least two fundamentally different magma types at various stages of fractionation. This requires the existence of a complex magma chamber system fed with multiple pulses of magmas from at least two different coeval sources in a subduction-related environment. One source produces silica saturated Island arc tholeiitic melts. The second source produces silica undersaturated, ultra-calcic, alkaline melts. Taken these data collectively, the mixing of the two different parental magmas is the dominant petrogenetic process explaining the observed chemical variations. The results further imply that this is an intrinsic feature of Uralian-Alaskan-type complexes and probably of many similar mafic-ultramafic complexes world-wide. In the third chapter of this thesis the major element composition of homogeneous and exsolved spinel is used as a petrogenetic indicator. Homogeneous chromian spinel in dunites and wehrlites monitors the fractionation during the early stages of the magma chamber and the onset of clinopyroxene fractionation as well as the reaction of spinel with interstitial liquid. Exsolved spinel is present in mafic and ultramafic rocks from all three studied complexes. Its composition lies along a solvus curve which defines an equilibrium temperature of 600°C, given that spinel coexists with olivine. This temperature is considered to be close to the temperature of the host rocks into which the studied Uralian-Alaskan-type complexes intruded. The similarity of the exsolution temperatures in the different complexes over a distance of several hundred kilometres implies a regional tectonic event that terminated the exsolution process. This event is potentially associated with the final exhumation of the Uralian-Alaskan-type complexes along the Main Uralian Fault and the Serov-Mauk Fault in the Uralian fold belt.

UHP metamorphic rocks of the Eastern Rhodope Massif, NE Greece: new constraints from petrology, geochemistry and zircon ages

In this PhD thesis, a multidisciplinary study has been carried out on metagranitoids and paragneisses from the Eastern Rhodope Massif, northern Greece, to decipher the pre-Alpine magmatic and geodynamic evolution of the Rhodope Massif and to correlate the eastern part with the western/central parts of the orogen. The Rhodope Massif, which occupies the major part of NE Greece and S Bulgaria, represents the easternmost part of the Internal Hellenides. It is regarded as a nappe stack of high-grade units, which is classically subdivided into an upper unit and a lower unit, separated by a SSE-NNW trending thrust plane, the Nestos thrust. Recent research in the central Greek Rhodope Massif revealed that the two units correspond to two distinct terranes of different age, the Permo-Carboniferous Thracia Terrane, which was overthrusted by the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous Rhodope Terrane. These terranes are separated by the Nestos suture, a composite zone comprising metapelites, metabasites, metagranitoids and marbles, which record high-pressure and even ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in places. Similar characteristic rock associations were investigated during this study along several well-constrained cross sections in vincity to the Ada, Sidiro and Kimi villages in the Greek Eastern Rhodope Massif. Field evidence revealed that the contact zone of the two terranes in the Eastern Rhodope Massif is characterized by a mélange of metapelites, migmatitic amphibolites/eclogites, strongly sheared orthogneisses and marbles. The systematical occurrence of this characteristic rock association between the terranes implies that the Nestos suture is a continuous belt throughout the Greek Rhodope Massif. In this study, a new UHP locality could be established and for the first time in the Greek Rhodope, metamorphic microdiamonds were identified in situ in their host zircons using Laser-Raman spectroscopy. The presence of the diamonds as well as element distribution patterns of the zircons, obtained by TOF-SIMS, indicate metamorphic conditions of T > 1000 °C and P > 4 GPa. The high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure rocks of the mélange zone are considered to have formed during the subduction of the Nestos Ocean in Jurassic times at ~150 Ma. Melting of metapelitic rocks at UHP conditions facilitated the exhumation to lower crustal levels. To identify major crust forming events, basement granitoids were dated by LA-SF-ICPMS and SHRIMP-II U-Pb analyses of zircons. The geochronological results revealed that the Eastern Rhodope Massif consists of two crustal units, a structurally lower Permo-Carboniferous unit corresponding to the Thracia Terrane and a structurally upper Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous unit corresponding to the Rhodope Terrane, like it was documented for the Central Rhodope Massif. Inherited zircons in the orthogneisses from the Thracia Terrane of the Eastern Rhodope Massif indicate the presence of a pre-existing Neoproterozoic and Ordovician-Silurian basement in this region. Triassic magmatism is witnessed by the zircons of few orthogneisses from the easternmost Rhodope Massif and is interpreted to be related to rifting processes. Whole-rock major and trace element analyses indicate that the metagranitoids from both terranes originated in a subduction-related magmatic-arc environment. The Sr-Nd isotope data for both terranes of the Eastern and Central Rhodope Massif suggest a mixed crust-mantle source with variable contributions of older crustal material as already indicated by the presence of inherited zircons. Geochemical and isotopic similarity of the basement of the Thracia Terrane and the Pelagonian Zone implies that the Thracia Terrane is a fragment of a formerly unique Permo-Carboniferous basement, separated by rifting and opening of the Meliata-Maliac ocean system in Triassic times. A branch of the Meliata-Maliac ocean system, the Nestos Ocean, subducted northwards in Late Jurassic times leading to the formation of the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous Rhodope magmatic arc on remnants of the Thracia Terrane as suggested by inherited Permo-Carboniferous zircons. The ~150 Ma zircon ages of the orthogneisses from the Rhodope Terrane indicate that subduction-related magmatism and HP/UHP metamorphism occurred during the same subduction phase. Subduction ceased due to the closure of the Nestos Ocean in the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous. The post-Jurassic evolution of the Rhodope Massif is characterized by the exhumation of the Rhodope core complex in the course of extensional tectonics associated with late granite intrusions in Eocene to Miocene times.

