Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar / par Alfred Grandidier.

v.27:pt.2 [Myriapodes] (1902) Text

Aspects of the biology and behavior of Nesolynx sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)

This research was carried out to study some aspects of the biology and behavior of Nesolynx sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a pupal parasite of Psorocampa denticulata (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) a defoliating caterpillar of Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil. The adults emerge from the host pupa through a circular hole on Its dorsal region. Mating occurs righ after the emergence and the longevity of adults was two days for the males and four days for the females. Regarding to the host species Diatraea saccharalis showed a number of adults significantly greater than Galleria mellonella and the increasing temperature from 21±1 °C to 26±1°C caused a significative increasing in the number of emerged adults in both host species. The emergence of adults increased proportionally to the period of exposition to the host up to 3.50 days; after that, a considerable decrease in the emergence was observed. The parasitoid showed parthenogenetic reproduction therefore the average number of emerged males was significantly greater than the number of females. The sex ratio was similar for the insects emerged from virgin or mated females (0,96) and the life cycle lenght was around 18.34 days for both conditions.

Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar / par Alfred Grandidier.

v. 23

Diversidade de insetos antófilos em áreas com reflorestamento de eucalipto, município de Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

O efeito da fragmentação de habitats tem sido avaliado medindo-se a riqueza e diversidade de determinados grupos funcionais, especialmente insetos visitantes florais. Esses organismos possibilitam conectividade funcional entre plantações e áreas protegidas e a restauração de ambientes alterados. Este estudo objetivou analisar a diversidade de insetos antófilos ao longo de transectos estabelecidos entre mata ciliar e reflorestamento de eucaliptos e exclusivamente entre talhões de eucaliptos, no sul do Brasil. Os insetos coligidos pertencem às ordens Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera e Hemiptera. Comparativamente a outros estudos, a abundância de insetos foi baixa. Vinte e oito espécies foram encontradas em ambos ambientes, enquanto 138 foram exclusivas em um ambiente (61 em mata ciliar/eucaliptos e 77 em eucaliptos/eucaliptos). Os insetos visitaram flores de 31 espécies vegetais, representantes de 20 famílias. Nos dois ambientes foram encontradas poucas espécies dominantes e um grande número representadas por um único indivíduo. A alta diversidade foi similar nos dois ambientes de estudo (H' = 4,084 e H' = 4,018). Entre os insetos, as abelhas mostraram a maior diversidade nos ambientes mata ciliar/eucaliptos (H' = 3,211) e eucaliptos/eucaliptos (H' = 2,8). Considerando-se a similaridade na estrutura da comunidade entre os ambientes, a fauna de insetos antófilos difere quanto à composição de espécies e número de indivíduos das espécies amostradas.

Fauna de Hymenoptera em Ficus spp. (Moraceae) na Amazônia Central, Brasil

A interação Ficus (Moraceae) - vespas de figo é considerada um dos exemplos mais extremos de mutualismo entre planta e inseto. Neste trabalho, descreve-se a fauna de vespas de figo associada a cinco espécies de Ficus na Amazônia Central, considerando alguns aspectos do modo de polinização nas espécies Ficus (Urostigma) cremersii, Ficus (Urostigma) greiffiana, Ficus (Urostigma) mathewsii, Ficus (Urostigma) pertusa e Ficus (Pharmacosycea) maxima. O estudo foi desenvolvido durante o período de abril a julho de 2004 em Manaus e Presidente Figueiredo, Estado do Amazonas. O número de espécies de vespas de figo por hospedeiro variou de uma a 13. Vespas do gênero Pegoscapus Cameron, 1906, polinizadoras de Ficus (Urostigma) spp., apresentam pentes coxais e bolsos torácicos adaptados à coleta e ao transporte de pólen, indicando modo ativo de polinização. No subgênero Pharmacosycea, a polinizadora do gênero Tetrapus Mayr, 1885, não apresenta estrutura morfológica adaptada ao transporte de pólen, condizente com o modo passivo de polinização. Além das vespas de figo, F. (Pharmacosyceae) maxima e F. (Urostigma) pertusa apresentaram associação com ácaros, formigas (Solenopsis sp., Formicidae), besouros (Staphylinidae) e larvas de Diptera e Lepidoptera.