Variation of stable silicon isotopes: Analytical developments and applications in Precambrian geochemistry

Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt die Gesamtgesteinsanalyse stabiler Siliziumisotope mit Hilfe einer „Multi Collector-ICP-MS“. Die Analysen fanden in Kooperation mit dem „Royal Museum for Central Africa“ in Belgien statt. Einer der Schwerpunkte des ersten Kapitels ist die erstmalige Analyse des δ30Si –Wertes an einem konventionellen Nu PlasmaTM „Multi-Collector ICP-MS“ Instrument, durch die Eliminierung der den 30Si “peak” überlagernden 14N16O Interferenz. Die Analyse von δ30Si wurde durch technische Modifikationen der Anlage erreicht, welche eine höherer Massenauflösung ermöglichten. Die sorgsame Charakterisierung eines adäquaten Referenzmaterials ist unabdingbar für die Abschätzung der Genauigkeit einer Messung. Die Bestimmung der „U.S. Geological Survey“ Referenzmaterialien bildet den zweiten Schwerpunkt dieses Kapitales. Die Analyse zweier hawaiianischer Standards (BHVO-1 and BHVO-2), belegt die präzise und genaue δ30Si Bestimmung und bietet Vergleichsdaten als Qualitätskontrolle für andere Labore. Das zweite Kapitel befasst sich mit kombinierter Silizium-/Sauerstoffisotope zur Untersuchung der Entstehung der Silizifizierung vulkanischer Gesteine des „Barberton Greenstone Belt“, Südafrika. Im Gegensatz zu heute, war die Silizifizierung der Oberflächennahen Schichten, einschließlich der „Chert“ Bildung, weitverbreitete Prozesse am präkambrischen Ozeanboden. Diese Horizonte sind Zeugen einer extremen Siliziummobilisierung in der Frühzeit der Erde. Dieses Kapitel behandelt die Analyse von Silizium- und Sauerstoffisotopen an drei unterschiedlichen Gesteinsprofilen mit unterschiedlich stark silizifizierten Basalten und überlagernden geschichteten „Cherts“ der 3.54, 3.45 und 3.33 Mill. Jr. alten Theespruit, Kromberg und Hooggenoeg Formationen. Siliziumisotope, Sauerstoffisotope und die SiO2-Gehalte demonstrieren in allen drei Gesteinsprofilen eine positive Korrelation mit dem Silizifizierungsgrad, jedoch mit unterschiedlichen Steigungen der δ30Si-δ18O-Verhältnisse. Meerwasser wird als Quelle des Siliziums für den Silizifizierungsprozess betrachtet. Berechnungen haben gezeigt, dass eine klassische Wasser-Gestein Wechselwirkung die Siliziumisotopenvariation nicht beeinflussen kann, da die Konzentration von Si im Meerwasser zu gering ist (49 ppm). Die Daten stimmen mit einer Zwei-Endglieder-Komponentenmischung überein, mit Basalt und „Chert“ als jeweilige Endglieder. Unsere gegenwärtigen Daten an den „Cherts“ bestätigen einen Anstieg der Isotopenzusammensetzung über der Zeit. Mögliche Faktoren, die für unterschiedliche Steigungen der δ30Si-δ18O Verhältnisse verantwortlich sein könnten sind Veränderungen in der Meerwasserisotopie, der Wassertemperatur oder sekundäre Alterationseffekte. Das letzte Kapitel beinhaltet potentielle Variationen in der Quellregion archaischer Granitoide: die Si-Isotopen Perspektive. Natriumhaltige Tonalit-Trondhjemit-Granodiorit (TTG) Intrusiva repräsentieren große Anteile der archaischen Kruste. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die heutige Kruste kaliumhaltiger (GMS-Gruppe: Granit-Monzonite-Syenite). Prozesse, die zu dem Wechsel von natriumhaltiger zu kaliumhaltiger Kruste führten sind die Thematik diesen Kapitels. Siliziumisotopenmessungen wurden hier kombiniert mit Haupt- und Spurenelementanalysen an unterschiedlichen Generationen der 3.55 bis 3.10 Mill. Yr. alten TTG und GMS Intrusiva aus dem Arbeitsgebiet. Die δ30Si-Werte in den unterschiedlichen Plutonit Generationen zeigen einen leichten Anstieg der Isotopie mit der Zeit, wobei natriumhaltige Intrusiva die niedrigste Si-Isotopenzusammensetzung aufweisen. Der leichte Anstieg in der Siliziumisotopenzusammensetzung über die Zeit könnte auf unterschiedliche Temperaturbedingungen in der Quellregion der Granitoide hinweisen. Die Entstehung von Na-reichen, leichten d30Si Granitoiden würde demnach bei höheren Temperaturen erfolgen. Die Ähnlichkeit der δ30Si-Werte in archaischen K-reichen Plutoniten und phanerozoischen K-reichen Plutoniten wird ebenfalls deutlich.

Brown band disease: valutazione della distribuzione e prevalenza in relazione a diversi gradi di antropizzazione nella Repubblica delle Maldive

Nonostante lo sforzo sempre crescente mirato allo studio delle malattie che colpiscono le sclerattinie, ancora poco si sa circa distribuzione, prevalenza, host range e fattori che concorrono alla comparsa di queste patologie, soprattutto nell’area indopacifica. Questo studio si propone quindi lo scopo di documentare la presenza della Brown Band Disease all’interno delle scogliere madreporiche dell’Arcipelago delle Maldive. Nell’arco di tempo tra Novembre e Dicembre 2013 è stata effettuata una valutazione di tipo quantitativo di tale patologia su tre isole appartenenti l’Atollo di Faafu, rispettivamente Magoodhoo, Filitheyo e Adangau. Queste tre isole sono caratterizzate da un diverso sfruttamento da parte dell’uomo: la prima isola è abitata da locali, la seconda caratterizzata dalla presenza di un resort e l’ultima, un’isola deserta. Al fine di valutare prevalenza, distribuzione e host range della BrBD sono stati effettuati belt transect (25x2 m), point intercept transect e analisi chimico fisiche delle acque. La Brown Band Disease è risultata essere diffusa tra le isole con prevalenze inferiori al 0,50%. Queste non hanno mostrato differenze significative tra le isole, facendo quindi ipotizzare che i diversi valori osservati potrebbero essere imputati a variazioni casuali e naturali. In tutta l’area investigata, le stazioni più profonde hanno mostrato valori di prevalenza maggiori. La patologia è stata registrata infestare soprattutto il genere Acropora (con prevalenza media totale inferiore all’1%) e in un solo caso il genere Isopora. È stato dimostrato come sia presente una correlazione negativa tra densità totale delle sclerattinie e la prevalenza della Brown Band sul genere Acropora. É stato inoltre notato come vi fosse una correlazione positiva tra la prevalenza della BrBD e la presenza del gasteropode Drupella sulle colonie già malate. Poiché il principale ospite della patologia è anche il più abbondante nelle scogliere madreporiche maldiviane, si rendono necessari ulteriori accertamenti e monitoraggi futuri della BrBD.