Natural history of the lizard Enyalius iheringii (Squamata, Leiosauridae) in southern Brazilian Atlantic forest

Studies on the natural history of the lizard Enyalius iheringii Boulenger, 1885, as well as other tropical lizards, are rare. In this study, some aspects of the natural history of this endemic species from the Atlantic forest are reported in areas of Vale do Itajaí, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Twenty individuals were found, of which 18 were collected. Most of them were found over the vegetation (n=17) and on the ground (n=3). The main defensive strategy displayed was camouflage (n=16). Jumping (n=1), jumping and running (n=1) and running (n=2) were also observed in some individuals. When handled, lizards exhibited mouth wide open, hissing, and occasionally biting, as well as color change in males. Regarding its diet, the numerically most important prey was beetles (Coleoptera), followed by Lepidoptera larvae. Beetles, lepidopteran larvae and spiders were the most frequent food items. Males and females did not differ in size. Three sexually mature females (100-113 mm SVL) were found in December and January.

A new species of Aleiodes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) from Brazil, with biological notes

Aleiodes Wesmael is the most diverse rogadine genus, with koinobiont endoparasitic development in Lepidoptera caterpillars resulting in mummification of the host remains. Aleiodes japi sp. nov. is described and illustrated. Type specimens of the new species were reared from Physocleora grosica and Ischnopteris sp. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) larvae. Host larvae were collected on Alchornea triplinervia (Euphorbiaceae) at the Reserva Biológica Municipal da Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil. This is the second species of circumscriptus/gastritror group described from Brazil.

Los insectos galícolas en Schinus fasciculata (Anacardiaceae) en el Espinal del centro de Argentina

La más compleja de las interacciones que plantas e insectos han desarrollado durante el transcurso de su evolución, son las agallas. Las especies de insectos galícolas se encuentran en la mayoría de las regiones biogeográficas, principalmente en ambientes xéricos, de los cuales un ejemplo lo constituye la ecorregión del Espinal, ubicada en la Provincia Biogeográfica de la Pampa, Subregión Chaqueña. Schinus fasciculata (Griseb.) I.M. Johnst. (Anacardiaceae) es una especie arbórea o arbustiva representativa de la ecorregión del Espinal que presenta diversas agallas entomógenas. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son identificar las especies de insectos que producen agallas en hojas y tallos de Schinus fasciculata en un relicto de Espinal de la provincia de Córdoba y caracterizar exomorfológicamente las agallas. Se seleccionaron 18 ejemplares de S. fasciculata distribuidos en cuatro transectas de 100 m2. Se caracterizaron cinco morfotipos de agallas, tres en hojas, inducidas por insectos del orden Hemiptera y dos en tallos, originadas por insectos del orden Lepidoptera. Los insectos productores de las mismas fueron identificados a nivel de especie y los distintos morfotipos de agallas fueron únicos para cada especie de insecto inductor.

Considerações gerais e específicas sobre as glândulas cutâneas sexuais dos Lepidopteras

No presente estudo podemos ressaltar alguns dados e observações mostrando que estes órgãos glandulares e suas secreções atraentes e excitantes têm um papel biológico essencial, sendo sua função regular e segura de importância decisiva para a sobrevivência de muitas espécies de Lepidoptera. São ressaltados os seguintes dados: a) a variabilidade de formação dos órgãos e seus componentes; b) a localização no corpo para obter o máximo de proteção e efeito; c) a alta sensibilidade do sistema sensorial do sexo oposto; d) a distribuição das sensilas sobre as antenas como expressão da função do olfato e da importância biológica da secreção. Além disso, mostramos os resultados que o senso olfatório dos Lepidoptera - e isto pode-se estender a respeito do plano funcional geral de todos os Insecta e Arthropoda - é inestimavelmente mais sensível do que aquele dos órgãos onde a molécula tem que se difundir via um líquido intermediário, de via direta e seca nos Insecta. A continuação desta interpretação está fora do nosso alcance como histólogos, sendo reservada para a parte filosófica da ciência. hipoderme e suas glândulas em geral (dos insecta).

Midgut of Lepidopteran pupae is a major depot of sequestered, mobilizable, ecdysteroids

Extirpation of endocrine organs - a classic maneuver in hormonal research - has been difficult or impossible in the case of the prothoracic glands (PG) of insects. In larval and pupal Lepidoptera the glands are virtually inaccessible unless one sacrifices the insect. Even then, the PG are not easy to remove in their entirety. Consequently, in order to obtain viable preparations lacking PG, one costomarily makes use of abdomens isolated by litigation or surgery.