Distribuzione, prevalenza e host range della Skeleton Eroding Band nell'atollo di Faafu, Repubblica delle Maldive

Lo studio delle malattie che colpiscono i coralli rappresenta un campo di ricerca nuovo e poche sono le ricerche concentrate nell’Oceano Indo-Pacifico, in particolare nella Repubblica delle Maldive. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è stato approfondire le conoscenze riguardo distribuzione, prevalenza e host range della Skeleton Eroding Band (SEB) nell’atollo di Faafu. Durante il lavoro, svolto in campo tra il novembre e il dicembre 2013, sono state indagate le isole di: Magoodhoo, Filitheyo e Adangau al fine di rilevare differenze nei livelli di prevalenza della SEB in relazione ai diversi gradi di utilizzo da parte dell’uomo delle 3 isole. Il piano di campionamento ha previsto la scelta casuale, in ciascuna delle isole, di 4 siti in cui sono stati realizzati 3 belt transect e 3 point intercept transect a 2 profondità predefinite. La SEB è stata ritrovata con una prevalenza media totale di 0,27%. Dai risultati dell’analisi statistica le differenze fra le isole non sono apparse significative, facendo ipotizzare che i livelli di prevalenza differiscano a causa di oscillazioni casuali di carattere naturale e che quindi non siano dovute a dinamiche legate al diverso sfruttamento da parte dell’uomo. I generi Acropora e Pocillopora sono risultati quelli maggiormente colpiti con valori di prevalenza totale di 0,46% e 1,33%. Infine è stata rilevata una correlazione positiva tra il numero di colonie di madrepore affette dalla SEB e il numero di colonie in cui la malattia è associata alla presenza di lesioni provocate da danni meccanici. I dati di prevalenza ottenuti e le previsioni di cambiamenti climatici in grado di aumentare distribuzione, host range, abbondanza della patologia, pongono l’accento sulla necessità di chiarire il ruolo delle malattie dei coralli nel deterioramento, resilienza e recupero dei coral reefs, al fine di attuare politiche di gestione adatte alla protezione di questi fragili ecosistemi.

Understanding block rotation of strike-slip fault zones: Paleomagnetic and structural approach

This thesis is focused on the paleomagnetic rotation pattern inside the deforming zone of strike-slip faults, and the kinematics and geodynamics describing it. The paleomagnetic investigation carried out along both the LOFZ and the fore-arc sliver (38º-42ºS, southern Chile) revealed an asymmetric rotation pattern. East of the LOFZ and adjacent to it, rotations are up to 170° clockwise (CW) and fade out ~10 km east of fault. West of the LOFZ at 42ºS (Chiloé Island) and around 39°S (Villarrica domain) systematic CCW rotations have been observed, while at 40°-41°S (Ranco-Osorno domain) and adjacent to the LOFZ CW rotations reach up to 136° before evolving to CCW rotations at ~30 km from the fault. These data suggest a directed relation with subduction interface plate coupling. Zones of high coupling yield to a wide deforming zone (~30 km) west of the LOFZ characterized by CW rotations. Low coupling implies a weak LOFZ and a fore-arc dominated by CCW rotations related to NW-sinistral fault kinematics. The rotation pattern is consistent with a quasi-continuous crust kinematics. However, it seems unlikely that the lower crust flux can control block rotation in the upper crust, considering the cold and thick fore-arc crust. I suggest that rotations are consequence of forces applied directly on both the block edges and along the main fault, within the upper crust. Farther south, at the Austral Andes (54°S) I measured the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of 22 Upper Cretaceous to Upper Eocene sites from the Magallanes fold-thrust belt internal domains. The data document continuous compression from the Early Cretaceous until the Late Oligocene. AMS data also show that the tectonic inversion of Jurassic extensional faults during the Late Cretaceous compressive phase may have controlled the Cenozoic kinematic evolution of the Magallanes fold-thrust belt, yielding slip partitioning.

Analisi di facies e stratigrafia dei depositi tardo-quaternari della Pianura Padana centrale

La ricostruzione dettagliata dell’architettura stratigrafica e delle facies delle successioni tardo-quaternarie sepolte al di sotto delle pianure alluvionali moderne sta assumendo un’importanza crescente come strumento per le ricostruzioni paleoambientali e paleoclimatiche e per la correlazione dei sistemi deposizionali continentali e costieri, finalizzata alla caratterizzazione geometrica di corpi sedimentari che rappresentano potenziali serbatoi. Un impulso significativo verso la caratterizzazione dell’architettura stratigrafica dei depositi tardo-quaternari del Bacino Padano è stato fornito, negli ultimi quindici anni, da un’intensa campagna di perforazioni operata dal Servizio Geologico, Sismico e dei Suoli di Regione Emilia-Romagna, nell’ambito della realizzazione della Carta geologica d’Italia in scala 1:50.000. Tuttavia, per ottenere un numero sufficiente di informazioni stratigrafiche è necessario un dataset molto esteso e le perforazioni (sondaggi a carotaggio continuo) presentano costi estremamente elevati. I limiti operativi delle descrizioni dei sondaggi a carotaggio continuo possono essere superati utilizzando metodi indiretti che si basano sullo sfruttamento delle proprietà geotecniche dei depositi tardo-quaternari. In questo lavoro di tesi l’analisi delle caratteristiche geotecniche delle prove CPTU è stata sfruttata per caratterizzare le associazioni di facies della Pianura Padana centrale. Una dettagliata analisi dei log stratigrafici e, in particolare, delle curve di resistenza delle prove CPTU inserite nelle sezioni, la costruzione di sezioni stratigrafiche e un meticoloso lavoro di correlazione basato su 19 datazioni radiometriche, ha rivelato una serie di paleosuoli (inceptisuoli) impilati nei 50-60 m più superficiali della successione tardo-quaternaria della Pianura Padana centrale; questi paleosuoli rappresentano l’unico marker stratigrafico all’interno di una successione costituita prevalentemente da depositi argillosi uniformi. L’analisi delle caratteristiche geotecniche di alcuni paleosuoli e dei loro rapporti con la channel belt del Fiume Po risulta fondamentale per comprendere l’evoluzione recente del Bacino Padano e le caratteristiche geometriche dei corpi sedimentari finalizzata allo sfruttamento di potenziali risorse fluide sotterranee.

2D and 3D numerical modelling of multilayer detachment folding and salt tectonics

Numerical modelling was performed to study the dynamics of multilayer detachment folding and salt tectonics. In the case of multilayer detachment folding, analytically derived diagrams show several folding modes, half of which are applicable to crustal scale folding. 3D numerical simulations are in agreement with 2D predictions, yet fold interactions result in complex fold patterns. Pre-existing salt diapirs change folding patterns as they localize the initial deformation. If diapir spacing is much smaller than the dominant folding wavelength, diapirs appear in fold synclines or limbs.rnNumerical models of 3D down-building diapirism show that sedimentation rate controls whether diapirs will form and influences the overall patterns of diapirism. Numerical codes were used to retrodeform modelled salt diapirs. Reverse modelling can retrieve the initial geometries of a 2D Rayleigh-Taylor instability with non-linear rheologies. Although intermediate geometries of down-built diapirs are retrieved, forward and reverse modelling solutions deviate. rnFinally, the dynamics of fold-and-thrusts belts formed over a tilted viscous detachment is studied and it is demonstrated that mechanical stratigraphy has an impact on the deformation style, switching from thrust- to folding-dominated. The basal angle of the detachment controls the deformation sequence of the fold-and-thrust belt and results are consistent with critical wedge theory.rn