Visualisation of human rad52 protein and its complexes with hRad51 and DNA.

The human Rad52 protein stimulates joint molecule formation by hRad51, a homologue of Escherichia coli RecA protein. Electron microscopic analysis of hRad52 shows that it self-associates to form ring structures with a diameter of approximately 10 nm. Each ring contains a hole at its centre. hRad52 binds to single and double-stranded DNA. In the ssDNA-hRad52 complexes, hRad52 was distributed along the length of the DNA, which exhibited a characteristic "beads on a string" appearance. At higher concentrations of hRad52, "super-rings" (approximately 30 nm) were observed and the ssDNA was collapsed upon itself. In contrast, in dsDNA-hRad52 complexes, some regions of the DNA remained protein-free while others, containing hRad52, interacted to form large protein-DNA networks. Saturating concentrations of hRad51 displaced hRad52 from ssDNA, whereas dsDNA-Rad52 complexes (networks) were more resistant to hRad51 invasion and nucleoprotein filament formation. When Rad52-Rad51-DNA complexes were probed with gold-conjugated hRad52 antibodies, the presence of globular hRad52 structures within the Rad51 nucleoprotein filament was observed. These data provide the first direct visualisation of protein-DNA complexes formed by the human Rad51 and Rad52 recombination/repair proteins.

The Immature Stages of Protodasyapha (Protodasyapha) hirtuosa (Philippi) and their Comparison with the Immature Stages of other Pangoniini (Diptera: Tabanidae: Pangoniinae)

The terrestrial immature stages of the Chilean horse fly, Protodasyapha (Protodasyapha) hirtuosa (Philippi), are described. P.(P.) hirtuosa resembles Ectenopsis vulpecula Macquart and Caenoprosopon trichocera (Bigot) from Australia, and Esenbeckia delta Hine from North America, in both the larval and pupal stages. Some characters that are shared between these species are unique and provide evidence of their monophyletic origin. Larvae of P. hirtuosa were found 3-5 below of the soil surface and associated with larvae of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera.

Arabidopsis NPH1: a flavoprotein with the properties of a photoreceptor for phototropism.

The NPH1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a 120-kilodalton serine-threonine protein kinase hypothesized to function as a photoreceptor for phototropism. When expressed in insect cells, the NPH1 protein is phosphorylated in response to blue light irradiation. The biochemical and photochemical properties of the photosensitive protein reflect those of the native protein in microsomal membranes. Recombinant NPH1 noncovalently binds flavin mononucleotide, a likely chromophore for light-dependent autophosphorylation. The fluorescence excitation spectrum of the recombinant protein is similar to the action spectrum for phototropism, consistent with the conclusion that NPH1 is an autophosphorylating flavoprotein photoreceptor mediating phototropic responses in higher plants.

In vivo binding of the Cry11Bb toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin to the midgut of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin produces numerous proteins among which 94 kDa known as Cry11Bb, has mosquitocidal activity. The mode of action of the Cry11 proteins has been described as similar to those of the Cry1 toxins, nevertheless, the mechanism of action is still not clear. In this study we investigated the in vivo binding of the Cry11Bb toxin to the midgut of the insect species Anopheles albimanus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus by immunohistochemical analysis. Spodoptera frugiperda was included as negative control. The Cry11Bb protein was detected on the apical microvilli of the midgut epithelial cells, mostly on the posterior midgut and gastric caeca of the three mosquito species. Additionally, the toxin was detected in the Malpighian tubules of An. albimanus, Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and in the basal membrane of the epithelial cells of Ae. aegypti midgut. No toxin accumulation was observed in the peritrophic membrane of any of the mosquito species studied. These results confirm that the primary site of action of the Cry11 toxins is the apical membrane of the midgut epithelial cells of mosquito larvae.

Diagnosi de l’estat ecològic de les poblacions de nàiades als recs i rieres de l’Estany de Banyoles: propostes de gestió per la seva conservació

Estudi sobre la situació actual de les nàiades dels recs de l’estany de Banyoles, concretament de les espècies unio elongatulus penchinatianus, potomida littoralis subreniformis i anodonta cygnea. Amb les dades recollides es fa una proposta de pla de gestió per a la conservació, protecció i repoblació d’aquestes espècies a la zona