Relazione tra idrostratigrafia e idrochimica all'interno del Gruppo Acquifero A in Pianura Padana centrale

La realizzazione di cinque sezioni stratigrafiche nel territorio padano, orientate SSW-NNE e con profondità di circa 200 m, ha consentito lo studio della successione sedimentaria tardo-quaternaria della Pianura Padana centrale e dei suoi acquiferi, in particolare quelli più superficiali. La ricostruzione, ottenuta utilizzando le stratigrafie di pozzi per acqua fornite dall’archivio del Servizio Geologico, Sismico e dei Suoli di Regione Emilia-romagna, ha permesso di evidenziare una ciclicità deposizionale del 4° ordine, controllata da fattori glacio-eustatici. Grazie al riconoscimento di cicli trasgressivo-regressivi sono stati individuati cinque subsintemi corrispondenti ad altrettanti complessi acquiferi. La ricostruzione di pattern ciclici all’interno del Bacino Padano ha permesso la ricostruzione geometrica dei corpi sedimentari di channel-belt del Fiume Po, spessi corpi sabbiosi confinati da materiale impermeabile in cui sono contenute le falde acquifere. Alle informazioni stratigrafiche e litologiche si è unito lo studio delle caratteristiche idrochimiche ed isotopiche degli acquiferi, in modo tale da ottenere una chiave di lettura integrata dei depositi padani. Basandosi sulle diverse caratteristiche isotopiche delle acque è possibile risalire alla provenienza delle acque negli acquiferi. In questo modo si ottengono informazioni circa le modalità di ricarica dell'acquifero e la sorgente della ricarica. Un'applicazione secondaria di questo metodo è la verifica della vulnerabilità degli acquiferi padani. Lo studio delle facies idrochimiche è stato sovrapposto a quello dei valori isotopici delle acque, con l'obiettivo di definire una correlazione tra i due fattori chimici all’interno degli acquiferi. L'obiettivo di questa correlazione è quello di identificare la provenienza di un'acqua di ricarica senza la necessità di dati di natura isotopica.

Macrophages and dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and exchange particles in an in vitro model of the human airway wall

The human airway epithelium serves as structural and functional barrier against inhaled particulate antigen. Previously, we demonstrated in an in vitro epithelial barrier model that monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDC) and monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) take up particulate antigen by building a trans-epithelial interacting network. Although the epithelial tight junction (TJ) belt was penetrated by processes of MDDC and MDM, the integrity of the epithelium was not affected. These results brought up two main questions: (1) Do MDM and MDDC exchange particles? (2) Are those cells expressing TJ proteins, which are believed to interact with the TJ belt of the epithelium to preserve the epithelial integrity? The expression of TJ and adherens junction (AJ) mRNA and proteins in MDM and MDDC monocultures was determined by RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence, respectively. Particle uptake and exchange was quantified by flow cytometry and laser scanning microscopy in co-cultures of MDM and MDDC exposed to polystyrene particles (1 μm in diameter). MDM and MDDC constantly expressed TJ and AJ mRNA and proteins. Flow cytometry analysis of MDM and MDDC co-cultures showed increased particle uptake in MDDC while MDM lost particles over time. Quantitative analysis revealed significantly higher particle uptake by MDDC in co-cultures of epithelial cells with MDM and MDDC present, compared to co-cultures containing only epithelial cells and MDDC. We conclude from these findings that MDM and MDDC express TJ and AJ proteins which could help to preserve the epithelial integrity during particle uptake and exchange across the lung epithelium.